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Module 1 DataCommuination Third Chapter Problems

The document provides examples related to digital communication concepts such as: - Calculating the number of bits needed to represent different signal levels. - Calculating bit rates for transmitting text, voice, and video data. - Relating bandwidth, bit rate, signal levels, and noise to channel capacity. - Calculating propagation delay for transmitting data over long distances. - Comparing propagation delay to transmission time for short and long messages.

Uploaded by

Mr. Janardhana V ECE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

Module 1 DataCommuination Third Chapter Problems

The document provides examples related to digital communication concepts such as: - Calculating the number of bits needed to represent different signal levels. - Calculating bit rates for transmitting text, voice, and video data. - Relating bandwidth, bit rate, signal levels, and noise to channel capacity. - Calculating propagation delay for transmitting data over long distances. - Comparing propagation delay to transmission time for short and long messages.

Uploaded by

Mr. Janardhana V ECE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example 1

● A digital signal has eight levels. How many bits are


needed per level?
● We calculate the number of bits from the following
formula.
● Each signal level is represented by 3 bits.
Example 2
● A digital signal has nine levels. How many bits are
needed per level?
Solution:
→ We calculate the number of bits by using the formula.

→ Each signal level is represented by 3.17 bits.


However, this answer is not realistic.

→ The number of bits sent per level needs to be an integer


as well as a power of 2.

→ For this example, 4 bits can represent one level.


Example 3
● Assume we need to download text documents at the rate
of 100 pages per second. What is the required bit rate of
the channel?

Solution:
→ A page is an average of 24 lines with 80 characters in
each line.

→ If we assume that one character requires 8 bits, the bit


rate is
Example 4
● A digitized voice channel is made by digitizing a 4-kHz
bandwidth analog voice signal. We need to sample the
signal at twice the highest frequency (two samples per
hertz). We assume that each sample requires 8 bits. What
is the required bit rate?

Solution: Bit rate can be calculated as


Example 5
● What is the bit rate for high-definition TV (HDTV)?
Solution
HDTV uses digital signals to broadcast high quality video
signals. The HDTV screen is normally a ratio of 16 : 9 (in
contrast to 4 : 3 for regular TV), which means the screen is
wider. There are 1920 by 1080 pixels per screen, and the
screen is renewed 30 times per second. Twenty-four bits
represents one color pixel. We can calculate the bit rate as

The TV stations reduce this rate to 20 to 40 Mbps through


compression.
Example 6
An example of a dedicated channel where the entire
bandwidth of the medium is used as one single channel is a
LAN.
⮚ Almost every wired LAN today uses a dedicated
channel for two stations communicating with each other.
⮚ In a bus topology LAN with multipoint connections, only
two stations can communicate with each other at each
moment in time (timesharing); the other stations need to
refrain from sending data.
⮚ In a star topology LAN, the entire channel between each
station and the hub is used for communication between
these two entities.
Example 7
What is the required bandwidth of a low-pass channel if we
need to send 1 Mbps by using baseband transmission?
Solution
The answer depends on the accuracy desired.
a. The minimum bandwidth, a rough approximation, is B
bit rate /2, or 500 kHz. We need a low-pass channel with
frequencies between 0 and 500 kHz.
b. A better result can be achieved by using the first and the
third harmonics with the required bandwidth B = 3 × 500
kHz = 1.5 MHz.
c. A still better result can be achieved by using the first,
third, and fifth harmonics with B = 5 × 500 kHz = 2.5
MHz.
Example 8
● We have a low-pass channel with bandwidth 100 kHz.
What is the maximum bit rate of this channel?.

Solution
The maximum bit rate can be achieved if we use the first
harmonic. The bit rate is 2 times the available bandwidth, or
200 kbps.
Example 9
An example of broadband transmission using modulation is
the sending of computer data through a telephone subscriber
line, the line connecting a resident to the central telephone
office.
•These lines, installed many years ago, are designed to carry voice
(analog signal) with a limited bandwidth. Although this channel can
be used as a low-pass channel, it is normally considered a bandpass
channel.
•One reason is that the bandwidth is so narrow (4 kHz) that if we treat
the channel as low-pass and use it for baseband transmission, the
maximum bit rate can be only 8 kbps. The solution is to consider the
channel a bandpass channel, convert the digital signal from the
computer to an analog signal, and send the analog signal.
Examples
1.Suppose a signal travels through a
transmission medium and its power is reduced
to one-half. This means that P2 is (1/2)P1. In
this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can
be calculated as

A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing


one-half the power.
Examples

2. A signal travels through an amplifier, and its


power is increased 10 times. This means that
P2 = 10P1 . In this case, the amplification (gain
of power) can be calculated as
Example 11
A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is
increased 10 times. This means that P2 = 10P1. In this case,
the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as
Example 3.51
Consider a noiseless channel with a bandwidth of 3000 Hz
transmitting a signal with two signal levels. The maximum
bit rate can be calculated as
Example 3.52
Consider the same noiseless channel transmitting a signal
with four signal levels (for each level, we send 2 bits). The
maximum bit rate can be calculated as
Example 3.53
We need to send 265 kbps over a noiseless channel with a
bandwidth of 20 kHz. How many signal levels do we need?

Solution
We can use the Nyquist formula as shown:

Since this result is not a power of 2, we need to either


increase the number of levels or reduce the bit rate. If we
have 128 levels, the bit rate is 280 kbps. If we have 64
levels, the bit rate is 240 kbps.
Example 3.54
Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the value of
the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero. In other words, the
noise is so strong that the signal is faint. For this channel the
capacity C is calculated as

This means that the capacity of this channel is zero


regardless of the bandwidth. In other
words, we cannot receive any data through this channel.
Example 3.55
We can calculate the theoretical highest bit rate of a regular
telephone line. A telephone line normally has a bandwidth of
3000 Hz (300 to 3300 Hz) assigned for data
communications. The signal-to-noise ratio is usually 3162.
For this channel the capacity is calculated as

This means that the highest bit rate for a telephone line is
34.860 kbps. If we want to send data faster than this, we can
either increase the bandwidth of the line or improve the
signal-to-noise ratio.
Example 3.56
The signal-to-noise ratio is often given in decibels. Assume
that SNRdB = 36 and the channel bandwidth is 2 MHz. The
theoretical channel capacity can be calculated as
Example 3.57
When the SNR is very high, we can assume that SNR + 1 is
almost the same as SNR. In these cases, the theoretical
channel capacity can be simplified to C 5 B 3 SNRdB. For
example, we can calculate the theoretical capacity of the
previous example as
Example 3.58
We have a channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth. The SNR for
this channel is 63. What are the appropriate bit rate and
signal level?
Solution
First, we use the Shannon formula to find the upper limit.

The Shannon formula gives us 6 Mbps, the upper limit. For


better performance we choose something lower, 4 Mbps.
Then we use the Nyquist formula to find the number of
signal levels.
Example 3.59
● The bandwidth of a subscriber line is 4 kHz for voice or
data. The bandwidth of this line for data transmission
can be up to 56,000 bps using a sophisticated modem to
change the digital signal to analog.

● If the telephone company improves the quality of the


line and increases the bandwidth to 8 kHz, we can
send 112,000 bps by using the same technology
Example 3.60
● A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an
average of 12,000 frames per minute with each frame
carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?

Solution
We can calculate the throughput as

The throughput is almost one-fifth of the bandwidth in this


case.
Example 3.61
● What is the propagation time if the distance between the
two points is 12,000 km? Assume the propagation speed
to be 2.4 × 108 m/s in cable.

Solution
We can calculate the propagation time as

The example shows that a bit can go over the Atlantic Ocean
in only 50 ms if there is a direct cable between the source
and the destination.
Example 3.62
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for
a 2.5-KB (kilobyte) message if the bandwidth of the
network is 1 Gbps? Assume that the distance between the
sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light travels at
2.4 × 108 m/s.
Solution
We can calculate the propagation and transmission time as

Note that in this case, because the message is short and the
bandwidth is high, the dominant factor is the propagation
time, not the transmission time.
Example 3.62
What are the propagation time and the transmission time for
a 5-MB (megabyte) message (an image) if the bandwidth of
the network is 1 Mbps? Assume that the distance between
the sender and the receiver is 12,000 km and that light
travels at 2.4 × 108 m/s.
Solution
We can calculate the propagation and transmission times as

We can calculate the propagation and transmission times as


Continued..
● We can think about the link between two points as a pipe.
The cross section of the pipe represents the bandwidth,
and the length of the pipe represents the delay.

We can say the volume of the pipe defines the bandwidth-


delay product, as shown in Figure below

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