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Coolant
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A coolant is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent the
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device from overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other
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devices that either use or dissipate it. An ideal coolant has high thermal
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capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, chemically inert, and neither

causes nor promotes corrosion of the cooling system. Some applications also
require the coolant to be an electrical insulator.
While the term coolant is commonly used in automotive and HVAC
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applications, in industrial processing heat transfer fluid is one technical term
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more often used in high temperature as well as low temperature manufacturing
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applications. The term also covers cutting fluids.
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The coolant can either keep its phase and stay liquid or gaseous, or can
undergo a phase transition, with the latent heat adding to the cooling efficiency.
The latter, when used to achieve below-ambient temperature, is more
commonly known as refrigerant.
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1 Gases
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2 Liquids
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2.1 Molten metals and salts
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2.2 Liquid gases
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2.3 Nanofluids
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3 Solids
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4 References
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5 External links
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Gases
[ edit ]
Air is a common form of a coolant. Air cooling uses either convective airflow
etina
(passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans.
Dansk
Hydrogen is used as a high-performance gaseous coolant. Its thermal
Deutsch

Franais
Lietuvi
conductivity is higher than all other gases, it has high specific heat capacity, low
density and therefore low viscosity, which is an advantage for rotary machines
susceptible to windage losses. Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerators are currently
the most common electrical generators in large power plants.
Inert gases are used as coolants in gas-cooled nuclear reactors. Helium has a
low tendency to absorb neutrons and become radioactive. Carbon dioxide is
used in Magnox and AGR reactors.
Nederlands
Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage

power systems (circuit breakers, switches, some transformers, etc.).
Polski
Steam can be used where high specific heat capacity is required in gaseous
Suomi
form and the corrosive properties of hot water are accounted for.
Svenska
Liquids
Edit links
[ edit ]
The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity

and low cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is
usually used with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and
antifreeze. Antifreeze, a solution of a suitable organic
chemical (most often ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, or
propylene glycol) in water, is used when the water-based
coolant has to withstand temperatures below 0 C, or when
its boiling point has to be raised. Betaine is a similar
coolant, with the exception that it is made from pure plant
juice, and is therefore not toxic or difficult to dispose of
ecologically.[1]
Very pure deionized water, due to its relatively low electrical
conductivity, is used to cool some electrical equipment,
often high-power transmitters and high-power vacuum
tubes.
Heavy water is a neutron moderator used in some nuclear
reactors; it also has a secondary function as their coolant.
Light water reactors, both boiling water and pressurised
water reactors the most common type, use ordinary (light)
water.
Device to
measure the
temperature to
which the
coolant protects
the car from
freezing.
Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) is used as high temperature,

thermally stable heat transfer fluids exhibiting strong resistance to oxidation.
Modern PAGs can also be non-toxic and non-hazardous.[2]
Cutting fluid is a coolant that also serves as a lubricant for metal-shaping
machine tools.
Oils are used for applications where water is unsuitable. With higher boiling
points than water, oils can be raised to considerably higher temperatures
(above 100 degrees Celsius) without introducing high pressures within the
container or loop system in question.[3]
Mineral oils serve as both coolants and lubricants in many mechanical
gears. Castor oil is also used. Due to their high boiling points, mineral oils
are used in portable electric radiator-style space heaters in residential
applications, and in closed-loop systems for industrial process heating and
cooling. Mineral oil is often used in submerged PC systems as it is nonconductive and therefore won't short circuit or damage any parts.
Silicone oils and fluorocarbon oils (like fluorinert) are favored for their wide
range of operating temperatures. However their high cost limits their
applications.
Transformer oil is used for cooling and additional electric insulation of highpower electric transformers. [4]
Fuels are frequently used as coolants for engines. A cold fuel flows over some
parts of the engine, absorbing its waste heat and being preheated before
combustion. Kerosene and other jet fuels frequently serve in this role in aviation
engines.
Freons were frequently used for immersive cooling of e.g. electronics.
Refrigerants are coolants used for reaching low temperatures by undergoing
phase change between liquid and gas. Halomethanes were frequently used,
most often R-12 and R-22, but due to environmental concerns are being
phased out, often with liquified propane or other haloalkanes like R-134a.
Anhydrous ammonia is frequently used in large commercial systems, and sulfur
dioxide was used in early mechanical refrigerators. Carbon dioxide (R-744) is
used as a working fluid in climate control systems for cars, residential air
conditioning, commercial refrigeration, and vending machines.
Heat pipes are a special application of refrigerants.
Molten metals and salts
[ edit ]
See also: nuclear reactor coolant and Thermal energy storage Molten salt
technology
Liquid fusible alloys can be used as coolants in applications where high
temperature stability is required, e.g. some fast breeder nuclear reactors.
Sodium (in sodium cooled fast reactors) or sodium-potassium alloy NaK are
frequently used; in special cases lithium can be employed. Another liquid metal
used as a coolant is lead, in e.g. lead cooled fast reactors, or a lead-bismuth
alloy. Some early fast neutron reactors used mercury.
For certain applications the stems of automotive poppet valves may be hollow
and filled with sodium to improve heat transport and transfer.
For very high temperature applications, e.g. molten salt reactors or very high
temperature reactors, molten salts can be used as coolants. One of the possible
combinations is the mix of sodium fluoride and sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaFNaBF 4). Other choices are FLiBe and FLiNaK.
Liquid gases
[ edit ]
Liquified gases are used as coolants for cryogenic applications, including cryoelectron microscopy, overclocking of computer processors, applications using
superconductors, or extremely sensitive sensors and very low-noise amplifiers.
Carbon Dioxide (chemical formula is CO2) - is used as a coolant replacement[5]
for cutting fluids. CO2 can provide controlled cooling at the cutting interface such
that the cutting tool and the workpiece are held at ambient temperatures. The
use of CO2 greatly extends tool life, and on most materials allows the operation
to run faster. This is considered a very environmentally friendly method,
especially when compared to the use of petroleum oils as lubricants; parts

remain clean and dry which often can eliminate secondary cleaning operations.
Liquid nitrogen, which boils at about -196 C (77K), is the most common and
least expensive coolant in use. Liquid air is used to a lesser extent, due to its
liquid oxygen content which makes it prone to cause fire or explosions when in
contact with combustible materials (see oxyliquits).
Lower temperatures can be reached using liquified neon which boils at about 246 C. The lowest temperatures, used for the most powerful superconducting
magnets, are reached using liquid helium.
Liquid hydrogen at -250 to -265 C can also be used as a coolant. Liquid
hydrogen is also used both as a fuel and as a coolant to cool nozzles and
combustion chambers of rocket engines.
Nanofluids
[ edit ]
An emerging and new class of coolants are nanofluids which consist of a carrier
liquid, such as water, dispersed with tiny nano-scale particles known as
nanoparticles. Purpose-designed nanoparticles of e.g. CuO, alumina,[6] titanium
dioxide, carbon nanotubes, silica, or metals (e.g. copper, or silver nanorods)
dispersed into the carrier liquid enhance the heat transfer capabilities of the
resulting coolant compared to the carrier liquid alone.[7] The enhancement can
be theoretically as high as 350%. The experiments however did not prove so
high thermal conductivity improvements, but found significant increase of the
critical heat flux of the coolants.[8]
Some significant improvements are achievable; e.g. silver nanorods of
5512 nm diameter and 12.8 m average length at 0.5 vol.% increased the
thermal conductivity of water by 68%, and 0.5 vol.% of silver nanorods
increased thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol based coolant by 98%.[9]
Alumina nanoparticles at 0.1% can increase the critical heat flux of water by as
much as 70%; the particles form rough porous surface on the cooled object,
which encourages formation of new bubbles, and their hydrophilic nature then
helps pushing them away, hindering the formation of the steam layer.[10]
Nanofluid with the concentration more than 5% acts like non-Newtonian fluids.
Solids
[ edit ]
In some applications, solid materials are used as coolants. The materials

require high energy to vaporize; this energy is then carried away by the
vaporized gases. This approach is common in spaceflight, for ablative
atmospheric reentry shields and for cooling of rocket engine nozzles. The same
approach is also used for fire protection of structures, where ablative coating is
applied.
Dry ice and water ice can be also used as coolants, when in direct contact with
the structure being cooled.
Sublimation of water ice was used for cooling the space suit for Project Apollo.
References
[ edit ]
1. ^ Betaine as coolant
2. ^ Duratherm Extended Life Fluids
3. ^ Paratherm Corporation
4. ^ Understanding Transformer Cooling Systems and Methods
5. ^ ctemag.com
6. ^ "Noghrehabadi Bibliography"
. Archived from the original
on November 13,
2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.

7. ^ scielo.br A review on nanofluids
8. ^ scienceblog.com
Archived
January 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
9. ^ sae.org
10. ^ mit.edu
External links
[ edit ]
CO2 as a natural coolant FAQs
Authority control
Look up coolant in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
NDL: 00569355
Categories: Engine cooling systems
Cooling technology
Coolants
This page was last modified on 26 June 2016, at 04:58.

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A coolant is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent the

capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic, chemically inert, and neither

applications, in industrial processing heat transfer fluid is one technical term

more often used in high temperature as well as low temperature manufacturing

applications. The term also covers cutting fluids.

2.1 Molten metals and salts

Cite this page

2.2 Liquid gases

(passive cooling), or a forced circulation using fans.

Hydrogen is used as a high-performance gaseous coolant. Its thermal

Sulfur hexafluoride is used for cooling and insulating of some high-voltage

The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity

Polyalkylene glycol (PAG) is used as high temperature,

Molten metals and salts

especially when compared to the use of petroleum oils as lubricants; parts

In some applications, solid materials are used as coolants. The materials

. Archived from the original

2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.

January 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.

CO2 as a natural coolant FAQs

Categories: Engine cooling systems

This page was last modified on 26 June 2016, at 04:58.

About Wikipedia Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia Developers

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