1) THEORETICAL AIR: An engine is supplied with a fuel consisting of 78.3% C, 9.9% H, 8.5% S, 0.

67% N
and the balance in O. Calculate the moles of theoretical air and theoretical oxygen required for the
complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
SOLUTION:
Basis: 100 kg of Fuel
O2 theoretical=C+

O2 theoretical=

H
+ SO2
4

78.3 9.9 8.5 2.63

+
+

12
4 32
32

O2 theoretical=9.1834 kmol

Theoretical Air =9.1834 kmol of O2 x (

Theoretical Air =43.734 kmol of Air

100 kmol of Air

)
21 kmol of O 2

2) CALORIFIC VALUES OF GASEOUS FUELS: A sample of natural gas was brought to the CalTech
Department of Chemical Engineering for testing. Analysis of the sample shows that it consists of 88.6%
CH4, 8.35% C2H6, 0.7% n-C4H10, 0.63% i-C4H10, 0.55% CO2 and the balance is N2. Calculate the Gross and
Net Calorific Values of this sample of natural gas in MJ/kg and MJ/SCM
SOLUTION:
Basis: 1 kmol of Natural Gas
Gas
Component
CH4
C2H6
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
CO2
N2
Total

Hc

n(Hc)

0.8860
0.0835
0.0070
0.0063
0.0055
0.0117
1

890.95
1560.92
2879.01
2870.63
-

3.544
0.501
0.07
0.063
0
0
4.178

789.3817
130.3368
20.15307
18.08497
957.9566

MW
(kg/mol)
16
30
58
58
44
28

a) Gross Calorific Value

MJ
1kmol
MJ
957.9566
=53.1584
kmol 18.022kg
kg

Using Antoinnes Equation to Calculate the Vapor Pressure of H 2O at T=15.56C

7258.2
ln Po=73.649
7.3037 ln 288.56+4.1653 x 106 ( 288.56 )2
288.56
o

P =1750.934 Pa0.254 psia

957.9566

MJ 1 kmol
kmol 22.4 m3

psi 288.56 K
MJ
=44.90
)(
)
)( 14.73 psi0.254
14.7 psi
273.15 K
SCM

b) Net Calorific Value

NCV =GCV

NCV =957.9566

nH 2 O
(L )
total mol of dry fuel c

MJ 4.178 kmol
MJ
MJ

44.04
=773.957
kmol
1 kmol
kmol
kmol

n(MW)
14.176
2.505
0.406
0.3654
0.242
0.3276
18.022

773.957

773.957

MJ 1 kmol
kmol 22.4 m3

MJ
1 kmol
MJ
=42.945
kmol 18.022 kg
kg

psi 288.56 K
MJ
=35.944
)(
)
)( 14.73 psi0.254
14.7 psi
273.15 K
SCM

3. GASEOUS FUEL CASE 1: Los Angeles City Halls heater system is fueled by Natural Gas. This gas of
consists of 67% CH4, 1.67% C2H6, 5.90% H2, 13.5% CO2, 8.90% CO and the balance is N2. The gas enters
the burner at 80C and 744 torr essentially dry and leaves at 200C and 800 torr. It is burned in 45% excess
air at 50C with a pressure of 98kPa and 78%RH. Determine the:
a) Orsat Analysis, assuming complete combustion
b) AFR by volume
SOLUTION
Basis: 1 kmol of Fuel
Gas
CH4
C2H6
H2
CO2
CO
N2
Total

n
0.6700
0.0167
0.0590
0.1350
0.0890
0.0303
1

C
0.6700
0.0334
0.1350
0.0890
0.9274

O2 theoretical=C+
O2 theoretical=0.9274+

H
2.68
0.0334
0.1180
2.8314

H
+ SO2
4
2.8314
0.1795
2

O2 theoretical=2.1636
O2 excess=2.1636 ( 0.45 )=0.9736

O2 air=2.1636+ 0.9736=3.1372
N 2 air=3.1372

( 7921 )=11.80

O2
0.1350
0.0445
0.1795

CO2 formed =0.9274

a) ORSAT ANALYSIS
Flue Gas
CO2
N2
O2

n
0.9274
11.80
0.9736
13.701

%
6.77%
83.13%
7.11%
100%

b) AFR by Volume

( 3.1372+11.80 ) kmol

22.4 m3
1 kmol

22.4 m3
1 kmol
1 kmol

kPa 323.15 K
)( 101.325
98 kPa )( 273.15 K )
=13.43

800torr 353.15 K
)( 760
torr )( 273.15 K )

4. GASEOUS FUEL CASE 2: A sample of a saturated hydrocarbon is burned with excess air. The Orsat
analysis of the flue gas consists of 8.90% CO 2, 1.90% CO, 5.76% O2 and the balance is N2. And no free H2.
Assuming that the fuel fed consists only of the hydrocarbon. Determine the molar ratio of C and H
SOLUTION
Basis: 100 kmol of Dry Stack Gas
N 2 air=82.44
O2 air=82.44

( 2179 )=22.18
(

O2 unaccounted for=22.18 8.90+

1.90
+5.76 =6.57
2

net H 2=2 ( 6.30 ) =13.14

total H fuel=26.28

total C fuel=10.8

C 10.8
=
=0.4109
H 26.28

GASEOUS FUEL CASE 3: Pure butane is burned in excess air give as stack gas which consists of 8.55%
CO2 on a dry basis. Assuming that the process carried out is complete combustion. Calculate the a) percent
excess air and b) Complete Orsat Analysis
SOLUTION
Basis 100 kmol of Butane
O2 theo=400+

600
=650
4

Let: x Excess O2
O2 air=650+ x
N 2 air=

79
( 650+ x)
21

Carbon Balance
400=DSG ( 0.0855 )
DSG=4678.36

DSG Balance

DSG=CO2 + N 2 +free O2
4678.36=400+

79
( 650+ x ) + x
21

x=384.95
excess=

384.95
x 100=58.22
1034.95

b) Complete Orsat Analysis

Flue Gas
CO2
N2
Free O2
Total

n
400
3893.38
384.95

%
8.55%
83.22%
8.23%

4678.33

100%

LIQUID FUEL CASE 1: Shells brand new petroleum product, Xtra which has an octane number of 95 is
widely used as fuel especially for Gasoline engine. If Xtra is burned in an engine with 60% excess air to
give a product gas molal ratio of CO 2 to CO of 4:2 and all H2 is burned to water. What is the expected orsat
analysis from this combustion process?
SOLUTION:
Gasoline
Component
i-C8H18
n-C7H16
Total

Volume

Density

Mass

Wt %

95
5
100

0.6918
0.6840

65.721
3.42
69.141

95.05%
4.95%
100%

Basis: 100kg of Xtra Gasoline

Gasoline
Component
i-C8H18
n-C7H16
Total

Mass

MW

95.05
4.95
100

114
100

0.8337
0.0495
0.8832

6.6696
0.3465
7.0161

15
0.792
15.792

O2 theo=7.0161+

15.792
4

O2 theo=10.9641
O2 Excess=10.9641 ( 0.6 )=6.5784
O2 air=17.5425
N 2 air=65.9934

( 46 )=4.6774
2
CO=7.0161 ( )=2.3387
6

C O2=7.0161

O2 free=6.5784+

2.3387
=7.7477
2

Orsat Analysis
Flue Gas
n
%
CO2
4.6774
5.79%
CO
2.3387
2.90%
N2
65.9934
81.72%
O2 free
7.7477
9.59%
80.7572
Total
100%
LIQUID FUEL CASE 2: A Toyota D4D engine is fueled with fuel oil containing 78% C. It is burned with
excess air at 25C, 740 torr. The Orsat Analysis of the flue gas consists of 10.89% CO 2, 7.88% O2, 0.9%
SO2, 0.004% NO and the balance in N2. Assuming that all the nitrogen content of the fuel is converted into
NO, the exhaust gas leaves at 1600 C and 900 torr. Calculate the
a) % Excess Air
b) Elemental Analysis of the Fuel Oil
SOLUTION

N 2 air=80.326
O2 air=80.326

( 2179 )=21.35

O2 excess=7.88

Excess air=

7.88
x 100=58.5
21.357.88

O2 unaccounted for=21.35 10.89+0.9+7.88+

0.004
=1.678
2

net H =4 ( 1.678 ) =6.712

Carbon Balance
0.78 ( wt of fuel )=10.89 ( 12 )
wt of fuel=167.538
0.9 x 32
( 167.538
)(100)=17.19
0.004 x 28
%N fuel=(
( 100 ) =0.0668
167. 538 )
6.712
%net H fuel=(
( 100 )=4.0
167.538 )
%S fuel=

CW =100( 78+17.19+0.0668+ 4 )=0.7432 %

( 182 )=0.0825
16
%Ofuel=0.7432 ( ) =0.6606
18

%H fuel=0.7432

Elemental Analysis of Fuel

C = 78.0%
H=4.66%

LIQUID FUELS CASE 3: Mitsubishi Motors Inc., recommends patrons of their cars to use fuel that are at
optimum performance with their diesel engines. It is known that this fuel oil consists of 79% C, 6% H, 2% O,
5.5% N and 7.5% S. When this fuel oil is burned with excess air expected partial orsat analysis of the

exhaust gas shows 10.45% CO2 and 1.2% CO. Air supplied is essentially dry. The molar ratio of H 2 to CO is
1:3. Calculate:
a) % Excess Air
b) m3 air (25C, 770 mmHg)/kg Oil
SOLUTION
O2 theo=

79 6 7.5 2
+ + =8.26
12 4 32 32

Let x excess O2
O 2 air=( x+ 8.26)
N 2 air=

79
( x +8.26 )
21

Carbon Balance
79
= ( 0.1045+ 0.012 ) DSG
12
DSG=56.51

CO2 in DSG = 0.1045(56.51) = 5.91

CO in DSG = 0.012(56.51) = 0.6781
SO2 in DSG = 2(7.5/32) = 0.4687
H2 in DSG (0.4697)(0.333) = 0.1565
0.6781 0.1565
free O 2=x+
+
2
2
N 2 DSG=

79
5.5
( x +8.26 ) +
21
28

DSG Balance
79
5.5
0.6781 0.1565
56.51= ( x+ 8.26 ) +
+x+
+
+ 7.21
21
28
2
2
x=3.69
Excess Air =

3.69
( 100 )=44.67
8.26

m air
=
kg oil

( 11.95+ 44.95 ) kmol

22.4 m3 760 mmHg

1 kmol 770 mmHg
100

)(

K
)( 298.15
273.15 K )
=13.73