Karate

This article is about the martial art. For other uses, see Karate may be considered as the conict within oneself
Karate (disambiguation).
or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through
self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative ef*
Karate () (English /krti/; Japanese pronunciation: forts. [12]
[kaate]; Okinawan pronunciation: IPA: [kaati]) is a
martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands (called te (), literally hand"; tii in Okinawan)
under the inuence of Chinese martial arts, particularly
Fujian White Crane.* [1]* [2] Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes,
elbow strikes and open hand techniques such as knifehands, spear-hands, and palm-heel strikes. Historically,
and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks,
restraints, and vital point strikes are also taught.* [3] A
karate practitioner is called a karateka ().

On September 28, 2015, karate was featured on a shortlist

along with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surng, and
sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020
Summer Olympics. On June 1, 2016, the International
Olympic Committee's executive board announced they
were supporting the inclusion of all ve sports (counting
baseball and softball as only one sport) for inclusion in
the 2020 Games.

Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Aairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide,* [13] while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the
Karate developed on the Ryukyu Islands in what is now world.* [14]
Okinawa, Japan. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Chinese. 1 History
It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho
era.* [4] In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demon- 1.1 Okinawa
stration. In 1924 Keio University established the rst
university karate club in mainland Japan and by 1932, See also: Okinawan martial arts
major Japanese universities had karate clubs.* [5] In this
era of escalating Japanese militarism,* [6] the name was Karate began as a common ghting system known as te
changed from Chinese
(
handor "Tang hand)* [7] (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans.
to
( empty hand) both of which are pronounced After trade relationships were established with the Ming
karate to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop dynasty of China by King Satto of Chzan in 1372,
the combat form in Japanese style.* [8] After World War some forms of Chinese martial arts were introduced to
II, Okinawa became an important United States military the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China, particusite and karate became popular among servicemen sta- larly Fujian Province. A large group of Chinese families
tioned there.* [9]
moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of
Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety
of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa by King
Sh Hashi in 1429 and the policy of banning weapons by
King Sh Shin in 1477, later enforced in Okinawa after
the invasion by the Shimazu clan in 1609, are also factors that furthered the development of unarmed combat
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo,
techniques in Okinawa.* [2]
opined that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its ghting tech- There were few formal styles of te, but rather many pracniques ... Movies and television ... depict karate as a mys- titioners with their own methods. One surviving exterious way of ghting capable of causing death or injury ample is the Motobu-ry school passed down from the
*
with a single blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara. [15] Early styles of
*
far from the real thing. [11] Shoshin Nagamine said, karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and
Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to
greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the
world, and in English the word karate began to be used
in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Oriental
martial arts.* [10] Karate schools began appearing across
the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as
those seeking a deeper study of the art.

HISTORY

emerged.* [16] Each area and its teachers had particular He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in
kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their Japanese) which are simplied kata for beginning stulocal version of te from the others.
dents. In 1901 Itosu helped to get karate introduced into
Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to
China regularly to study various political and practical children at the elementary school level. Itosu's inuence
disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese in karate is broad. The forms he created are common
Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly be- across nearly all styles of karate. His students became
cause of these exchanges and partly because of grow- some of the most well-known karate masters, including
Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Motobu Chki.
ing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms Itosu is sometimes* referred to as the Grandfather of
Modern Karate. [18]
found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane,
Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pro- In 1881 Higaonna Kanry returned from China after
nouncedGjkenin Japanese).* [17] Many Okinawan years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what
weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have would become Naha-te. One of his students was the
originated in and around Southeast Asia.
founder of Goj-ry, Chjun Miyagi. Chjun Miyagi
taught
such well-known karateka as Seko Higa (who also
Sakukawa Kanga (17821838) had studied pugilism and
trained
with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi,
sta (bo) ghting in China (according to one legend, unand
Seikichi
Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the
der the guidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata).
end
of
his
life,
An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by
In 1806 he started teaching a ghting art in the city of
Morio
Higaonna).
Shuri that he called Tudi Sakukawa,which meant
Sakukawa of China Hand.This was the rst known
recorded reference to the art of Tudi,written as
. Around the 1820s Sakukawa's most signicant student Matsumura Skon (18091899) taught a synthesis of
te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese )
styles. Matsumura's style would later become the Shrinry style.

In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth

Okinawan inuence is that of Kanbun Uechi (1877
1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian
Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shushiwa. He was a
leading gure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that
time.* [19] He later developed his own style of Uechi-ry
karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata
that he had studied in China.* [20]

1.2 Japan
See also: Japanese martial arts
Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan karate, is gen-

Masters of karate in Tokyo (c. 1930s), from left to right, Kanken

Toyama, Hironori Otsuka, Takeshi Shimoda, Gichin Funakoshi,
Motobu Chki, Kenwa Mabuni, Genwa Nakasone, and Shinken
Taira
Ank Itosu, Grandfather of Modern Karate

erally credited with having introduced and popularized

Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ank (18311915) karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition many
among others. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned Okinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also refrom Matsumara. These are kusanku and chiang nan. sponsible for the development of karate on the main is-

3
lands. Funakoshi was a student of both Asato Ank and
Itosu Ank (who had worked to introduce karate to the
Okinawa Prefectural School System in 1902). During
this time period, prominent teachers who also inuenced
the spread of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni,
Chjun Miyagi, Motobu Chki, Kanken Tyama, and
Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulent period in the history
of the region. It includes Japan's annexation of the Okinawan island group in 1872, the First Sino-Japanese War
(18941895), the Russo-Japanese War (19041905), the
annexation of Korea, and the rise of Japanese militarism
(19051945).
Japan was invading China at the time, and Funakoshi
knew that the art of Tang/China hand would not be accepted; thus the change of the art's name to way of
the empty hand.The d sux implies that karated is
a path to self-knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of ghting. Like most martial arts practiced in Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to
-d around the beginning of the 20th century. The "d"
in karate-d" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as aikido
is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo
from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

names to many of the kata. The ve pinan forms became known as heian, the three naihanchi forms became
known as tekki, seisan as hangetsu, Chint as gankaku,
wanshu as enpi, and so on. These were mostly political
changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms,
although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes.
Funakoshi had trained in two of the popular branches of
Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ry and Shrei-ry.
In Japan he was inuenced by kendo, incorporating some
ideas about distancing and timing into his style. He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in
1936 he built a dojo in Tokyo and the style he left behind
is usually called Shotokan after this dojo.
The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan
also included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi mostly
called just karategi and colored belt ranks. Both of
these innovations were originated and popularized by
Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his eorts to modernize karate.
A new form of karate called Kyokushin was formally
founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was born a
Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui
). Kyokushin is largely a
synthesis of Shotokan and Gj-ry. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, physical toughness, and
full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushin is now often called
"full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the
name for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin
curriculum.

2 Practice
See also: Okinawan kobud and Japanese martial arts
Philosophical and strategic concepts
Karate can be practiced as an art (bud), self defense or
as a combat sport. Traditional karate places emphasis
on self-development (bud).* [21] Modern Japanese style
training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance,
fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate
places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons
are an important training activity in some styles of karate.
Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or
fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate

2.1 Kihon

Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name Main article: Kihon
of the art itself (at least on mainland Japan), doing so
to get karate accepted by the Japanese bud organization Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. TypDai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi also gave Japanese ically this is performance in unison of a technique or a

PRACTICE

combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Ki- 2.3 Kumite

hon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or
in pairs.
Main article: Kumite

2.2

Kata

Sparring in Karate is called kumite (: ). It

literally meansmeeting of hands.Kumite is practiced
both as a sport and as self-defense training.
Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. In kickboxing
variants (for example K-1), the preferred win is by knockout. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full power
techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international competition under the World Karate Federation
is free or structured with light contact or semi contact and
points are awarded by a referee.
In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques
with one striking while the other blocks. The form ends
with one devastating technique (hito tsuki).
In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have
a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport
or style organization policy, but might be modied according to the age, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare
cases even time-limited grappling on the ground are also
allowed.

Motobu Chki in Naihanchi-dachi, one of the basic karate

stances

Main article: Karate kata

Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area.

The bout runs for a xed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time
can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee
judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite, points
are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting
attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, good
timing and correct distance. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather
than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.

2.4 Dojo Kun

Main article: Dojo kun

Kata (: ) means literallyshapeormodel.Kata

is a formalized sequence of movements which represent
various oensive and defensive postures. These postures
are based on idealized combat applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents
is referred to as a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every
stance and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to
understand a kata.
To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate
competent performance of specic required kata for that
level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is
commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary
among schools.

In the bushid tradition dojo kun is a set of guidelines for

karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the
dojo (training hall) and in everyday life.

2.5 Conditioning
Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as
hojo undo. This utilizes simple equipment made of wood
and stone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri
game is a large jar used for developing grip strength.
These supplementary exercises are designed to increase

2.7

Rank

strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.* [22]

Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, exibility, and stress management.* [23] All practices vary depending upon the school
and the teacher.

2.6

Sport

5
organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective
shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki
Karate-Do Federation organization.* [35] Shinkaratedo
Federation use boxing gloves.* [36] Within the United
States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports
authorities, such as the boxing commission.
In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee
approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the
2020 Summer Olympics.* [37]* [38]

Gichin Funakoshi () said, There are no contests in karate.* [24] In preWorld War II Okinawa, kumite was not part of karate training.* [25] Shigeru Egami
relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from
their dojo because they adopted sparring after having
learned it in Tokyo.* [26]

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial

arts, has been eective for some MMA practitioners.* [39]* [40]* [41] Various styles of karate are practiced: Chuck Liddell, Frank Mir and Stephen Thompson
are known for American Kenpo.* [42] Lyoto Machida and
John Makdessi practice Shotokan.* [43] Bas Rutten and
Karate is divided into style organizations.* [27] These Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin.* [44]
organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specic
sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of
sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, 2.7 Rank
AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.* [28] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to
international level. Tournaments are designed to match
members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They
are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially
dierent rules or standards based on these factors. The
tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from
any style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open).
The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport
karate organization and is recognized by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for Karatekas wearing dierent colored belts
karate competition in the Olympic Games.* [29] The
WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. See also: Ky
The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.
In 1924 Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate,
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring
adopted the Dan system from the judo founder Jigoro
(kumite) and forms (kata). Competitors may enter either Kano* [45] using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt
as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata
colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this pracand kobud is performed by a panel of judges, whereas tice. In the Ky/Dan system the beginner grades start
sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assiswith a higher numbered ky (e.g., 10th Ky or Juky)
tant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring and progress toward a lower numbered ky. The Dan
matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginexperience.* [30]
ning dan') to the higher dan grades. Ky-grade karateka
WKF only allows membership through one national or- are referred to as color beltor mudansha (ones
ganization/federation per country to which clubs may without dan/rank). Dan-grade karateka are referred
join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typi(WUKF)* [31] oers dierent styles and federations a cally wear a black belt. Normally, the rst ve to six dans
world body they may join, without having to compromise are given by examination by superior dan holders, while
their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one fed- the subsequent (7 and up) are honorary, given for speeration or association per country.
cial merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank
Sport organizations use dierent competition rule sys- dier among styles, organizations, and schools. Ky
tems.* [27]* [30]* [32]* [33]* [34] Light contact rules are ranks stress stance, balance, and coordination. Speed and
used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact power are added at higher grades.
karate rules used by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other Minimum age and time in rank are factors aecting pro-

motion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques

before a panel of examiners. This will vary by school,
but testing may include everything learned at that point,
or just new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include kata, bunkai,
self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).

in the Rykys it was the custom to use the

former character when referring to things of
ne quality. Inuenced by this practice, in
recent times karate has begun to be written
with the character to give it a sense of class
or elegance.
Gichin Funakoshi* [48]

Philosophy

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart

Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: Form
is emptiness, emptiness is form itself(shiki zokuze k k
zokuze shiki).* [46] He interpreted thekaraof Karated to meanto purge oneself of selsh and evil thoughts
... for only with a clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives.Funakoshi believed that one should be inwardly humble
and outwardly gentle.Only by behaving humbly can one
be open to Karate's many lessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered
courtesy of prime importance. He said that Karate is
properly applied only in those rare situations in which one
really must either down another or be downed by him.
Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use
Karate in a real physical confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners mustnever be easily drawn into a ght.It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death.
It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned
bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction. Intime of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million
and one opponents.He taught that indecisiveness is a
weakness.* [47]

Etymology

KARATE AND ITS INFLUENCE OUTSIDE JAPAN

The rst documented use of a homophone of the

logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese
character meaning Tang Dynastywith the character
meaningemptytook place in Karate Kumite written in
August 1905 by Chmo Hanashiro (18691945). SinoJapanese relations have never been very good, and especially at the time of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria,
referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered
politically incorrect.* [49]
In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was
recognized as a Japanese martial art by the
Japanese Martial Arts Committee known as the
Butoku Kai. Until 1935,karatewas written as " " (Chinese hand). But in 1935,
the masters of the various styles of Okinawan
karate conferred to decide a new name for their
art. They decided to call their artkaratewritten in Japanese characters as " " (empty
hand).* [16]

Another nominal development is the addition of d (:

) to the end of the word karate. D is a sux having numerous meanings including road, path, route, and
way. It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's
transition from feudal culture to modern times. It implies
that these arts are not just ghting systems but contain
spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. In this
context d is usually translated as the way of ___.
Examples include aikido, judo, kyudo, and kendo. Thus
karated is more than just empty hand techniques. It is
The Way of the Empty Hand.

Karate was originally written asChinese hand( literally "Tang dynasty hand) in kanji. It was later changed
to a homophone meaning empty hand (). The origi- 5 Karate and its inuence outside
nal use of the wordkaratein print is attributed to Ank
Japan
Itosu; he wrote it as " ". The Tang Dynasty of China
ended in AD 907, but the kanji representing it remains
in use in Japanese language referring to China generally, 5.1 Canada
in such words as " " meaning Chinatown. Thus
the word karatewas originally a way of expressing Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as
martial art from China.
Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was
practised quietly without a large amount of organization.
Since there are no written records it is not
During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian
known denitely whether the kara in karate
families were moved to the interior of British Columbia.
Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorinwas originally written with the character
Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956
meaning China or the character meaning
after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled
empty. During the time when admiration for
to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958
China and things Chinese was at its height

5.3

Soviet Union

Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Taekwondo Federation and International Taekwon-Do
Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to ocially call his Federation are the most prominent among Korean martial
style Wado.* [50]
arts organizations, tang soo do schools that teach Japanese
In Canada during this same time, karate was also intro- karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to Won
duced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.
in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.* [51] In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the rst karate competition in Canada
and laid the foundation for the National Karate Associ- 5.3 Soviet Union
ation.* [51]
Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s,
In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began during Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved internateaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre tional relations. The rst Shotokan clubs were opened in
in Hamilton. In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorse- Moscow's universities.* [53] In 1973, however, the govment) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. Dur- ernment banned karatetogether with all other foreign
ing the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme In- martial arts endorsing only the Soviet martial art of
structor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka sambo. Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the
publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and pri- USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation
vately gave him a kudan certicate (9th dan), which was of USSR in December 1978.* [53] On 17 May 1984, the
revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka vis- Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate
ited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became
last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shin- legal again, but under strict government regulations, only
tani died May 7, 2000.* [50]
after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic
5.2 Korea
styles began.* [53]
See also: Korea under Japanese rule

5.4 United States

Due to past conict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early
20th century, the inuence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue. From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed
by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many
of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century
were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools
that opened up in the 1940s and 50's were founded by
masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their
martial arts training.
Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded
the rst martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan.
Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo University, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate
in the martial art that he taught which he called "Tang
Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters forWay of Chinese Hand().* [52] In the
mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unied under
President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo
under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee
of Korean masters. Choi, a signicant gure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi.
Karate also provided an important comparative model for
the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of
their art including hyung and the belt ranking system. The
original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata.
Eventually, original Korean forms were developed by individual schools and associations. Although the World

After World War II, members of the US military learned

karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in
the USA. In 1945 Robert Trias opened the rst dojo in
the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ry karate
dojo. In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker,
Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US.
Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under
Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student
at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957
Ohshima received his godan (fth degree black belt),
the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded
the rst university karate club in the United States at
Caltech in 1957. In 1959 he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA) which was renamed
Shotokan Karate of America in 1969.
In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki
Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi
(son of Ggen Yamaguchi), Michael G. Foster and Pat
Burleson began teaching martial arts around the country.* [54]
In 1961 Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan
Karate Association (JKA) and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded
the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF).
Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA
in 1963.

KARATE AND ITS INFLUENCE OUTSIDE JAPAN

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratied in Shotokan
Karate Association from Tokyo to California.
having apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and
without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratied his black
5.5 Europe
belt on February 5, 1964, though he had to relinquish
his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from
In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters JKA instructors and the next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu
began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until 1965 Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave
that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe the rst JKA demo at Kensington Town Hall on April
four well-trained young Karate instructors Taiji Kase, 21, 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda
Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shi- stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan
rai.* [55] Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and Shotokai under Harada).* [56]
Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a strong
In 1966, members of the former British Karate Fedlink between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters
eration established the Karate Union of Great Britain
in the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the USA.
(KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as chief instructor* [57] and aliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came
to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a
5.6 United Kingdom
dojo in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and
Enoeda
took over. After Enoedas death in 2003, the
Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been inKUGB
elected
Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly
structed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to England
after
this,
a
new
association split o from KUGB, JKA
in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Ple's Yoseikan
England.
An
earlier
signicant split from the KUGB took
dojo in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru
place
in
1991
when
a
group led by KUGB senior instrucMochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts,
tor
Steve
Cattle
formed
the English Shotokan Academy
who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, thus the
*
(ESA).
The
aim
of
this
group was to follow the teachYoseikan style was heavily inuenced by Shotokan. [56]
ings
of
Taiji
Kase,
formerly
the JKA chief instructor in
Bell began teaching in the tennis courts of his parents'
Europe,
who
along
with
Hiroshi
Shirai created the World
back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become
Shotokan
Karate-do
Academy
(WKSA),
in 1989 in order
the British Karate Federation. On July 19, 1957, Vietto
pursue
the
teaching
of
Budokarate
as opposed to
namese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as Karate chamwhat
he
viewed
assport
karate
.
Kase
sought
to return
pion of Indo China, was invited to teach by Bell at Maythe
practice
of
Shotokan
Karate
to
its
martial
roots,
reinbush Road, but the rst instructor from Japan was Tetsuji
troducing
amongst
other
things
open
hand
and
throwing
Murakami (1927-1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in techniques that had been side lined as the result of compeEngland in July 1959.* [56] In 1959 Frederick Gille set tition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the
up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do
which was ocially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool Academy (KSKA) after Kases death in 2004) continue
branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in following this path today. In 1975 Great Britain became
Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Ever- the rst team ever to take the World male team title from
ton where it became known as the Red Triangle. One of Japan after being defeated the previous year in the nal.
the early members of this branch was Andy Sherry who
had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961
Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the
rst Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.* [56]
Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled
to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the
Japan Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan
Shotokan on March 4, 1962 in Japan.* [56] Shotokai
Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another
of Gichin Funakoshi's students, Mitsusuke Harada.* [56]
Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado
Ryu Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK,
introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in
1964.

5.7 Italy

Hiroshi Shirai, one of the original instructors sent by the

JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa,
moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan
enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn
soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970
Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italy
apart from Judo. Other styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju
Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it Ryu and Shito Ryu, although present and well estabwas not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan ocially came lished in Italy, were never able to break the monopoly of
to the UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA Shotokan.

5.8

France

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu

Ohshima. It is aliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in
1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and
Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and
karate came under the inuence of the JKA.

5.9

Africa

Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in

South Africa and Ghana.* [58]* [59]

Film and popular culture

[3] Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. pp. 153166.

ISBN 0-7136-5666-2. Chapter 9 covers Motobu-ryu and
Bugeikan, two 'ti' styles with grappling and vital point
striking techniques. Page 165, Seitoku Higa: Use pressure on vital points, wrist locks, grappling, strikes and
kicks in a gentle manner to neutralize an attack.
[4] Donn F. Draeger (1974). Modern Bujutsu & Budo.
Weatherhill, New York & Tokyo. Page 125.
[5] " ". Keio Univ.
Karate Team. Archived from the original on 2009-07-12.
Retrieved 2009-06-12. replacement character in |title= at
position 12 (help)
[6] Miyagi, Chojun (1993) [1934]. McCarthy, Patrick, ed.
Karate-doh Gaisetsu [An Outline of Karate-Do]. p. 9.
ISBN 4-900613-05-3.
[7] The name of the Tang dynasty was a synonym to China in
Okinawa.

Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular ction, karate was at times de- [8] Draeger & Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting
Arts. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6.
scribed to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as un- [9] Bishop, Mark (1999). Okinawan Karate Second Edition.
aware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.* [60] By the
p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8048-3205-2.
1970s, martial arts lms had formed a mainstream genre
[10] Gary J. Krug (2001-11-01). Dr. Gary J. Krug: the
that propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into
Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the Appropriation
*
mass popularity. [39]
of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture.
Csc.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid,
Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) and
[11] Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karate-Do. p. 13.
The Next Karate Kid (1994) are lms relating the cISBN 0-87011-816-1.
tional story of an American adolescent's introduction into
karate.* [61]* [62] Karate Kommandos, an animated chil- [12] Nagamine, Shoshin (1976). Okinawan Karate-do. p. 47.
ISBN 978-0-8048-2110-0.
dren's show, with Chuck Norris appearing to reveal the
moral lessons contained in every episode.
[13] Web Japan (PDF). Retrieved 2013-03-14.

Many other lm stars such as Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan,

Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come from a range of other [14] WKF claims 100 million practitioners. Thekisontheway.com. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
martial arts.
[15] Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. p. 154. ISBN
0-7136-5666-2. Motobu-ry & Seikichi Uehara

See also
Comparison of karate styles
Japanese martial arts
Karate World Championships
Karate at the Summer Olympics
Karate at the World Games

References

[16] Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1

Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.
[17] Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. p. 28. ISBN
0-7136-5666-2. For example Chjun Miyagi adapted
Rokkushu of White Crane into Tensh
[18] International Ryukyu Karate-jutsu Research Society
(2012-10-15). Patrick McCarthy, footnote #4.
Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-23.
[19] Kanbun Uechi history. Web.archive.org. 2009-03-01.
Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved
2014-05-23.

[1] Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1

Fundamental Techniques. p. 17. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

[20] Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of Okinawan

Karate. Okinawa: Ozata Print. p. 28.

[2] History of Okinawan Karate. Web.archive.org. 200903-02. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 2013-03-14.

[21] International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF)".

Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-05-23.

10

REFERENCES

[22] Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1

Fundamental Techniques. p. 67. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

[45] Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of Okinawan

Karate. Okinawa: Ozata Print. p. 20.

[23] Mitchell, David (1991). Winning Karate Competition. p.

25. ISBN 0-7136-3402-2.

[46] Funakoshi, Gichin. Karate-d Kyohan The Master

TextTokyo. Kodansha International; 1973. Page 4

[24] Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. p. 111.

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[47] Funakoshi, Gichin. Karate-d Kyohan The Master

TextTokyo. Kodansha International; 1973.

[25] Higaonna, Morio (1990). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 4 Applications of the Kata. p. 136. ISBN 978-0870408489.

[48] Funakoshi, Gishin (1988). Karate-do Nyumon. Japan. p.

24. ISBN 4-7700-1891-6. Retrieved 2010-07-15.

[26] Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. p. 113.

ISBN 0-87011-816-1.

[49] What's In A Name?". Newpaltzkarate.com. Retrieved

2015-03-05.

[27] Black Belt. Books.google.co.uk. p. 62. Retrieved

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[50] Robert, T. (2006). no title given. Journal of Asian

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Karate? No? Well that man is one of the three in the world
who have achieved the Black Belt in Karate. Karate is a
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catapult.... Such a description in a popular novel assumed and relied upon Karate being almost unknown in
the West.
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shugi eno sseiki e. Aikshuppanjigykyoku: 6264.
2001. ISBN 4-8164-1250-6.

11

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Yama Budokai. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
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[69] Chuck Norris and the Martial Arts. n.d. Retrieved
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[76] Why is he famous?". ASK MEN. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
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External links
World Karate Federation

12

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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LeaveSleaves, ^demonBot2, Gingemonkey, Ilyushka88, Scottiedog15, Bcecka, Lerdthenerd, Enigmaman, Lamro, Synthebot, Enviroboy,
Turgan, Vector Potential, AgentCDE, Master of the Orchalcos, Necmate, Why Not A Duck, Galamazoo12, HiDrNick, Azukimonaka,
Farcaster, Hibob11111, Fattyfattyfat10, Spdhf, Kobalt64, Vitalikk, Steely eyed eagle hawk, EmxBot, ElCuervitoAzul, Kumadojoassoc,
Simsam91, Ponyo, Z1x2c3, Patrick McDermott, SieBot, Coee, Sonicology, Daviesdll, YonaBot, Tiddly Tom, DeepStances, BotMultichill, Leomanau, Caltas, Matthew Yeager, Chimichonga84, GlassCobra, Gaayo7, Keilana, Qualidit, Happysailor, Kihon30, Ninja Shewolf,
Oda Mari, Hxhbot, Keegs2610, Ryan T H, Oxymoron83, Smaug123, Steven Crossin, Tombomp, Kwib, Clubover, Spitre19, Janggeom,
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Images

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Silent texan, Gunnar Hendrich, Melonbarmonster2, Pabopa, Apollo33, Randomthing101, Sock2~enwiki, 4mson2learn, Bentecbye, ,
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Jukidoka, N00bmann93, Wllmore8, Jonathansuh, Morbrade, HJ Mitchell, Jasoncoolax, Abc105841, Wione, Namelessperson, Selfsave,
Azenk1, Citation bot 1, Karaterocks, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Kastroo, Uiuinqqq, Jordanmiguelli, Ratekatara, Jonathancoles11,
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H Armstrong, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Ramtownjim, Shotobudo, Anshuman.jrt, Solarra, Tommy2010, Wikipelli,
Dcirovic, K6ka, Connection39, Cmpunksucks, Jargoness, John Cline, Shuipzv3, Rick4320, Kiwi128, SenseiJ, Hazard-SJ, Cecilshes,
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File:Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Funakoshi_Gichin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Japanese Book " " (Rentan Goshin Karate Jutsu) Original artist: Funakoshi Gichin
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