Chapter 3: Properties of a

Pure Substance

Thermodynamics 1
 Steam Power Plant

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 2
 Refrigerator
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 3
 Jet Engine

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 4
Pure Substance
A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and
invariable chemical composition and it may exist in
more than one phase but the chemical composition is
the same in all phases.
Examples:
1. Water (solid, liquid, and vapor phases)
2. Carbon dioxide, CO2
3. Nitrogen, N2
4. Mixtures of gases, such as air, as long as there is
no change of phase.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 5
 Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances.

A mixture of liquid and gaseous water are pure

substances, but a mixture of liquid and gaseous air
is not.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 6
 In this text the emphasis will be on simple
compressible substances.
 Simple compressible substances are substances
whose surface effects, magnetic effects, and
electrical effects are insignificant when dealing
with the substances.
 But changes in volume, such as those associated
with the expansion of a gas in a cylinder, are very
important.
 We will refer to a system consisting of a simple
compressible substance as a simple compressible
system.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 7
Vapor –Liquid – Solid – Phase
Equilibrium in a Pure Substance
Consider as a system 1 kg of water. The piston and
weight maintain a pressure of 0.1 MPa in the cylinder
and that the initial temperature is 20oC.

Constant – pressure change from liquid to vapor phase for a

pure substance

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 8
The temperature at which vaporization takes place at
a given pressure is called saturation temperature.
This pressure is called the saturation pressure for
the given temperature.

A typical curve is called vapor-pressure curve.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 9
If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the
saturation temperature for the existing pressure, it
called either a subcooled liquid or a compressed
liquid.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 10
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 11
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 12
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 13
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 14
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 15
If the substance exists as liquid at the saturation
temperature and pressure is called a saturated
liquid.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 16
When a substance exists as part liquid and part
vapor at the saturation temperature, its quality (x) is
defined as the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total
mass.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 17
If a substance exists as vapor at the saturation
temperature and pressure is called saturated vapor.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 18
When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the
saturation temperature, it is said to exist as
superheated vapor.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 19
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 20
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 21
Temperature – Volume diagram for the heating process of
water at constant pressure

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 22
 374.14oC

311.1oC

179.9oC

99.6oC

Temperature – Volume diagram for water

showing liquid and vapor phases

Line NJFB represents the saturated-liquid line and

line NKGC represents the saturated-vapor line.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 23
Critical Point:
It is defined as the
point at which the
saturated liquid and
saturated vapor states
are identical (co-
exiting).
 At pressures
above the critical
pressure, there is
not a distinct
process.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 24
 The specific volume of the substance
continually increases, and all times there is only
one phase present.
 Eventually, it resembles a vapor, but we can
never tell when the change has occurred.
 Above the critical state, there is no line
separates the compressed liquid region and the
superheated vapor region.
 However, it is customary to refer the substance
as superheated vapor at temperatures above the
critical temperature and as compressed liquid at
temperatures below the critical temperatures.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 25
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 26
 Explaining the Critical Point

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 27
Temperature – Volume diagram for water
showing liquid and vapor phases

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 28
Pressure – Volume diagram for water showing
liquid and vapor phases

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 29
Conditions for Compressed or Sub-cooled liquid state

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 30
Conditions for Saturated or Mixture State

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 31
Conditions for Superheated Vapour State

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 32
Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture
The specific volume of a two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture can be determined by using the saturation
tables and the definition of quality (x).

mg
x
m f  mg
f used to designate a
property of saturated
liquid and g property
of a saturated vapor.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 33
 During a vaporization process, a substance exists
as part liquid and part vapor. That is, it is a
mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
 The properties of the saturated liquid are the same
whether it exists alone or in a mixture with
saturated vapor.
 During vaporization process, only the amount of
saturated liquid changes, not its properties. The
same can be said about a saturated vapor.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 34
 The amount of mass for each phase is usually not
known. Therefore, it is often more convenient to
imagine that the two phases are mixed very well,
forming a homogenous mixture.
 Then the properties of this mixture will simply be
the average properties of the saturated liquid-vapor
mixture under consideration.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 35
V  Vliq  Vvap  V f  Vg

V  mv  mt vavg  m f v f  mg vg
mf v f mg vg
 mf   mg 
vavg     v f    vg
mt mt  mt   mt 
v  (1  x)v f  xvg  v f  x(vg  v f )

v  v f  xv fg Where v fg  vg  v f
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 36
 v  v f  xv fg
v  v f AB
x 
v fg AC

Quality is related to the horizontal distance on P-v

and T-v diagrams.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 37
 Page No:674/702 (24)

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 38
(E3.1) Determine the phase for each of the
following water states.
a. 120oC, 500 kPa

Enter table B.1.1(Page No: 22) with 120o C

Enter table B.1.2(Page No: 26) with 500 kPa

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 39
 Page No: 22

Psat @120o C  198.5kPa  Since Psat < 500Kpa

 state is compressed liquid
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 40
 Page No: 26

Tsat@500kPa  151.86o C Since Tsat > 120o C  

 state is subcooled liquid
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 41
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 42
(E3.1) Determine the phase for each of the
following water states.
b. 120oC, 0.5 m3/kg

Enter table B.1.1 (Page No: 22) with 120oC

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 43
 Page No: 22

3
v f  0.001060m /kg
3
vg  0.89186m /kg
v  v f  x vg  v f 
x  0.56
3 3
v f  0.00106  v  0.5 m /kg  vg  0.89186 m /kg
so the state is a mixture of liquid and vapor.
Psat @120 C  198.5kPa 
o

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 44
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 45
(E3.2) Determine the phase for each of the
following states.
a. Ammonia 30oC, 1000 kPa
b. R-22 200 kPa, 0.15 m3/kg

a.Enter table B.2.1 (Page No: 40) with 30oC.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 46
a. Ammonia 30oC, 1000 kPa

B.2.1 (Page No: 40) with 30oC

Psat = 1167 kPa > P = 1000 kPa

it is superheated vapor state.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 47
a. Ammonia 30oC, 1000 kPa
B.2.2 (Page No: 44) with 30oC

It is superheated by 5oC

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 48
 

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 49
b)R-22 200 kPa, 0.15 m3/kg
enter table B.4.2 (Page No: 52) with 200 kPa.

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 50
b) R-22 200 kPa, 0.15 m3/kg Page No:52

3
v  vg  0.11237 m /kg
it is superheated

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 51
 (E3.3) Determine the temperature and quality (if
defined) for water at a pressure of 300 kPa and
at each of these specific volumes:
a. 0.5 m3/kg b. 1.0 m3/kg

a. 300 kPa, 0.5 m3/kg refer table

B.1.2 (Page No:26)

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 52
 Page No:26

3 3
v f  0.001073  v  0.5 m /kg  vg  0.60582 m /kg
so the state is a mixture of liquid and vapor

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 53
a. 300 kPa, 0.5 m3/kg (B.1.2 Page No:26)

o
Tsat@300 kPa  133.6 C
3
v f  0.001073m /kg
3
vg  0.60582m /kg
3
v fg  0.60475m /kg
v  v f  xv fg

vf vg x  0.825

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 54
b. 300 kPa,1.0 m3/kg  table B.1.2 Page No:26

3 3
v  1.0 m /kg  vg  0.60582 m /kg
so the state is superheated vapor
 The quality(x) is undefined

55
b. 300 kPa,1.0 m3/kg  table B.1.3 Page No:31

56
b. 300 kPa,1.0 m3/kg
In this case, T is found by linear interpolation
between the 300 kPa specific volume values at
300oC and 400oC
T  T1 T2  T1
Slope 
v  v1 v2  v1
 v  v1 
T  T1    T2  T1 
 v2  v1 
 1.0  0.8753 
T  300     400  300 
 1.0315  0.8753 
o
 379.8 C

57
(E3.7) Determine the pressure for water at 200oC
with v = 0.4 m3/kg.

Table B.1.1 (Page No:24) with 200oC

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 58
H2O at 200oC, v = 0.4 m3/kg Table B.1.1 (Page No:24)

3
Since v  vg  0.12736 m /kg
 it is superheated

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 59
Water at 200oC with v = 0.4 m3/kg (Page No:31)

A linear interpolation between these

3
500 kPa  v  0.42492 m /kg two pressures is done to get P at the
600 kPa  v  0.35202 m3 /kg desired v  0.4 m3 / kg

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 60
  v  v1 
P  P1     P2  P1 
 v2  v1 
 0.4  0.42492 
P  500     600  500   534.2 kPa
 0.35202  0.42492 

Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 61
Thermodynamics – Chapter 3 62