Public Participation in Urban Development
Public Participation in Urban Development
Public Participation in Urban Development
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Urban Planning
Presented by:
Hend Magdy Mohamed Sameh
Supervised by:
2011
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Table of Content
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
PAGE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
II
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOLEDGMENT
VIII
ABSTRACT
IX
INTRODUCTION
XI
CHAPTER 1:
1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2.1.
1.2.2.
11
1.4.
16
1.5.
17
1.6.
CONCLUDED REMARKS
19
CHAPTER 2:
2.1. INTRODUCTION
20
20
23
24
Table of Content
26
27
30
2.7.1.
35
2.7.2.
36
CHAPTER 3:
39
3.1. INTRODUCTION
42
42
43
44
3.4.1.
44
3.4.2.
44
3.4.3.
45
3.4.4.
45
46
3.5.1.
47
3.5.2.
47
3.5.3.
50
3.5.4.
51
3.5.5.
51
3.5.6.
52
3.5.7.
52
3.5.8.
52
Table of Content
3.5.9.
54
54
55
62
3.8.1.
63
3.8.2.
66
3.8.3.
67
68
72
CHAPTER 4:
4.1. INTRODUCTION
73
74
77
81
4.4.1.
82
4.4.2.
84
4.4.3.
Internet Growth
85
86
4.5.1.
88
4.5.2.
88
89
91
4.7.1.
93
4.7.2.
97
Table of Content
4.7.3.
101
4.7.4.
102
106
107
CHAPTER 5:
5.1. INTRODUCTION
109
111
5.2.1.
112
115
5.3.1.
Stages of Growth
116
5.3.2.
116
5.3.3.
118
5.3.4.
119
5.3.5.
120
5.3.6.
The Potentials
120
121
5.4.1.
121
5.4.2.
121
5.4.3.
Local partners
122
Table of Content
124
5.5.1.
Data collection
126
5.5.2.
129
5.5.3.
131
5.5.4.
133
5.5.5.
133
5.5.6.
134
5.5.7.
138
140
5.6.1.
142
5.6.2.
149
151
153
157
5.9.1.
157
5.9.2.
Stakeholders Engagement
160
5.9.3.
Data Sharing
164
5.9.4.
167
CHAPTER 6:
170
6.1. CONCLUSION
173
6.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
181
Table of Content
REFRENCES
184
APPENDICES
APP.1.
197
APP.2.
208
APP.3.
218
APP.4.
238
APP.5.
246
APP.6.
IT PARKS IN EGYPT
249
APP.7.
254
ARABIC SUMMARY
273
List of Tables
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE
PAGE
TABLE 1.1:
16
TABLE 2.1:
34
TABLE 3.1:
62
TABLE 4.1:
75
TABLE 4.2:
80
TABLE 4.3:
83
TABLE 4.4:
86
TABLE 5.1:
116
TABLE 5.2:
127
TABLE 5.3:
140
TABLE 5.4:
144
TABLE 5.5:
145
TABLE 5.6:
147
TABLE 5.7:
148
TABLE 5.8:
149
TABLE 5.9:
169
List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
FIGURE 1.1:
PAGE
13
43
FIGURE 4.1:
74
FIGURE 1.2:
FIGURE 2.1:
FIGURE 2. 2:
FIGURE 2. 3:
FIGURE 2. 4:
FIGURE 2.5:
FIGURE 2.6:
FIGURE 2.7:
FIGURE 2.8:
FIGURE 2.9:
FIGURE 2.10:
FIGURE 3.1:
II
14
24
25
25
27
28
28
29
36
36
37
44
46
47
48
50
51
51
70
70
List of Figures
FIGURE 4.2:
FIGURE 4.3:
OECD members
Internet users in the world by world regions
75
76
FIGURE 4.4:
FIGURE 4.5:
FIGURE 4.6:
76
83
84
FIGURE 4.7:
FIGURE 4.8:
FIGURE 4.9:
FIGURE 4.10:
FIGURE 4.11:
FIGURE 4.12:
FIGURE 4.13:
FIGURE 4.14:
FIGURE 5.1:
FIGURE 5.2:
FIGURE 5.3:
85
86
87
87
88
97
98
99
113
113
The Final Strategic Master Plan prepared in 2008 for ElZwammel Village
El-Zwammel Village Overview
The Distribution of population between the main village
& the surrounding hamlets.
The Annual Population growth rate
The Educational Categories in the Village.
114
118
118
FIGURE 5.11:
125
FIGURE 5.12:
128
FIGURE 5.4:
FIGURE 5.5:
FIGURE 5.6:
FIGURE 5.7:
FIGURE 5.8:
FIGURE 5.9:
FIGURE 5.10:
FIGURE 5.13:
FIGURE 5.14:
III
115
116
117
117
119
128
130
List of Figures
FIGURE 5.15:
FIGURE 5.16:
FIGURE 5.17:
FIGURE 5.18:
FIGURE 5.19:
FIGURE 5.20:
FIGURE 5.21:
FIGURE 5.22:
FIGURE 5.23:
FIGURE 5.24:
FIGURE 5.25:
FIGURE 5.26:
FIGURE 5.27:
FIGURE 5.28:
FIGURE 5.29:
FIGURE 5.30:
FIGURE 5.31:
FIGURE 5.32:
FIGURE 5.33:
FIGURE 5.34:
FIGURE 5.35:
FIGURE 5.36:
FIGURE 5.37:
FIGURE 5.38:
131
135
136
142
IV
132
137
139
141
143
143
144
145
146
146
147
149
150
150
153
153
154
154
155
155
List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADSL:
ASU:
BPO:
CAPMAS:
CBOs:
CSS:
CNS:
CAPI:
CATI:
CFA:
DFID:
DOCP:
DOM:
DSL:
ECMA:
E-Commerce:
E-Democracy:
EDI:
E-Government:
E-Life:
EM:
E-Management:
E-Mail:
E-Services:
ESV:
FedStats
GIS:
GOPP:
List of Abbreviations
HTML:
HUD:
ICDL
ICM:
ICT:
ICT4D:
IP:
IT:
Information Technologies
ITDG:
K2C:
Kansas to Cairo
MCIT:
MDGs:
MIT:
MSN:
MicroSoft Network
MuCSAT:
NCTV:
NDSU:
NEPAD:
NGOs:
Non-Governmental Organizations
NICI:
NIMBY:
OECD:
OLPC:
OPCS:
OSS:
PCs:
Personal Computers
PDA
PlaNYC:
PP:
Public Participation
PPP:
RITSEC:
VI
List of Abbreviations
RSS:
SACHRU:
SL:
STV:
TRA:
TDC:
TOR:
Terms Of References
UN:
United Nations
UNCHS:
UNESCO:
UNIDO:
UNRISED:
USA.gov:
USC:
USDOE:
WAP:
Web 2.0:
WSIS:
XHTML:
XML:
3D:
Three Dimensional
VII
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of God; most gracious, most merciful .
I wish to express my thanks and deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Omar
El-Husseiny, Head of the Urban Design &Planning Department at
Ain Shams University as well as Dr. Amr Attia, Associate
Professor of Urban planning for their continuous Support and
valuable advices throughout the thesis.
I must also acknowledge Dr. Mahmoud Sadek, the former Vice
Dean for Graduate Studies and Research for his extraordinary help
and Understanding.
I would like to extend my thanks to Dr. Mohab El-Refaai & Dr.
Mohamed Abdelbaki Ibrahim for their contributions to this Study
and the information they placed at my disposal.
Furthermore, very special thanks goes to Al Amar Consulting Group
S.A my dear firm, most especially Eng. Wahid Michel the President
and CEO for his great support.
Finally, I would like to dedicate my success and express my deepest
thanks and gratitude to my beloved husband Eng. AbdelRahman
Ali, for his unlimited support, love and encouragement, and to my
beloved father and mother, Dr. Magdy Sameh & Dr. Thanaa
Hegazy to whom Ill always be indebted.
Although any expression of acknowledgment will fail to fully
capture the importance of their roles, I would still like to thank each
one of them, and say how much I appreciated their contributions
and enjoyed our interactions.
Hend Magdy
VIII
ABSTRACT
"While planners bring technical skills and knowledge, citizens provide
community history, local knowledge, and an understanding of cultural
values." (Healey 1992; Innes 1996, 1998; Talen 1999)
IX
Abstract
Concerning with Egypt, the study considers similar experiences in
Arab Countries & Africa. It explores the actual and potential existence of IT
& reviews the disparities between those with access to ICT and those
without, revealing obstacles facing them & factors contributing to bridge
them.
It then focuses on Egypt, Providing a comprehensive overview of the
information-technology sector, aiming at understanding the potentials of
utilizing different forms of information and communication technologies for
increasing Public Participation and citizenship in urban development.
Addressing the digital divide within Egypt itself, The study tests the
hypothesis with reference to a Case Study in a rural area; the National
Project of Preparing a Strategic Master Plan for the Egyptian Villages;
specifically, the Village of El-Zwammel, El-Zwammel County, Belbes
center, El-Sharquia Province.
It introduces the Project background and briefly presents El Zwammel
village, it then conducts a comparative analytical assessment between the
two methodologies undertaken in 2002 and in 2006, starting from data
collection and ending with the generation of the Strategic Master Plan.
With reference to the Ideal Types & Best Practices of Public
Participation Planning Programs, the study evaluates and assesses the
experience of involving the public within the frame of GIS technologies and
its impact on improving the efficiency of public participation. It then
comments on how advanced technologies and internet based programs can
be tailored to fit in the framework of the planning process to overcome the
drawbacks and consequently enhance the public participation creating an
inclusive, democratic and equitable planning process.
Finally, it concludes that modern advanced technologies & Internet
based programs can serve as a new venue for public conversation, potentially
more accessible and flexible than any previous approach, consequently, can
be a key to the promotion of a higher level of citizen participation in urban
planning and design.
However,
these benefits have not appeared to be evenly distributed
among countries. In fact, effective usage of IT equipment requires many
other complementary investments & factors like human capital and the
provision of a reliable telecommunication infrastructure which many
countries still lack. The study finally discusses the costs and the benefits and
suggests areas in which additional researches are needed.
INTRODUCTION
Since 1946s, key laws pertaining to public participation have been developed
as well as sophisticated techniques and theories regarding how and why to
involve citizens in planning processes. Critics pilloried the effectiveness of
citizen participation during the War on Poverty, suggesting a new theoretical
approach to participation itself was needed. (Goodspeed, 2008)
XI
XII
Introduction
which cannot be ignored for their great effect on the quality and quantity of
community participating, among which are:
Lack of Information Dissemination
Different types of individuals who might be interested in contribution
might not be successfully engaged, as they had no record of such
meetings, they were neither informed nor invited.
The restricted time and geographical location
Planning meetings often tend to take place at morning in specific times
which can limit the number of people who are able to attend.
Also, physical access to such meetings can also cause problems for the
disabled, the elderly and infirm as well as those who may be working
outside the country and hadnt had any chance to contribute by
attending the meetings or answering the questioners.
Confrontational Atmosphere
This can discourage participation by an often less vocal majority
causing public meetings to be dominated by individuals who may have
extreme views which may not necessarily represent the wider view of
local people.
Lack of Visualization
Most of the people can participate far more effectively if information is
presented visually rather than in words, which can be costly to prepare
and may not be cost-effective.
Huge amount of Paper Work
One-day events can generate a wealth of information and ideas which
can easily be lost. Besides, it would take several weeks to be compiled
and anglicized.
However, the rapid development of the Internet, as a place of information
dissemination provides researchers and policy-makers with considerable
challenges on how best to realize the potential in the pursuit of worthwhile
goals. Modern advanced technologies & Internet based programs are
opening new forms of computer-mediated communications, allowing for
new forms of information dissemination, social interaction and collaborative
working (Goodspeed, 2008).
XIII
Introduction
XIV
Introduction
Chapter One comments on the foundations of increasing the level of
participation in urban design and planning; it starts from the premise that it is
the right of all affected by an urban design to have an active role in its
development and that appropriate ways of exercising this right can lead to
richer, more comprehensive planning and design solutions.
XV
Introduction
XVI
Introduction
XVII
Introduction
utilizing different forms of information and communication technologies for
increasing Public Participation and citizenship in urban development.
Addressing the digital divide within Egypt itself, Chapter Five tests
the hypothesis with reference to a Case Study in a rural area; the National
Project of Preparing a Strategic Master Plan for the Egyptian Villages;
specifically, the Village of El-Zwammel, El-Zwammel County, Belbes
center, El-Sharquia Province.
XVIII
Introduction
XIX
Introduction
consequently enhance the public participation creating an inclusive,
democratic and equitable planning process.
Finally, Chapter Six concludes that modern advanced technologies &
Internet based programs can serve as a new venue for public conversation,
potentially more accessible and flexible than any previous approach,
consequently, can be a key to the promotion of a higher level of citizen
participation in urban planning and design.
However,
these benefits have not appeared to be evenly
distributed among countries. In fact, effective usage of IT equipment
requires many other complementary investments & factors like human
capital and the provision of a reliable telecommunication infrastructure
which many countries still lack. The study finally discusses the costs and the
benefits and suggests areas in which additional researches are needed.
XX