Mach Number
Mach Number
3.1 Introduction
P1
P2 P1
T1
T2 T1
1
u1
2 1
u2 u1
M1 1
M2 1
Normal shock
In real vehicle geometry, The flow
will be axisymmetric
The variation
of area
A=A(x) is
gradual
Neglect the
Y and Z flow
variation
u .ds 0
s
L.H.S of C.V
1u1 A 2 u2 A 0
1u1 2u2
( u )
u
.
d
s
)
u
f
dv
pd
s
s
t
v
v
s
( u .ds )u pds
s
P1 1u1 P2 2u2
2
u2
u2
q d pu .ds ( f .u )dv (e ) d (e )u .ds
2
2
v
s
v
v t
s
2
u1
u2
u12
u2 2
q h1
h2
2
2
u1
u2
at a 1
vt v M
sin 1
1
M
a
p
a da
p dp
d
T dT
Wave front
Continuity equation
a ( d )(a da ) a ad da dda
a
da
d
Momentum equation
p a p dp ( d )(a da)
2
dp a 2 d
2a
a
d
dp 2ada a 2 d
da
a
d
dp a 2 d
da
2 a
1 dp a 2
2 a d 2 a
dp
a
d
2
p 2 v
v
s
s
p
General equation
a ( )s
Isentropic compressibility
p c
p c
p
p
p
r 1
1
c .
p
a
RT
a a T
8 RT
C
8 1.35
a
RT
3
a C
4
Mach Number
M 1
V
a
Subsonic flow
M 1
Sonic flow
M 1
supersonic flow
Kinetic energy
Internal energy
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
V2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
M 2
a
RT ( 1) RT 1 R T 1 CvT ( 1) e
1
1
A
P
T
* V
a*
a0 RT0
0 P0 / RT0
u
u
h1
h2 2
2
2
calorically
prefect
r P1
u
r P2
u
( ) 1
( ) 2
r 1 1
2 r 1 2
2
B
aB aB
aA
aA
a1
u
a
u
1 2 2
r 1 2
r 1 2
a2
u2
1 *2
a
1 2 2( 1)
Adiabatic flow
T0
u 1
u 1
1
1
1
M
2
T
2 RT
2 a
2
2
T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2
isentropic
P0 0
T
0
T
r
r 1
0
1 2 r11
(1
M )
P0
1 2 r r1
(1
M )
p
2
a2
u2
a0
r 1 2 r 1
a* 2 T *
2
( )
a0
T0 r 1
r 1.4
T*
0.833
T0
P*
0.528
P0
*
0.634
0
r 1 *
a02
a
2(r 1)
r 1
2
( r 21 )
0
*
1
r 1
P
P0
r
r 1
a
u
r 1 *
a
r 1 2 2 r 1
2
M
1
r 1
2
a / u
r 1
r 1 1
1 r 1 / M r 1
*
2 r 1 M
2
2 r 1
2
1
r 1 a
2 2 r 1 u
*
*2
r 1 / M (r 1)
*
or
M*
M*
( 1) M 2
2 ( 1) M 2
M*
= 1 if M=1
M*
< 1 if M < 1
M*
> 1 if M > 1
r 1
r 1
If M
EX. 32
1u1 2u2
1
Known
2
To be solved
Ideal gas
E.O.S
Continuity
p1 1u1 p2 2u2
2
Momentum
2
adiabatic
Variable : 2 , u2 , p2 , h2 , T2
u
u
h1 1 h2 2
2
2
Energy
5 equations
Calorically
perfect
P2 2 RT2 , h2 C pT2
*2
a u1u2
M2
1
*
M1
Prandtl relation
Note:
*
1
M1 1 M 1 M 2 1 M 2 1
*2
M2
1 M
2 r 1 M
2
*2
M2
1
M 1*
1 [(r 1) / 2]M 1
2
rM 1 (r 1) / 2
Special case 1. M 1 1
M2 1
2. M 1
M2
r 1
2r
2 u1 u1
u1
(r 1) M 1
*2
*2 M 1
2
1 u2 u1u2 a
2(r 1) M 1
2
2 u1
(r 1) M 1
1 u2 2 (r 1) M 12
2
u
P2 P1 1u12 2u22 1u1 u1 u2 1u12 1 2
u1
P2
1u12
2 r 1 M 12
1
1
r 1 M 12
P1
p1
P2
2r
2
1
( M 1 1)
P1
r 1
T2
p
h
2r
2 (r 1) M 1
2
( 2 )( 1 ) 2 [1
( M 1 1)][
]
2
T1
p1 2
h1
r 1
(r 1) M 1
2
2 P2 T2
, ,
1 P1 T1
M1 5
M1 5
lim M 2
M
1
r 1
0.378
2r
2 r 1
6
M
1 r 1
lim
1
lim
M
1
P2
P1
T2
M
T1
lim
1
Mathematically eqns of
Physically , only
M1 1
2 p2 T2
, , ,M2
1 p1 T1
M 1 1, M 1 1
hold for
is possible
T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
M1 1
S 2 S1 0
u1
u
Large ( y small)
y
u2
6
0(10 m ~ 10 m)
entropy
u
u
CpT1 1 CpT2 2
2
2
CpT01 CpT02
across a stationary
normal shock wave
s2 a s1a Cp ln
T2 a
P
R ln 2 a
T1a
P1a
P
s2 s1 Cp ln 1 R ln o 2
Po1
Note: 1
P02
f ( M 1 )only
P01
s2 s1 R ln
Po2
Po1
Po2
e ( s s ) / R
Po1
2
decreases across a
shock wave
u1
1
)
2
P1 1u1 P2 2u2 P2 2 (
2
P2 P1 2
2 1 1
u1
u2
h1
h2
2
2
u2
P2 P1 1
2 1 2
h e
1 2
u1 )
2
1
1 1
1
e2 e1 ( P1 P2 )( ) p1 p2 v1 v2
2
1 2
2
Hugoniot equation
e pav v
e
c. f .
p
s
r 1 v1
P1
(
)
r 1 v2
(
P2 f P1,v1 , v2 p2 f v2
1
p2 p1 v2 v1 v p
2
h
v
p
c. f
p
dh ds udp
s
v
p s
For a specific u1
2
u1
P2 P1 2
P P
2 1 v12
2 1 1 v2 v1
u
P P2 P1
1
v v2 v1
v1
12u12
Note
c. f
P
0
v
supersonic u1 a
p
p
2 2
1u12
a
v
v s
p p
v v
(v2 v1 )
p p2 p1 2
v v ( p, s )
1
1 2
1
2
3
p
p
p .....
v1 v1
2
3
2
2 p s
3! p s
p s
For fluids
h h p , s
h
1 2h
p
2 p 2 .......
h h2 h1
2 p s
p s
Coefficient
For gibbs relation
h
1
v
Tds dh
T
p
dp
dh vdp
2h
v
2
p s p
3h
2v
3
2
p s p
1 v
1
v
3
h v1p
p 2
p
T1s ...
2
2 p s
6 p
1 v
1 2v
1 v
2
3
p
p
v1p
sp
2
2 p s
4 p s
2 s p
1
1 1 2
2 p 3 0 p 4
s T1
p
2 s
4 6 p
p 0
Let
s 0
1 2
Ts
2
12 p
s 0
2v
0
p 0 if
2
p s
s 0
p 0 if v 0
p 2
2v
2
p
Normal fluid
Compression shock
Expansion shock
p
0
s
s=const
u
2v
0
s
s=const
u
u1
u2
p1
p2
T1
T2
1u1 2u2
p1 1u1 P2 2u2
2
+E.O.S
u12
u
h1 q h2 2
2
2
leaser
h CPT
C p T02 T01
To
Heat extraction
To
P2 P1 1u1 2u2
2
P1M 12 P2 M 22
P2
P2
2
2
1 M 1
M2
P1
P1
P 2
u a M M PM 2
P2 1 rM 1
P1 1 rM 2 2
T 2 P2 1 P2 u2 P2 M 2 T2
T1 P1 2 P1 u1 P1 M 1 T1
1
2
u2 M 2 a2 M 2 T2
u1 M 1 a1 M 1 T1
T2
T1
1
2
1
2
T2 1 rM 1 2 M 2 2
(
)
2) (
T1 1 rM 2
M1
2
P2 M 2 1 rM 1 M 2
(
2)
P1 M 1 1 rM 2 M 1
2
2 u1
M 1 a1
M 1 1 rM 2 M 1
( )( ) ( )(
)
2 )(
1 u2
M 2 a2
M 2 1 rM 1 M 2
2
2 1 rM 2 M 1 2
(
)
2 )(
1 1 rM 1 M 2
2
02
P01
P
02
P01
P P P
02
P2 P1 P01
r 1 2
M2
2
r 1 2
1
M1
P0
r 1 2
(1
M )
P
2
r
r 1
1 rM 12
1 rM 22
T0
r 1 2
1
M
T
2
T02
T02 T2 T1
( )( )( )
T01
T2 T1 T01
2
T02 1 rM 1
2
T01 1 rM 2
r
r 1
M2
M 1
r 1 2
1
M2
2
r 1 2
1
M
T2
P2
s s2 s1 C p ln R ln
T1
P1
T02
T01
P2 T2 2
, , ....
P1 T1 1
To facilitate the tabulation of these expression , let state 1
be a reference state at which Mach number 1 occurs.
M1 1 M 2 M
P
1
*
P 1 M 2
T
1
2
M
*
2
T
1 M
1 1 M 2
2
*
M 1
P0
1 2 1 M 2
*
1 M 2
1
P0
r
r 1
T0 1 M 2
2
1
M
*
2
T0 1 M 2
T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*
Table A.3.
For =1.4
Adding heat to a
supersonic flow
M
q1 CP (T02 T01 )
*
q1 CP (T01 T0 )
q2 CP (T02 T0 )
*
q2 q1 q1
T
P
s s C p ln * R ln *
T
P
*
1
P
1
P* 1 M 2
*
2
P 1 M
P
1
2
P* 1
M 2
P
T 1
p
1
P
2
2
M * M *
*
2
T 1 M
P M
P
P
T
* M
P
T*
P 1
*
P
P* 1
P
T
T*
P 21
P*
T
( * ) (1 )( ) 1 *
P
P
T
T
P 2
P*
* ( * ) (1 )( ) 1
T
P
P
P 1
*
P
2
P 2
P T
( * ) (1 )( * ) * 0
P
P
T
T
4 *
T
2
1 1 2 4 (T )
*
ss
T 1
ln *
ln
Cp
T
Cp
rR
1
r 1
Cp
T
T*
At point A
1.0
Rayleigl line
ds
0
dT
ds 0
a2
ds 0
dp udu 0
Momentum eq.
d du
0
u
Continuity eq.
du ud dp du u u 2d
S S*
Cp
dp
u
d
2
At
point A , M=1
T
T*
B(M<1)
jump
Heating
M<1
T
*
T
0
dM
A (M=1)
cooling
2M 1 r 1 rM
2
heating
cooling
M>1
2 2
1 rM 2rM
2
ds=(dq/T)rev
addition of heat
ds>0
T
T*
At point B
lower m
S S*
Cp
MB
1.4
MB subsonic
is maximum
T
1 r 2
2
M (
)
*
2
T
1 rM
M 2 1 r 21 rM 2 2rM
2
1 rM
2 4
M2
T
*
T
1
r
max
1 1 2
(
)
11
(1 r ) 2
4r
Supersonic flow
M1>1
(M2<M1)
(P2>P1)
(T2>T1)
T0
(T02>T01)
P0
u
(P02<P01)
(U2<U1)
subsonic flow
M1<1
(M2>M1)
M1
1
2
M1
1
2
P 1
*
P 1 M 2
T
2 1
2
M
(
)
T*
1 M 2
1 1 M 2
2(
)
*
M 1
P0 1 2 ( 1) M 2 1
[
]
*
2
1
P0 1 M
T0 ( 1) M 2
2
[
2
1
)
M
]
*
2 2
T0 (1 M )
If
E.X 3.8
Momentum equation
s u .d s u s pd s s w .d s
4 L
p2 p1 2u2 u 0 w dx
D
dp udu
2
1 1
4
1
w dx w u 2 f
D
2
4f
dP
udu
1 dP du
dx
2
2
1
1
D
u
rM P
u 2 u 2
2
2
dp d dT
du dT
T
u
T
1u1 A 2u2 A p1 A p2 A D w d
2
dM du 1 dT
u Ma
M
u 2 T
adiabatic , To = const
r 1 M 2 dM
T0
r 1 2
dT
M 0
1
M
r 1 2
T
2
T
1
M
2
4 fdx
2
2 1 M 2 1 1 1 M 2
D
M
2
x2
x1
4 fdx
1
r 1
M2
ln
2
r
1
D
rM
2
r
1
M 2
r 1 2
2
M1
T2 T2 T0
2
(
r
1
)
M
1
2
T1 T0 T1 1 r 1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
2
1
M2
M1
dM
M
P2 M 1 2 (r 1) M 1
P1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
2 M 1 2 (r 1) M 1
1 M 2 2 (r 1) M 2 2
2
( r 1)
P02 M 1 2 (r 1) M 2
P01 M 2 2 (r 1) M 12
2
[ 2 ( r 1)]
T * 2 (r 1) M 2
P
1
r 1
P * M 2 (r 1) M 2
1 2 (r 1) M
* M
r 1
1
2
P0
1 2 (r 1) M
*
P0 M
r 1
r 1
2 r 1
L*
4 fdx
1
r 1
M2
ln
2
r 1 2
D
rM
2
r
1
M
4 fL* 1 M
1 (r 1) M 2
ln
2
2
D
M
2
2 (r 1) M
2
1 L
* 0 fdx
L
*
s s1 Cv ln
Fanno line
ds < 0
m 1
m 2
T
u
R ln Cv ln R ln
T1
1
T1
u1
u 2Cp T0 T
u2
h0 h
2
chocked
s s1
T r 1 T0 T
ln
ln
C
T1
2
T0 T1
ln T
ds > 0
At point P
1
r 1
0
T 2(T0 T )
u 2C p (T0 T )
C p (T0 T )
r 1
ln T0 T const
2
u
2
r 1
rR u 2 rRT a 2
2
2
u r 1 u
2.
M 1
2 rR
T high
u low
above
P,M<1
T low
u high
below
P,M>1
(M2<M1)
(P2>P1)
T
T0
(T2>T1)
P0
u
unchanged
(P02<P01)
(u2<u1)
Subsonic flow
M1<1
(M2>M1)
unchanged