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Lecture - 8-Water Surface Profile Computation

The document describes two methods for computing water surface profiles in open channels: 1) The numerical integration method, which iteratively calculates small changes in depth (Δy) and distance (Δx) using equations integrating the water slope. 2) The direct step method, which directly calculates distance increments (Δx) using an energy balance equation relating changes in depth and slope. Both methods are demonstrated on an example trapezoidal channel to compute the profile from a known downstream depth to 5% above normal depth upstream.

Uploaded by

Danny Cheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
175 views

Lecture - 8-Water Surface Profile Computation

The document describes two methods for computing water surface profiles in open channels: 1) The numerical integration method, which iteratively calculates small changes in depth (Δy) and distance (Δx) using equations integrating the water slope. 2) The direct step method, which directly calculates distance increments (Δx) using an energy balance equation relating changes in depth and slope. Both methods are demonstrated on an example trapezoidal channel to compute the profile from a known downstream depth to 5% above normal depth upstream.

Uploaded by

Danny Cheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture #8

Gradually Varied Flow - Computation of Flow Profile


I. Numerical Integration Method (Compute x for a specified y2)

The water surface slope for an open channel can be expressed as follows:
Kn 2
)
dy
K
So
Zc
dx
1 ( )2
Z
1 (

(1)

or
dx
1

dy S o

Zc 2
)
Z
K
1 ( n )2
K
1 (

(2)

where:
K

1.486
AR 2 / 3
n

1
AR 2 / 3
n

(for English units)

(3-A)

(for SI units)

(3-B)

Kn

1.486
2/3
An Rn
n

Kn

1
2/3
An Rn
n

(for English units)

(4-A)

(for SI units)

(4-B)

ZA D

(5)

Z c Ac Dc

(6)

For a rectangular open channel with a width of b, a normal depth of yn, and a critical
depth of yc, Eqs.3, 4, 5, and 6 can be rewritten as follows:
K

1.486 5 / 3
by
n

1 5/3
by
n

Kn

1.486
5/ 3
byn
n

Kn

1
5/3
by n
n

(for English units)

(7-A)

(for SI units)

(7-B)

(for English units)

(for SI units)

Z A D by y by 3 / 2

(8-A)

(8-B)
(9)

Z c Ac Dc byc yc byc

3/ 2

(10)

Substituting Eqs.7, 8, 9, and 10 into Eq. 2 yields:

yc 3
)
dx 1
y

y
dy S o
1 ( n )10 / 3
y
1 (

(11)

Eq.2 (or Eq.11 for a rectangular open channel) can be integrated with respect to y to yield
the following equation:
x2

x2 x1 dx
x1

y2

y1

y2

dx
dx
1 dx
dx
dy ( ) ave dy [( ) 2 ( )1 ]( y2 y1 )
dy
dy
2 dy
dy
y

(12)

dx
)1 can be calculated from Eq.2 (or from Eq.11 for a rectangular open channel)
dy
dx
for section 1 for a known value of y1, and ( ) 2 for section 2 for a specified value of y2.
dy
Based on Eq.12, x2 can be computed as follows:
where : (

1 dx
dx
x2 x1 [( ) 2 ( )1 ]( y 2 y1 )
2 dy
dy

(13)

II. Direct Step Method (compute x for a specified y2)


The direct step method is based on the following energy equation:
2
2
V1
V2
z1 y1 1
z2 y2 2
hf
2g
2g
The above equation can be rearranged as follows:

z1 z2 h f E1 E2

(14)

(15)

where:
2

V1
E1 y1 1
2g
E2 y 2 2

(16)
2

V2
2g

(17)

z1 z2 So x

(18)

h f S f x

(19)

In Eq.19, S f is the average energy slope for the reach between section 1 and section 2,
and can be calculated as follows:
1
(20)
S f (S f 1 S f 2 )
2
where:
2

Sf1

S f1

n1 V1
R1

Sf2

n 2 V2
R2

(21-A)

(for SI units)

(21-B)

(for English units)

(22-A)

(for SI units)

(22-B)

n2 V2

4/3
2.22 R2
2

(for English units)

4/3

Sf2

n1 V1

4/3
2.22 R1

4/3

Therefore, Eq.15 can be expressed as follows:


( So S f )x E2 E1

(23)

or
3

E1 E2
S f So

(24)

For a known value of y1 and a specified value of y2, the values for E1, E2, Sf1, Sf2, S f can
be calculated form the above equations and substituted into Eq.24 to yield:
x2 x1 x

(25)

Example 1 Water Surface Profile (Numerical Integration Method)


A trapezoidal concrete channel has a constant bed slope of 0.0015, a bed width of 3.0 m,
and side slopes of 1:1. It carries a discharge of 20 m3/s. The channel is tributary to a river
in which the existing flood level is 3.5m above the channel bed. Compute the water
surface profile by the numerical integration method to a depth 5% greater than the
uniform flow depth. 1 .1 and n = 0.025.
Solution:
(a). Compute uniform flow depth (i.e. normal depth) yn using Mannings equation as
follows:
1
1/ 2
AR 2 / 3 So
n

(1)

In the above equation:


A y (3 y )

(2)

P 3 2 2 y 3 2.82 y

(3)

A
y (3 y )

P 3 2.82 y

(4)

Substituting Eqs.2, 3 and 4 into Eq.1 yields

1
y (3 y ) 2 / 3 1 / 2
[ y (3 y )][
] So
n
3 2.82 y

(for SI units)

(5)

Substituting Q, n, and So into Eq.5 yields,

20

1
y (3 y ) 2 / 3
[ y (3 y )][
] 0.00151/ 2
0.025
3 2.82 y

(6)

Eq.6 can be solved to yield the normal depth as follows:

yn 2.15m

(7)

(b). Compute critical depth yc using the following equation:


Z c Ac Dc

Q
g /

(8)

In the above equation:

Ac yc (3 yc )

(9)

Tc 3 2 yc

(10)

Ac y c (3 y c )

Tc
3 2 yc

Dc

(11)

Substituting Eqs.9 and 11 into Eq.8 yields:


Zc

[ y c (3 y c )] 2

3 2 yc

(12)

g /

Substituting Q, g, and into Eq.12 yields:


[ y c (3 y c )]1.5
(3 2 y c )

0.5

20

(13)

9.8 / 1.1

Eq.13 can be solved to yield the critical depth as follows:

yc 1.45m

(14)

(c). Compute the water surface profile:


Since yn is greater than yc, the channel has a mild slope. Also, since y1 = 3.5 m at the
downstream end of the channel is greater than yn, the water surface profile is a M-1 curve.
Therefore, the computation should be progressed upstream from the end of the channel.
The computation may be based on the following equation:

x x2 x1

1 dx
dx
( )1 ( ) 2 ( y 2 y1 )

2 dy
dy

(16)

where dx/dy is expressed as follows:

Zc 2
)
dx
1
Z

K
dy S o
1 ( n )2
K
1 (

(17)

Kn

1
AR 2 / 3 for y = yn
n

1
AR 2 / 3 for any specified y (for SI units)
n

[ yc (3 y c )]2
Zc
3 2 yc

(for SI units)

(18)

(19)
(20)

[ y (3 y )]2
3 2y

for any specified y

(21)

Substituting yn = 2.15 m and yc = 1.45m into Eqs. 18 and 20, respectively, yield:
K n 516.4

(22)

Z c 6.70

(23)

Water surface profile may be calculated using Eq.16 starting from the depth of 3.5 m at
the downstream end to 1.05 yn = 2.26 m in an upstream location. The results are shown
in the following table.
y

R2/3

dx/dy

3.50
3.30

10.00
9.60

12.90
12.33

22.75
20.79

1.76
1.69

1.46
1.42

1328.5
1177.9

34.3
30.6

3.00
2.70
2.50
2.40
2.30
2.26

9.00
8.40
8.00
7.80
7.60
7.52

11.48
10.64
10.07
9.79
9.50
9.39

18.00
15.39
13.75
12.96
12.19
11.89

1.57
1.45
1.37
1.32
1.28
1.27

1.35
1.28
1.23
1.21
1.18
1.17

971.5
787.6
676.9
625.1
575.6
556.4

25.5
20.8
18.0
16.7
15.4
14.9

755
786

-154

0
-154

865
1048
1374
1761
2773
3841

-248
-287
-242
-157
-227
-132

-402
-689
-931
-1088
-1314
-1447

Example 2 Water Surface Profile (Direct Step Method)


A trapezoidal concrete channel has a constant bed slope of 0.0015, a bed width of 3.0 m,
and side slopes of 1:1. It carries a discharge of 20 m3/s. The channel is tributary to a river
in which the existing flood level is 3.5m above the channel bed. Compute the water
surface profile by the direct step method to a depth 5% greater than the uniform flow
depth. 1 and n = 0.025.
Solution:
(a). The uniform flow depth (i.e. normal depth) yn was calculated in problem 10.29 as
follows:

yn 2.15m

(1)

(b). Compute the water surface profile:


The computation should be progressed upstream from the downstream end of the
channel using the following equation:
x

E1 E2
S f So

(2)

where:

Sf

1
(S f 1 S f 2 )
2

S f1

n1 V1

Sf2

n 2 V2

R1

4/3

R2

(3)
(for SI units)

(4)

(for SI units)

(5)

4/3

V1
E1 y1 1
2g
E2 y 2 2

(6)
2

V2
2g

(7)

Water surface profile may be calculated using Eq.2 starting from the depth of 3.5 m at the
downstream end to 1.05 yn = 2.26 m in an upstream location. The results are shown in
the following table.

R2/3

V2/2g

Sf

Ave Sf

Ave Sf-So

0.000227

3.50

10.00 12.90 22.75

1.76

1.46

0.88

0.043 3.543

3.30

9.60

12.33 20.79

1.69

1.42

0.96

0.052 3.352 0.191 0.000288 0.000257 -0.001243

-154

-154

3.00

9.00

11.48 18.00

1.57

1.35

1.11

0.069 3.069 0.283 0.000424 0.000356 -0.001144

-247

-401

2.70

8.40

10.64 15.39

1.45

1.28

1.30

0.095 2.795 0.275 0.000645 0.000534 -0.000966

-284

-685

2.50

8.00

10.07 13.75

1.37

1.23

1.45

0.119 2.619 0.176 0.000873 0.000759 -0.000741

-238

-923

2.40

7.80

9.79

12.96

1.32

1.21

1.54

0.134 2.534 0.085 0.001024 0.000948 -0.000552

-154

-1077

2.30

7.60

9.50

12.19

1.28

1.18

1.64

0.151 2.451 0.083 0.001207 0.001115 -0.000385

-215

-1292

2.26

7.52

9.39

11.89

1.27

1.17

1.68

0.159 2.419 0.032 0.001292 0.001250 -0.000250

-129

-1421

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