FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

April 23, 2008

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court

TENTH CIRCUIT

RAYMOND LANCE BRIGGS,

Individually, and as Personal
Representative of the Estate of Kelsey
Shelton Smith-Briggs, Deceased,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.

No. 07-6037
(W.D. Oklahoma)

KRISTAL JOHNSON, in her

individual capacity; YOLANDA
HUNTER, in her individual capacity;
DAVID BURGESS, in his individual
capacity,

(D.C. No. 06-CV-677-M)

Defendants-Appellants,
and
CARLA LYNCH, in her individual
capacity; JEAN BONNER, in her
individual capacity; EASTERN
OKLAHOMA YOUTH SERVICES,
INC., an Oklahoma corporation,
Defendants.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.

Before MURPHY, BALDOCK, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.

I.

Introduction
Plaintiff-Appellee, Raymond Lance Briggs, is the Personal Representative

of the estate of his daughter, Kelsey Shelton Smith-Briggs (Kelsey). Kelsey

died on October 11, 2005, while in the physical custody of her mother. At the
time of Kelseys death, she was in the legal custody of the Oklahoma Department
of Human Services (DHS). Defendants-Appellants, Kristal Johnson, Yolanda
Hunter, and David Burgess (collectively Defendants) are employed by DHS.
Briggs filed claims against Defendants pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 alleging,
inter alia, they violated Kelseys Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process
rights by failing to adequately investigate allegations of abuse, discouraging the
reporting of additional incidents of abuse, and otherwise failing to protect Kelsey.
Defendants argued Briggss complaint failed to state a claim against them
in their individual capacities and they moved to have the claims dismissed. The
district court granted the motion in part and denied it in part. It concluded Briggs
sufficiently alleged a violation of Kelseys right to substantive due process under
the danger creation theory based on his allegation Defendants discouraged the
reporting of additional incidents of abuse. See Currier v. Doran, 242 F.3d 905,
921-22 (10th Cir. 2001). The court also ruled that Defendants were not entitled to
qualified immunity because the right asserted was clearly established under
-2-

DeShaney and its progeny. DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dept of Social

Servs., 489 U.S. 189 (1989).
Defendants brought this interlocutory appeal challenging the district courts
denial of the motion to dismiss. Because the district court correctly concluded
Defendants failed to show they are entitled to qualified immunity based on
Briggss allegation that they discouraged the reporting of abuse, we affirm the
denial of Defendants motion.
II.

Factual Background
The facts relevant to this appeal are taken from Briggss Second Amended

Complaint and are presented in the light most favorable to him. Sutton v. Utah
State Sch. for the Deaf and Blind, 173 F.3d 1226, 1236 (10th Cir. 1999). In
January 2005, DHS received a referral for an investigation of child abuse
allegedly perpetrated upon Kelsey by her mother, Raye Dawn Smith. DHS
investigated the referral and confirmed that Kelseys injuries, which included
bruises and a broken clavicle, were non-accidental and the result of abuse.
Kelsey was removed from her mothers custody and placed in the custody of
DHS. After an emergency guardianship proceeding, the state court appointed
Kelseys paternal grandmother to act as Kelseys guardian.
In February 2005, a deprivation petition was filed by the Lincoln County
District Attorney. The petition accused Smith of either abusing Kelsey or failing
to protect her. The state court ordered Smith to obtain parenting services and
-3-

approved a visitation schedule permitting unsupervised visits between Kelsey and

Smith. From January 17, 2005, to March 16, 2005, Smith did not have
unsupervised visitation rights and Kelsey did not suffer any injuries during that
period. One week after the unsupervised visits began, however, Kelsey suffered
additional abuse. In March 2005 and April 2005 Kelsey suffered bruising on her
legs and face, leg contusions, a closed head injury, and fractures of both tibias.
Thereafter, Kelsey continued to sustain injuries while in Smiths care and her
health declined. On October 11, 2005, Kelsey died while in the physical custody
of Smith and Smiths husband, Michael Porter.
Acting individually and as personal representative of Kelseys estate,
Briggs filed an action in the District Court of Oklahoma County, Oklahoma,
alleging state and federal claims against Defendants in their individual
capacities. 1 After Defendants removed the action to federal court, Briggs filed a
Second Amended Complaint asserting seven claims for relief. Only two of the
claims involved Defendants: a Fourteenth Amendment substantive due process
claim brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1983 and a claim for punitive damages.
Defendants moved to dismiss the claims asserted against them. The district
court granted the motion with respect to Briggss allegations that Defendants: (1)

Briggs also asserted claims against Jean Bonner; Carla Lynch; Youth and
Family Resource Center, Inc.; Eastern Oklahoma Youth Services, Inc.; DHS; and
Howard Hendrick in his official capacity as DHS Director. Those claims are not
relevant to this appeal.
-4-

failed to adequately investigate Smiths background, (2) failed to properly

investigate reports of suspected abuse, (3) failed to investigate other sources of
information about Kelsey, (4) failed to cooperate with other entities and
individuals involved with Kelsey, (5) failed to fully inform the Oklahoma state
court about all issues material to Kelseys abuse, and (6) failed to protect Kelsey.
Briggs v. Oklahoma ex rel. Dept of Human Servs., 472 F. Supp. 2d 1304, 1314
(W.D. Okla. 2007). Specifically, the court concluded Briggs could not
demonstrate that Defendants alleged actions either created or enhanced the
danger posed by Smith or rendered Kelsey more vulnerable to abuse. Id.; see also
Currier, 242 F.3d at 919 (stating the danger creation theory . . . focuses on the
affirmative actions of the state in placing the plaintiff in harms way). The
district court, however, denied the motion with respect to Briggss allegations,
predicated on the danger creation theory, that Defendants discouraged the
reporting of additional abuse against Kelsey. Briggs, 472 F. Supp. 2d at 1314-15.
The court then concluded Defendants were not entitled to qualified immunity on
this claim because the constitutional right Briggs asserted was clearly established.
Id. at 1315. It is from this ruling that Defendants appeal. See Anderson v. Blake,
469 F.3d 910, 913 (10th Cir. 2006) (An order denying qualified immunity that
raises purely legal issues is immediately appealable.).

-5-

III.

Discussion
This court conducts a de novo review of the denial of a motion to dismiss

based on qualified immunity. Butler v. Rio Rancho Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 341
F.3d 1197, 1199 (10th Cir. 2003). The sole question before us is whether
Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on Briggss claim that they
discouraged the reporting of abuse against Kelsey. When reviewing this legal
question, we accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint as true
and view them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
The purpose of the qualified immunity doctrine is to shield government
officials performing discretional functions . . . from liability for civil damages
insofar as their conduct [did] not violate clearly established statutory or
constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Wyatt v.
Cole, 504 U.S. 158, 166 (1992) (quotation omitted). Once a defendant has
asserted the qualified immunity defense to a substantive due process claim, the
burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish the defendants conduct violated (1) a
constitutional right (2) that was clearly established. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S.
194, 201-02 (2001). In his complaint, Briggs alleged Defendants violated
Kelseys substantive due process rights by discouraging the reporting of
additional abuse against Kelsey. Defendants argue Briggs has not alleged facts
sufficient to make out a substantive due process claim. To be sufficient, Briggss
complaint must contain enough factual allegations to state a claim to relief that
-6-

is plausible on its face. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974
(2007); see also Robbins v. Oklahoma, No. 07-7021, 2008 WL 747132, *4 (10th
Cir. March 21, 2008) (concluding a complaint alleging substantive due process
claims against multiple defendants must make clear exactly who is alleged to
have done what to whom, to provide each individual with fair notice as to the
basis of the claims against him or her (alterations omitted)). Briggs argues his
allegations are sufficient under the danger creation theory.
As a general rule, state actors have no constitutional due process obligation
to protect an individual from the violent acts of third parties. DeShaney, 489 U.S.
at 196 (stating the purpose of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment is to protect the people from the State, not to ensure that the State
protect[s] them from each other). This court, however, has recognized a danger
creation exception to this general rule. 2 Seamons v. Snow, 84 F.3d 1226, 1236
(10th Cir. 1996) ([S]tate officials can be liable for the acts of third parties where
those officials created the danger that caused the harm.). To state a claim
under the danger creation exception, Briggs must plead facts that show: (1)
Defendants created the danger or increased Kelseys vulnerability to the danger in
some way; (2) Kelsey was a member of a limited and specifically definable group;

A second exception, the special relationship doctrine, is not implicated in

this appeal. Although the district court ruled Briggss substantive due process
claim failed to the extent it was premised on the special relationship doctrine, that
portion of the district courts ruling is not before us.
-7-

(3) Defendants actions put Kelsey at substantial risk of serious, immediate, and
proximate harm; (4) the risk was obvious or known; (5) Defendants acted
recklessly in conscious disregard of that risk; and (6) Defendants conduct, when
viewed in total, shocks the conscience. Armijo v. Wagon Mound Pub. Sch., 159
F.3d 1253, 1262-63 (10th Cir. 1998). As to the first element, Defendants actions
must involve affirmative conduct; the failure to act, even in the face of a known
risk, is insufficient. Id. at 1263; Graham v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. I-89, 22 F.3d
991, 995 (10th Cir. 1994).
Defendants challenge the sufficiency of Briggss complaint as to two of the
six elements of a danger creation claim. 3 They argue Briggs has failed to allege
facts demonstrating that affirmative conduct on their part created or increased the
danger to Kelsey. They also argue their alleged conduct is not conscience
shocking.
3

In their opening brief, Defendants argue their alleged conduct had no

effect on the mandatory duty to report child abuse imposed by Okla. Stat. tit. 10,
7103. They also argue Briggs has not alleged that any abuse went unreported or
that Kelsey was further abused because of their conduct. It is unclear how these
arguments fit within the framework for asserting a danger creation claim set out
in Armijo v. Wagon Mound Public Schools, 159 F.3d 1253, 1262-63 (10th Cir.
1998). In any event, in their motion to dismiss, Defendants did not point out a
failure on Briggss part to allege that: Kelsey was a member of a limited and
specifically definable group; their actions put her at substantial risk of serious,
immediate, and proximate harm; the risk was obvious or known; or they acted
recklessly in conscious disregard of that risk. Their arguments to the district
court were confined to assertions they did not commit any act that placed Kelsey
in danger and their conduct was not conscience shocking. This court does not
consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. Cummings v. Norton, 393
F.3d 1186, 1190-91 (10th Cir. 2005).
-8-

This court has previously evaluated a substantive due process claim similar
to the one at issue in this appeal. Currier, 242 F.3d at 921. In Currier v. Doran,
the state of New Mexico removed two young children from the custody of their
mother, Devonne Juarez, and placed them in the custody of their father,
Christopher Vargas. Id. at 909. Vargass physical abuse of the children led to the
death of one child. Id. at 910. Representatives of the children filed suit under
1983 alleging, inter alia, that defendant Shirley Medina, a social worker
employed by the state, violated the childrens substantive due process rights when
she instructed Juarez to stop making allegations of abuse. Id. at 921. Medina
moved for summary judgment, arguing the plaintiffs failed to state a substantive
due process claim. Id. at 910. The district court treated the motion as a motion to
dismiss and denied it. Id. at 911 (concluding the district court properly treated
defendants motion as a motion to dismiss). This court concluded plaintiffs
allegation sufficiently set out the requisite affirmative conduct necessary to
support a danger creation claim because Medinas alleged conduct interfere[d]
with the protective services which would have otherwise been available to the
children. Id. at 922 (quotation omitted) ([T]he state creates danger when it cuts
off potential sources of private aid.).
Defendants attempt to distinguish Currier on the ground that Briggs has
alleged only that they merely discouraged the reporting of abuse whereas in
Currier, defendant Medina engaged in the affirmative act of instructing Juarez
-9-

to stop making allegations of abuse. See Ruiz v. McDonnell, 299 F.3d 1173, 1183
(10th Cir. 2002) (noting a plaintiff must show the state actors committed
affirmative acts). We disagree with Defendants assertion that Briggss complaint
does not allege affirmative conduct on their part. Admittedly, the allegation that
Defendants discouraged the reporting of abuse could be construed to describe
both action and inaction. Defendants may have specifically directed individuals
interested in Kelseys welfare to cease reporting abuse or their inaction in
responding to repeated reports may have had the effect of discouraging those
individuals from continuing to report abuse. This court, however, must not only
accept Briggss factual allegation as true, it must also construe that allegation in
the light most favorable to him. 4 Butler, 341 F.3d at 1199. Under that standard,
we conclude he has alleged affirmative conduct on the part of Defendants by
asserting they discouraged the reporting of additional incidents of abuse against
Kelsey. Even in the absence of the required inference, the natural and obvious
interpretation of Briggss allegation, read in context, is that Defendants
affirmatively discouraged the reporting of abuse.
Not all affirmative conduct is sufficient to support a substantive due
process claim. Affirmative conduct for purposes of 1983 should typically
involve conduct that imposes an immediate threat of harm, which by its nature
4

Because our review is confined to the pleadings, MacArthur v. San Juan

County, 309 F.3d 1216, 1221 (10th Cir. 2002), we deny Briggss Motion to
Withdraw Erroneous Statement of Counsel at Oral Argument.
-10-

has a limited range and duration. Ruiz, 299 F.3d at 1183. Additionally, the
conduct must be directed at the plaintiff, not the public in general. Id.
Construing his complaint in the light most favorable to him, Briggs has
alleged that Defendants, Jean Bonner, and Carla Lynch, acting in concert,
instructed at least one person to cease reporting ongoing abuse perpetrated against
Kelsey. Clearly, this conduct was directed specifically at Kelsey, not the public
at large. Further, it is evident from a reading of the entire complaint that
Kelseys guardian, her paternal grandmother, was involved in reporting that
Kelsey was being abused during her unsupervised visits with Smith. As we
recognized in Currier, the act of instructing individuals to cease reporting abuse
has the effect of impeding access to protective services or other sources of
assistance otherwise promptly available to the victim at the time of the abuse.
242 F.3d at 922. Thus, if true, Defendants actions imposed an immediate threat
of harm to Kelsey which was limited in range and duration. Accordingly, we
conclude Briggs has sufficiently alleged that Defendants created or increased
Kelseys vulnerability to abuse by their alleged act of discouraging the reporting
of additional incidents of abuse.
Defendants next argue Briggs has failed to make out a danger creation
claim because their alleged affirmative conduct is not conscience shocking. See
Armijo, 159 F.3d at 1262-63 (holding 1983 plaintiff must demonstrate
defendants conduct is conscience shocking). Again we disagree. This court
-11-

determines whether state action shocks the conscience by evaluating (1) the
general need for restraint; (2) the concern that 1983 not replace state tort law;
and (3) the need for deference to local policy decisions impacting public safety.
Currier, 242 F.3d at 920. Defendants were aware that Kelsey suffered no injuries
from January 17, 2005, to March 16, 2005, the period during which her paternal
grandmother acted as her guardian and Smith had no unsupervised visitation
rights. They were also aware that one week after unsupervised visits with Smith
commenced, Kelsey suffered abuse. Yet, according to Briggs, Defendants
nonetheless discouraged individuals from continuing to report abuse. On this
record, we can discern no reasoned justification or policy consideration that
would support such conduct. Viewed in total, Briggs has described conduct that
could be construed as conscience-shocking, depending on context after the facts
are fully developed. Armijo, 159 F.3d at 1264.
Briggss complaint differs from the complaint we concluded was
insufficient in a recent case also involving allegations of substantive due process
violations by state employees. See Robbins, 2008 WL 747132, at *5-*8. In
contrast to the complaint in Robbins, Briggss allegation that Defendants
discouraged the reporting of additional incidents of abuse is specific enough to
give Defendants fair notice of the grounds on which he claims entitlement to
relief. Based on this allegation, the district court had no difficulty applying
Currier to determine that the constitutional right asserted was clearly established.
-12-

See id. at *4 (stating allegations must be sufficiently clear to permit a district

court to perform its function of determining, at an early stage in the litigation,
whether the asserted claim is clearly established). Further, although Briggss
complaint contains multiple claims against multiple defendants, there is no
confusion as to whom the allegation is asserted against. See id. at *5 (concluding
the complaint did not give the defendants fair notice because it failed to
distinguish which acts were attributable to which defendant). The complaint
clearly names Defendants Burgess, Johnson, and Hunter as the individuals who
allegedly discouraged the reporting of abuse. It also clearly identifies Burgess,
Johnson, and Hunter as the individuals who were repeatedly notified of injuries
and/or abuse to Kelsey.
Briggss complaint, viewed in its entirety, gives this court reason to believe
that he has a reasonable likelihood of mustering factual support for his
substantive due process claim based on the danger creation theory. Ridge at Red
Hawk, L.L.C. v. Schneider, 493 F.3d 1174, 1177 (10th Cir. 2007). Thus, Briggs
has state[d] a claim to relief that is plausible on its face, Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at
1974, and satisfied his obligation to allege the deprivation of an actual
constitutional right. Conn v. Gabbert, 526 U.S. 286, 290 (1999). Our inquiry
ends here because Defendants have not challenged the district courts conclusion
that Briggs has met his burden of showing that the constitutional right he asserts
was clearly established. See Conn, 526 U.S. at 290 (holding a court evaluating a
-13-

qualified immunity defense must determine whether the constitutional right was
clearly established at the time of the violation).
IV.

Conclusion
We affirm the denial of Defendants motion to dismiss to the extent they

assert an entitlement to qualified immunity on Briggss danger creation claim

predicated on their act of discouraging the reporting of additional incidents of
abuse.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Michael R. Murphy
Circuit Judge

-14-

Briggs v. Johnson, No. 07-6037.

McCONNELL, J., dissenting.
Counsel drafted this complaint and the district court decided the motion to
dismiss under the pleading standard set by Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 4546
(1957) ([A] complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless
it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of
his claim which would entitle him to relief.). That standard was overruled by the
Supreme Court in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955 (2007). See
Robbins v. Oklahoma, ___ F.3d ___, No. 07-7021, 2008 WL 747132 (10th Cir.
Mar. 21, 2008). I would remand this case to the district court for consideration
under the new standard and, if appropriate, for dismissal without prejudice to
permit counsel to prepare a complaint in compliance with Twombly.