Gas Dynamics Equation Sheet

Adiabatic condition
Gas Dynamics
Units
R
Cp
Cv
[kJ/kgK]
0.2870
[kJ/kgK]
1.005
[kJ/kgK]
0.718
1.400
Temp
from Celsius
9
[F] = [C]
Kelvin
[K] = [C] + 273.15
Rankine
Adiabatic condition
Adiabatic condition
to Celsius
Fahrenheit
+ 32
[C] = ([F] 32)
[R] = ([C] + 273.15)
[C] = ([R] 491.67) 9
lb s
slug ft
1slug 1 F
1 lb F 1 2
ft
m 2
kg m 2
1 J 1 kg 1 2 1 Nm
s
s
2
(Pa)
(bar)
(atm)
(psi)
1 Pa
1 N/m2
1.0197105
1.450377104
1 bar
105
1.0197
14.50377
1 atm
1.01325105
1.0332
14.69595
1 psi
6.8948103
7.03069102
1 lbF /in2
uM
Adiabatic velocity
Stagnation
condition
Stagnation pressure
R0 8.31 J / mol K
emono 1.5RT
enthalpy
Mass
ebi 2.5RT
h e
p
p
a 2 RT
Heating capacity
e
cv
T v
Heating Capacity
ratio
Mach number
R
1
Isentropic condition
pT
/ 1
dh udu dq dws
Euler
udu
P0 , T0 const
p
1
=( )
0
0
0
1 2 1
= (1 +
)
2
0
1 2
=1+
= 0.528
0
0 =
0.528
Isentropic
converging
diverging nozzle
design
A* , Ae
Shock wave
condition
Shock Waves
T0 const
A
1 2 1 2 2 1
M
1
A* M 1
2
Choked speed of
sound
a* RT *
a 1
2 1
Choked speed of
sound, stagnation
relations
* 2
2
a0 2
T*
2
T0 1
T*
a*
0.833,
0.913
T0
a0
P*
*
0.528,
0.634
P0
0
= 0.579
0
Maximum choked
flow rate
0
1 2 1
= (1 +
)
Minimal choked
stagnation
pressure
dp
0
p
P1 Pa
Choked stagnation
isentropic relations
Isentropic
temperature
1
1
Choked cross
section area:
Isentropic pressure
P Pa
Choked stagnation
adiabatic relations
A*
Isentropic density
1 M e
1
Energy
a0
const
Ffric dA
du
dP 0b

X
dx
A
dx
X gx
Isentropic Condition
Isentropic
relations
Friction force
Converging diverging nozzles
* 2
p const
du
dy
Choking condition
cv
u
M
a
cp
Shear stress
Important ideas:
Determine if the procedure is isentropic or adiabatic, if not than
use the ideal gas relations
If the starting velocity values are unknown consider assuming
that the starting condition is stagnation
Choked flow equations
T
P
s c p ln 1 R ln 1
T
2
P2
entropy
vL vL
d uA 0
Momentum
h
cp
T p
C p Cv R
Re
Fundamental Equations
d du dA
0
u A
Continuity
c pT
Speed of sound
Heating Capacity
P0,2
Reynolds number
:
. ,1
0 1 M
1
Stagnation density
P RT ideal
Monoatomic
internal energy
Du-atomic internal
energy
a2
R R0 / m J / mol K
Ideal Gas
T0
1 2
1
M
T
2
2
a02 T0 M
Pe
Avogadros number
Gas Constant
RT0
1 M 2
2
Stagnation Condition
Stagnation speed of
sound, stagnation
temperature
relations
Thermodynamics
N A 6 1023 1/ mol
Pitot Tube
u Ma M RT
[C] = [K] 273.15

9
1 2
= 0 1 = Hg
2
Hg = 13.56 [ 3]
u 2 u max
h0 h
2
2
2
u
T0 T
2c p
M *2
Choked Mach
number
2
1
M2
dA
du
M 2 1
A
u
Variable cross
sectional flow
Flow calculations
Pressure coefficient
p
1
2 0
=
=
(
1)
1 2
12 p1
0
2
How to determine third critical point:

1.
2.
3.
isen P
Ae isen
M e crit ,2
*
A
P0
Shock
P P
M e, x M e,y , y crit ,3
Px Pcrit ,2
Pcrit ,3
Pcrit ,3 Pcrit ,2
P0
Pcrit ,2 P0
Shock Condition:
Pcrit ,1 Pe
isentropic (non-choking)
Pcrit ,3 Pe Pcrit ,1
t s e
Pcrit ,2 Pe Pcrit ,3
e s
s1,2 c p ln
T2
p
R ln 2
T`1
p1
1
1 2 2 1
1
M1
s2 s1
M 2
2
ln
R
M1 1 2
1 2 M 2
1 2 2 1
1
M1
pt 2 M 2
2
pt1 M 1 1 2
1
M
2
fanno
shock
3.
M s , x M s , y L*s,y
4.
LY ,2 L L
*
s, y
M s ,y
*
e
p2 M 1 T2

p1 M 2 T1
Iterative method for finding
AS :
isen
AS calculate AS / A* M S , x
1.
Guess
2.
Determine shock tables M , P
3.
Calculate
4.
Use
5.
determine
/ P01
Pe / P02 M e
MY
AS / Ae
e,y
Pe, y
Pe Pa A
Pe Pa A
p
1
p* M
Psub Pref Psuper

Shockwave between the reference pressure
and the subsonic pressure
2
4.
P
P* P* P0
0.528 0
Pe P0 Pe
Pe
A*

Ae
isentropic
Me
5.
7.
assume that
2.
V* 1
* V M
Pe
P
P02 02
P02
P01
Heat transfer
M2
1
2
2
1/2 1
T
2
T * 1 2
M
1
2
A*
Condition: supersonic inlet flow,

1.
Fanno flow equations

Maximum pipe length without shock wave
*
Fanno condition
LL
Q0
T0 , P, A, , L const
*
Guess 1
L* L
M s , x M1
M1
L*s
LY ,1 L Lx
A3 A4
M4
A5 A5
2.
Lx L*1
qmax c p T0* T01

*
Rayleigh
P, A, , L const
condition
Important ideas:
if a pipe maintains cross sectional area, than the flow rate
can be used to calculate the throat area ratio and can be
used to determine the Mach number
A3 5v5
A5 3v3
Iterative approach to shockwave determination in pipe
m
*v *
q c p T02 T01
m3 m4 m5
v* RT *
Rayleigh flow equations
Max heat transfer
Important ideas:
P* P* T *
P0 T0 R
RT * P0 T0
mRT
D2
M
RT
4
3.
8.
m *v* A*
Pe is given as 1 ATM it is safe to
Me 1
1 2
1
M
t
1
2
*
1
t
M
P02 isentropic
M s,x
P01
isentropic
A
M s , x s* As
A
6.
Ly ,2 Ly1 M x
Important Ideas
1. if M isnt given and
2
1 2
M
1
2
*
*
1 2 1 P A
M e 2 1
Me
Me
2
2 Pe Ae
P* A*
M e 2 1 0.2 M e 2 1.2
Pe Ae
3.
Ly ,2 Ly1 M x
1 2
1
M1
T2
2
1
T1
M 22
1
2
Pe Pa As
Calculation method:
1.
Check isentropic condition:
2.
Ly ,2 Ly1 M x
M1
1
2
As / A*MY
A* / Ae M e,Y Pe,Y / P02 M
7.
1 2
M1
1
2
1 2
1
2
2
1 2
1
M2
2 M 1
2
1 M 2 1 2
P02
A* / Ae A* / As
6.
02
p2 M 1
p1 M 2
M s ,x
P
RT
v M RT
u piston
cs W RT1 1
T0 const
Oblique shock
wave condition
Normal
transformation
Oblique
transformation
M M n sin
Mn
M
sin
2 / tan M12 sin 2 1
tan
M 12 cos 2 2
Beta theta
transformation
RT2
a1 p2 1
1
p1 p2 1
p 1
1
1/2
Oblique shock waves
4.
u2 ' M 2 ' a2
u2 ' cs u p u p
1 p2
1
2 p1
Velocity
transformation
relation
2.
M2
v 6 tan 1
M 2,n
sin
M1, M 2 , M 3
P2 P3
,
P1 P1
1,2 1,3
3.
Calculate
4.
Solve for
3,4 1,3
2,5 1,2
p4 p5
,
p3 p2
p4 p5
5.
/( 1)
1/( 1)
T2 T3
,
T1 T1
Guess
M 1
v M 2 v M1
1 2
1
M1
p2
2
p1 1 1 M 2
2
1 2
2 1 2 M1
1 1 1 M 2
2
Gas Relative
Region in front of the shockwave as region (1), region
behind the shockwave as region (2), the speed of the shock
wave relative to the gas is W.
Shock relative
Given a fixed reference frame to the shock, region 1 is
redefined as x and region 2 is redefined as y.
2.
6 M 2 1 tan 1
1 2
1
M1
T2
2
T1 1 1 M 2
2
P P
M 2,n , 2 , 02
P1 P01
Calculate
Flow angle
transformation
Method for solving non symmetric oblique shock
1.
u' u' 1 '

2 1
M1 1 0
a1 2
1 1 1
2
1
v
tan
M 1 tan
1
1
M1 oblique

M1,n M1 sin
M1,n
' 2
1
Prandtl Meyer angle
1 p2

1 p1
p2 1
1
p1 1
Shock
3.
Prandtl Meyer flow
Method for solving oblique shock waves

1.
u2' u1'
2 M1 1
a1
1 M 1'
' 2
1 p2
1
2 1 p1
1
1 p2

1 p1
T2 p2

T1 p1
T2 a2
u y W u1 u2
My
W u1 u2
a2
p1 px
p2 p y
; T1 Tx
; T2 Ty ,
1 x ; 2 y ; a1 ax ; a2 a y ,
Mx
ux W
,
ax a1
My
uy
ay
W u1 u2
a2
a2
2( 1)
1
2
1
M x 2 ( 1)
a1
( 1) 2
Mx
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 M x2
p2
2
M 2 1
1
p1
1 x
Moving shockwave coordinate transformation:
p4 p5
p4 p5
Moving Shock Waves

1.
Define coordinate system
2.
u1 '
M1 '
RT1
3.
shock
p T
M 1 ' M 2 ', 2 , 2
p1 T1
u1 ' cs u1
u 2 ' cs
max
1
1
2 1
max max ( M 1 )

Gas Dynamics Equation Sheet

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Gas Dynamics Equation Sheet

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Adiabatic condition

[K] = [C] + 273.15

[C] = ([F] 32)

[R] = ([C] + 273.15)

[C] = ([R] 491.67) 9

Converging diverging nozzles

Choked flow equations

[C] = [K] 273.15

How to determine third critical point:

Determine shock tables M , P

Psub Pref Psuper

Condition: supersonic inlet flow,

Fanno flow equations

qmax c p T0* T01

Iterative approach to shockwave determination in pipe

Rayleigh flow equations

Max heat transfer

Pe is given as 1 ATM it is safe to

A* / Ae M e,Y Pe,Y / P02 M

Oblique shock waves

Method for solving non symmetric oblique shock

u' u' 1 '

Prandtl Meyer angle

Prandtl Meyer flow

Method for solving oblique shock waves

Moving Shock Waves

Define coordinate system

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