Testing Methods of Power Swing Blocking Functions of Distance Protection Relays
Testing Methods of Power Swing Blocking Functions of Distance Protection Relays
Author
Adam Smolarczyk
Keywords
power system, power swings, power swing blocking functions, protection relays testing
Abstract
The paper describes testing of distance protection relays power swing blocking functions
(schemes). Basic and extended scopes of tests are proposed for power swing blocking
functions. Test systems are proposed, and test modules of microprocessor tester software
are described, which can be used for testing power swing blocking functions.
1. Introduction
Power swing blocking functions are available in most distance
relays. They are designed to block the distance protection relay
functions undesired responses to power swings, during which
the operating impedance may enter the distance protections
response zones. Protection relay manufacturers apply power
swing blocking functions that employ different methods of power
swing detection. The most common power swing detection
method employed by the classic blocking functions of the Z(t)
type is based on measurement of the rate of operating impedance change between the functions inner and outer zones.
Power swing blocking function types applied by selected protection relay manufacturers are summarized in [1, 2] and papers [3,
4] describe the power swing detection methods they employ.
A power swing blocking functions response should be blocked
(the feature should be disabled) at an internal (symmetrical or
unsymmetrical) fault occurring during power swings to allow
its elimination by the distance protection function. In addition,
in some cases a power swing blocking function may not react
properly. Ablocking functions malfunction means its missing or
unnecessary activation in a given situation. Selected situations
and factors, to which a power swing blocking function may
respond improperly, are summarized in [2, 5].
As with other protection functions available in aprotection relay,
power swing blocking functions should be tested. The tests,
towhich protection relays should be subjected, are summarised,
classified, and described in [68]. There are two main types of
relay testing: (a) type tests and (b) individual tests. Type tests of
particular importance include: (a) functional conformance tests,
(b) functional performance tests, and (c) scheme performance
tests. These types of tests are briefly characterised below.
Functional conformance tests. In these tests relays are tested
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swings with different source voltage modules ratios kE =Ea/Eb typically kE fits in the range from 0.7 to1.3. This ratio, together
with kX ratio that rules the power flow direction and determines whether the node with relay point is sending or receiving [1, 2]
swings with different reactances ratio kX =Xa/Xb in the relay
point (Xa, Xb means the equivalent reactances on the relay
points left and right sides). Usually kX may be considered in
the range of 0.5 to4. This ratio describes the location of the
circles describing power swings in plane X(R), and it also has
some impact on the radius of agiven circle. For kE>1 higher kX
value increases the circle radius, and for kE<1 higher kX decreases it. This ratio, together with ratio kE rules the power flow
direction and determines whether the node with relay point is
sending or receiving [1, 2]
single 3ph, 3ph-n, 2ph, 2ph-n, 1ph-n faults occurring during
power swings when the operating impedance is in the area
of a power swing blocking functions inner zone (for different
phase voltage angles at the relay point, and different ratios
kE and kX ). The modelled faults fault resistances Rf should
differ: in phase to phase faults from Rf = 0 (metallic short-circuit) up toseveral tens of ohms, and in ground faults from
Rf = 0 (metallic short-circuit) up to hundreds of ohms (high-resistance short-circuit). It can be assumed that the fault
resistance of alow-resistance ground fault Rf<20, and of
ahigh-resistance ground fault Rf=(100200).
impedance trajectory during power swings (owing toproperly
selected ratios kE and kX) passing through (during asynchronous swings) and entering (during synchronous swings) the
distance protection relays first or second or third or reverse
zone, both on the impedance planes right side (sending
node) and left side (receiving node).
In a power swing blocking functions basic testing the above
cases should be combined. A case should be modelled, for
example, of 1Hz asynchronous swings. During these swings the
impedance trajectory should move from the impedance planes
right toleft side (sending node) through the distance protection
relays first zone. While the operating impedance has entered the
distance protections active zone, a three-phase metallic short
circuit should be simulated.
a)
b)
Fig. 2. Example testing results of 7SA522 relays power swing blocking: a) waveforms generated by CMC testers AdvancedTransPlay software
module, b) visualization of results of power swing blocking function testing by SIGRA4 software
a)
b)
Fig. 3. Sections of Ramping module dialogue windows: a) voltage and current changes simulated at test, b) visualisation of voltage amplitude and
current phase angle changes and of activation of CMC testers binary inputs
Fig. 6. Asynchronous swings with concurrent three-phase short-circuit generated by NetSim module
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single-phase short-circuit in line L1 followed by a single-phase auto reclosing cycle, during which impedances in
the two healthy phases (during the dead time) change as at
power swings. During the automatic reclose cycles dead time
asecondary arc should be modelled
single-phase short-circuit in line L1 followed by asingle-phase
auto reclosing cycle, during which impedances in the two
healthy phases (during the dead time) change as at power
swings. Additionally, during the automatic reclose cycles
dead time another single-phase fault should be modelled (in
ahealthy phase)
different locations for the relay during swings (at circuit
breaker W1 or W2) to verify the performance of the power
swing blocking function in the sending and receiving nodes.
In apower swing blocking functions extended testing the above
cases should be combined. For example, acase of asynchronous
swing occurrence should be modelled (by modelling sufficiently
long F1 fault in line L2) in the sending node (impedance trajectory during the swing should pass from the right tothe left side
of the impedance plane) through the distance protections first
zone. At the time when the operating impedance has entered
the distance protections response zone (Z1< in fig.7), ahigh-resistant single-phase short circuit should be simulated (F2 in fig.7)
eliminated in asingle-phase automatic reclose cycle. During the
cycles dead time another single-phase fault should be modelled
in ahealthy phase.
Of course, more complex test systems for the expanded testing
can be imagined than that presented in fig.7, for example, afour-machine system (fig.8) or aseven-machine system (CIGRE Test
System) [1]. According to this author, however, multi-machine
systems more complex than the one shown in fig.7 (e.g. seven-machine system) are better suited for testing out-of-step protecting systems [1] (including distance protection of generator-transformer set, under-impedance protection of generator, grid
splitting protections, generator pole-slip protections), than for
accurate testing of power swing blocking functions, because in
such systems many more disturbance variants can be simulated
than in the system shown in fig.7.
4. Summary
Apower swing blocking function is an integral part of distance
protection and supports its performance in disturbances, such as
power swings. In simple terms, apower swing blocking function
should block adistance protections response topower swings
when the operating impedance has entered its response area,
and should not block its response toshort circuits.
Apower swing blocking function, like any other protection functions, should be tested. Its settings should be tested, as well as
its performance in specific system conditions. The tests may be
performed in the following two scopes:
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REFERENCES
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Adam Smolarczyk
Warsaw University of Technology
e-mail: Adam.Smolarczyk@ien.pw.edu.pl
Agraduate of Warsaw University of Technology. In December 1999 he started working at the Universitys Institute of Electrical Power Engineering. He is currently an
assistant professor at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology. He is an author and co-author of research reports on digital power relays.
His research interests are related tothe digital power protection automatics and the modelling of phenomena occurring in power systems.
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This is asupporting translation of the original text published in this issue of Acta Energetica on pages 124132. When referring tothe article please refer tothe original text.
PL
Adam Smolarczyk
Sowa kluczowe
Streszczenie
Wartykule opisano sposoby badania blokad koysaniowych zabezpiecze odlegociowych. Zaproponowano badania, jakim
powinny podlega blokady koysaniowe wzakresie podstawowym irozszerzonym. Przedstawiono propozycje ukadw testowych
oraz opisano moduy testowe oprogramowania testera mikroprocesorowego, ktre mog zosta wykorzystane dobadania blokad
koysaniowych.
1. Wstp
Funkcje blokad koysaniowych s dostpne
w wikszoci przekanikw odlegociowych. Ich zadaniem jest blokowanie niepodanego dziaania funkcji zabezpiecze
odlegociowych podczas koysa mocy,
w trakcie ktrych impedancja ruchowa
moe wej wobszar stref dziaania funkcji
odlegociowej. Producenci urzdze zabezpieczeniowych stosuj blokady koysaniowe,
wykorzystujce rne sposoby detekcji
koysa mocy. Najczciej stosowanym
sposobem detekcji koysa mocy, wykorzystywanym przez blokad klasyczn typu
Z(t), jest bazowanie napomiarze szybkoci
zmian impedancji ruchowej midzy strefami
zewntrzn iwewntrzn blokady. Rodzaje
blokad koysaniowych, stosowanych przez
wybranych producentw urzdze zabezpieczeniowych, zebrano w[1, 2], awartykuach [3, 4] opisano stosowane przez nie
sposoby detekcji koysa mocy.
Dziaanie blokad koysaniowych powinno
by blokowane (blokada powinna zosta
zdjta) podczas zwar wewntrznych (symetrycznych iniesymetrycznych), wystpujcych podczas koysa mocy, aby umoliwi
ich likwidacj za pomoc funkcji zabezpieczenia odlegociowego. Ponadto wniektrych sytuacjach blokady koysaniowe mog
dziaa niepoprawnie. Niepoprawne dziaanie blokady sprowadza si dobrakujcego
lub zbdnego pobudzenia blokady wokrelonej sytuacji. Wybrane sytuacje i czynniki, wktrych blokady koysaniowe mog
dziaa niepoprawnie, zebrano w[2, 5].
Podobnie jak pozostae funkcje zabezpieczeniowe, dostpne wurzdzeniach zabezpieczeniowych, funkcje blokad koysaniowych
powinny by badane. Podziay testw, jakim
powinny podlega urzdzenia zabezpieczeniowe, zebrano iopisano w[68]. Rozrnia
si dwa gwne rodzaje bada (testw) przekanikw: (a) testy typu i(b) testy indywidualne. Wrd testw typu istotn rol odgrywaj: (a) funkcjonalne testy zgodnoci, (b)
funkcjonalne testy dziaania i(c) systemowe
testy dziaania. Poniej krtko scharakteryzowano wymienione rodzaje testw.
133
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a)
b)
Rys.2. Przykadowe wyniki bada blokady koysaniowej przekanika 7SA522: a) przebiegi wygenerowane za pomoc moduu AdvancedTransPlay oprogramowania testera CMC,
b) wizualizacja wynikw testu blokady za pomoc oprogramowania SIGRA4
135
a)
b)
Rys.3. Fragmenty okien dialogowych moduu Ramping: a) symulowane zmiany napi fazowych iprdw podczas wykonywania testu, b) wizualizacja zmian amplitud napicia
iktw prdw fazowych oraz pobudzenia wej dwustanowych testera CMC
136
Rys.4. Fragmenty zrzutw ekranu zarejestrowanych przebiegw przez rejestrator przekanika 7SA522
137
Rys.6. Przebiegi koysa asynchronicznych, podczas ktrych wystpio zwarcie 3f wygenerowane za pomoc moduu NetSim
138
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PSCAD/EMTDC
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Adam Smolarczyk
dr in.
Politechnika Warszawska
e-mail: Adam.Smolarczyk@ien.pw.edu.pl
Absolwent Politechniki Warszawskiej. Wgrudniu 1999 roku rozpocz prac wInstytucie Elektroenergetyki PW. Obecnie jest adiunktem naWydziale
Elektrycznym Politechniki Warszawskiej. Autor oraz wspautor raportw z bada cyfrowych przekanikw elektroenergetycznych. Jego zainteresowania naukowe zwizane s z cyfrow elektroenergetyczn automatyk zabezpieczeniow oraz modelowaniem zjawisk wystpujcych w systemach
elektroenergetycznych.
140