Qi Hang Guo v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Attorney General Gonzales, 422 F.3d 61, 2d Cir. (2005)

422 F.
3d 61
Qi Hang GUO, Petitioner,

v.
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE, Attorney General Gonzales,
Respondent.
Docket No. 03-4164.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Submitted: July 15, 2005.
Decided: September 7, 2005.
Bruno Joseph Bembi, Hempstead, New York, for Petitioner.

James T. Brooks, Assistant United States Attorney, Eastern District of
Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee (Harry S. Mattice, Jr., United States
Attorney, Eastern District of Tennessee, on the brief), for Respondent.
Before: WESLEY and HALL, Circuit Judges, and TRAGER, District
Judge.1
PER CURIAM.
This case arises out of petitioner Qi Hang Guo's applications for asylum,
withholding of removal, and suspension of deportation under the Immigration
and Nationality Act of 1952, 8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq., Pub.L. No. 82-414, 66
Stat. 163 ("INA"), and his subsequent pro se motion for relief pursuant to the
United Nations Convention Against Torture, adopted Dec. 10, 1984, S. Treaty
Doc. No. 100-20 (1988), 14 U.N.T.S. 85, 8 C.F.R. 208.16 (2000) ("CAT").
We uphold the Board of Immigration Appeal's ("BIA") affirmance of the
Immigration Judge's ("IJ") oral decision denying petitioner's INA applications
in a summary order issued simultaneously with our per curiam opinion. We
therefore AFFIRM the BIA's January 8, 2003, order as it pertains to petitioner's
INA claims rejected by the IJ. However, because the BIA's rationale for
denying the motion for relief pursuant to CAT relies on a premise that is
erroneous as a matter of law that petitioner was subject to a deportation
order that had become final when he moved for relief under CAT we
VACATE IN PART the BIA's order of January 8, 2003, as it pertains to that
motion and REMAND for further proceedings.

Background
2
According to his testimony, petitioner fled China on May 23, 1988, and arrived
in the United States on May 25, 1988. After receiving an order to show cause
why he should not be deported for illegally entering the country, petitioner
conceded deportability and became subject to deportation proceedings. Prior to
February 27, 1998, he moved for relief under the INA seeking asylum,
withholding of removal, and suspension of deportation without raising any
CAT claim. On February 27, 1998, the IJ held an evidentiary hearing to
evaluate petitioner's claims. At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ issued an
oral decision denying those claims. On March 8, 1998, petitioner filed a timely
notice of appeal with the BIA.
Following the notice of appeal, petitioner's case became entangled in a thicket

of procedural difficulties during which at times he had counsel and at times he
proceeded pro se. While petitioner's appeal was pending with the BIA, he
attempted to apply pro se for CAT relief. Depending on whose view of the case
one adopts, petitioner asserted his CAT claim sometime between May 1999 and
August 19, 1999. In one document, petitioner styled his "motion" as an
"Application for protection from [sic][the] `Convention Against Torture'" and
further indicated that it was a motion to reopen his proceeding. On January 8,
2003, the BIA issued an order affirming the IJ's oral decision and denying
petitioner's "motion." The relevant portion of the order noted the "motion" and
denied it as untimely, citing 8 C.F.R. 208.18(b)(2)(i). The regulation
mandates that an alien subject to an order of deportation, exclusion, or removal
that became final prior to March 22, 1999, may seek to assert a CAT claim only
by making a motion to reopen his immigration proceeding by June 21, 1999.
Petitioner argues that his attempt to apply for CAT relief was timely because he
was not yet subject to an order of deportation that had become final prior to the
time of filing his motion. On appeal, the government concedes that petitioner's
attempt to seek CAT relief was timely but argues that the BIA's error was
harmless.
Discussion
5
The government's concession is well-founded: because petitioner's order of

deportation had not become final during the pendency of his appeal to the BIA,
the Board erred in denying petitioner's motion to seek CAT protection as
untimely. In this case, the BIA implicitly concluded that petitioner's order of
deportation had "become final" before he sought relief pursuant to CAT by

filing a motion with the BIA. However, that conclusion contradicts the BIA's
own published interpretations of when an order of deportation, issued by an IJ,
becomes final.
6
The BIA has held that "an administrative order is final when the B[IA] renders
its decision in a case on appeal or certification or, where no appeal is taken,
when the time allotted for appeal has expired[,] or the right to appeal is
waived." In re L-V-K, 22 I. & N. Dec. 976, 978 (B.I.A.1999) (citing In re Lok,
18 I. & N. Dec. 101, 105 (B.I.A.1981)) (emphasis added); see 8 C.F.R. 3.39
(2000) (recodified at 8 C.F.R. 1003.39 (2003)). "The order of the immigration
judge, then, is not final when a timely appeal is taken to the Board." CastilloRodriguez v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 929 F.2d 181, 183 (5th
Cir.1991). Thus, even were we to employ the latest date on which petitioner
pressed his CAT claim August 19, 1999 that claim was timely presented
as petitioner's other claims were still the subject of appeal to the BIA. See 8
C.F.R. 3.39. Petitioner was clearly entitled to apply for CAT consideration.
See 8 C.F.R. 208.18(b)(1). Accordingly, the BIA erred as a matter of law in
denying petitioner's motion as untimely.
Despite the BIA's erroneous application of its own rules, the government
asserts that the error is harmless because petitioner's application and affidavit,
taken together with evidence from his hearing before the IJ, fail to establish a
prima facie claim under CAT. The government's contention that petitioner was
required to establish a prima facie case for CAT relief overlooks the controlling
regulation. "[A]lien[s] [such as petitioner] . . . in exclusion, deportation, or
removal proceedings on or after March 22, 1999[,] may apply for withholding
of removal under [8 C.F.R.] 208.16(c)" without having to establish a prima
facie claim for CAT relief. See 8 C.F.R. 208.18(b)(1) (2000) (emphasis
added). It is only aliens whose orders of deportation, exclusion, or removal
became final prior to March 22, 1999, who may not simply apply for CAT
relief but must, subject to certain limitations not relevant here, move to reopen
their cases to seek CAT protection. Id. 208.18(b)(2). Pursuant to the
regulations, those aliens must establish a prima facie case for relief under CAT
through "[t]he evidence sought to be offered" as part of the motion to reopen.
Id. 208.18(b)(2)(ii). The regulations simply allow aliens in petitioner's
position to ask for additional relief under CAT without meeting a prima facie
case threshold.
This conclusion is reinforced by comparing the language of 8 C.F.R.

208.18(b)(1) and 208.18(b)(2) under the principle that expressio unius est
exclusio alterius "the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another."
BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1635 (7th ed.1999). While the language of

208.18(b)(2) requires aliens whose immigration proceedings became final
before March 22, 1999, to establish a prima facie case and seek relief through a
motion to reopen, that same language is nowhere to be found in 208.18(b)(1)
applicable to petitioner here. The absence of this stricture demonstrates that
petitioner may simply "apply for withholding of removal under 208.18(c)" or
other appropriate relief under CAT without having to establish a prima facie
case as part of his application. The Immigration and Naturalization Service
apparently chose March 22, 1999, as a cut-off date because on that day interim
regulations "establishing procedures for raising a claim for protection from
torture" became final. Regulations Concerning the Convention Against Torture,
Summary, 64 Fed.Reg. 8478, 8478 (Feb. 19, 1999) (codified in part at 8 C.F.R.
208.18) (interim regulation); see Regulations Concerning the Convention
Against Torture, 64 Fed.Reg. 13881, 13881 (Mar. 23, 1999) (correction to
interim rule). The procedural difference makes sense. Those aliens whose
claims have been heard and are final must seek to reopen their cases and do so
with some proof that they have a colorable claim while aliens in petitioner's
position may instead present their CAT claim as an alternative ground for
relief. Thus, the regulations do not require us to review the sufficiency of
petitioner's proffered reasons for CAT relief clearly a question of law as
an alternative ground to support the BIA's wrong decision.
9
Nor should we measure petitioner's proof at the hearing to see if it fell short of
that necessary to entitle petitioner to CAT relief as a matter of law, thus
providing an alternative ground to sustain the BIA's decision. Petitioner asserted
his CAT claim after his hearing. He may well have additional evidence he
wishes to present to the IJ in that regard. On the stage of administrative law,
each actor has a part to play and may not ad lib another's role. Having found
that the BIA's only stated ground for denying the motion to apply for CAT
relief was premised upon an error of law, the appropriate course is to vacate
and remand for further proceedings. See Twum v. Immigration & Naturalization
Serv., 411 F.3d 54, 61-62 (2d Cir.2005).2
Conclusion
10
The Petition for Review is GRANTED IN PART insofar as it relates to

petitioner's CAT claim but DISMISSED ON ALL OTHER GROUNDS for the
reasons stated above and in the summary order issued simultaneously with this
opinion. The BIA's order of January 8, 2003, affirming the IJ's order of
deportation and denying petitioner's motion to apply for CAT protection is
hereby AFFIRMED IN PART and VACATED IN PART. Accordingly, the
case is REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes:
1
The Honorable David G. Trager, United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York, sitting by designation
We intimate no view of the merits or of petitioner's ability to establish a claim

for relief under CAT

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422 F.

Qi Hang GUO, Petitioner,

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Bruno Joseph Bembi, Hempstead, New York, for Petitioner.

motion and REMAND for further proceedings.

Following the notice of appeal, petitioner's case became entangled in a thicket

The government's concession is well-founded: because petitioner's order of

deportation had "become final" before he sought relief pursuant to CAT by

This conclusion is reinforced by comparing the language of 8 C.F.R.

BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1635 (7th ed.1999). While the language of

The Petition for Review is GRANTED IN PART insofar as it relates to

We intimate no view of the merits or of petitioner's ability to establish a claim

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