Design of 7MW Energy Storage System
Design of 7MW Energy Storage System
Design of 7MW Energy Storage System
The Project
Metro Manila experience an insufficient supply of electricity due to number of illegal settlers presiding in
the banks of the outskirts of Tondo, Navotas, Quezon City and many more. Given also that Metro
Manila is the Center of economy, the demand for electricity is really a necessity. According to NGCP
(National Grid Corporation) Transmission Development Plan (TDP), Volume 1 Final report, Defines
Metro Manila, As the center of commerce and trade, it is inevitable that the demand within Metro
Manila will continue to grow, thus necessitating the expansion and/or building of new substation. The
National Capital Region accounts for about 70% of the total load Luzon load but only relies on the
import of power coming from the north and south areas. One geographical feature of Metro Manila is
its narrow land area between Manila Bay and Laguna Lake, which is only about 10 km wide. Known
that there must be a building or expansion of substation to enhance the power source, a power utility
can deliver much power that can be efficiently utilize if a smart grid with storage system will be design.
Thus a Smart Storage System was designed to sufficiently supply the peaking demand of Metro Manila
and to provide a smart transferring of energy between the substation and the storage system that
provide distribution of power to areas that has deficient power during peaking hours and to store if
there is an excess in supply to be use if needed. Different design will be the option in designing the
storage system, and the following designs are:
Solid State Battery Storage
Solid State Battery is made up of many cells that produce enough voltage if combine the
power. Each cell is made in a cylindrical period and enclosed by a steel that protected by
chromium or molybdenum.
Since 1983, Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) / NGK Insulators Ltd. (NGK) have
become the primary drivers behind the development of the NaS battery because all of its
componentssodium sulphur and ceramics can be abundantly found in Japan. First large-scale
prototype field testing took place from 19931996 using 3 x 2 MW, 6.6 kV battery banks.
Based on this trial, improved battery modules were made commercially available in 2000. The
performance was as follows:
Capacity of 25250 kW per bank
Efficiency of 87%
Lifetime of 2,500 cycles at 100% depth of discharge (DOD), or 4,500 cycles at 80% DOD
As of 2008, NaS batteries are only manufactured by one group, the NGK/TEPCO consortium,
which is producing 90 MW of storage capacity each year. The General Electric Company (GE)
announced plans to establish a NaS battery manufacturing facility in Schenectady, NY in 2009.
There is currently a demonstration project using the NGK NaS battery at the Japan Wind
1
Development Company Miura Wind Park in Japan. Japan Wind Development opened a 51
MW wind farm that incorporates a 34 MW NaS battery system at Futamata in Aomori
Prefecture in May 2008. There are already 165 MW of installed capacity base in Japan alone
as of 2007, and NGK has just announced plans to expand its NaS factory output from 90 MW a
year to 150 MW a year. Xcel Energy has announced that it will be testing a wind farm energy
storage battery based on 2050 kW NaS batteries from NGK. The 80 ton, double-semitrailersized battery is expected to have 7.2 MW hours of capacity at a charge and discharge rate of 1
MW. NaS batteries can be deployed to support the electric grid. Under some market
conditions, NaS batteries provide value via energy arbitrage (charging battery when electricity
is abundant/cheap and discharging into the grid when electricity is more valuable) and voltage
regulation. NaS batteries are a possible energy storage technology to support renewable
energy generation, specifically wind farms and solar generation plants. In the case of a wind
farm, the battery would store energy during times of high wind but low power demand. This
stored energy could then be discharged from the batteries during peak load periods. In addition
to this power shifting, it is likely that NaS batteries could be used throughout the day to assist
in stabilizing the power output of wind farms during wind fluctuations. These types of batteries
present an option for energy storage in locations where other storage options are not feasible
due to location or terrain constraints.
Air Energy Storage (LAES)
Air can turn into liquid if the temperature can be lowered into an average of -200 C. Liquid Air
Energy Storage can be used as a source of power because it can store liquid air into storage
vessels and can be used in supplying the grid if the liquid air will be reheated. Large scale
energy storage such as this can be used in peaking hours of demand. 700 liters of ambient air
can be turned into 1 liter of liquid air thus it can be used in bulk storage of liquid air. In the first
step of liquid storage, ambient air will be suck in by a large industrial scale compressor in order
to have a mass and volume of ambient air. Next is the condensation of ambient air turning it
into liquid form. Then, liquid air will be then store into Dewar to be readily used if needed. Then
if electricity is needed liquid air in Dewar will be heated to make a steam that can produce
electricity that will supply the grid.
The High View Power Storage is a privately owned, award winning technology company
located in Central London England, founded in 2005 has develop and owns the intellectual
property to a novel, large scale long duration Liquid Air Energy Storage. The company can
design a storage plant with a rating of 5MW output and 15MWh of storage capacity to
significantly more than 50MW output with 200MWh of capacity and 52GW and 185GWh.
According to Lux Research, the potential storage energy capacity by 2017 is expected to be
113.5 Billion Dollars, accounting for 185GWh of capacity. As the only new large scale, long
duration energy storage solution for increasing demand for electricity. Philippines need this
type of storage system to supply the growing demand for power especially during peaking
hours.
Flywheel Energy Storage
In the United States, electric companies deliver power at a frequency of 60 hertz to comply
with federal reliability standards. The supply of and demand for electricity fluctuate constantly,
which causes fluctuations in the frequency. A safe, reliable, and energy-efficient electricity grid
must closely balance power supply with power demand on a second-to-second basis to
maintain a constant frequency. Grid operators accomplish this frequency regulation by
requiring about 1 percent of their generating capacity to increase or decrease output in
response to frequency changes. At present, the electric power for frequency regulation comes
primarily from coal or natural gas power plants. Beacon Powers flywheel system would
provide additional electric power to the grid very quickly and, unlike fossil fuel plants, would
also draw power from the grid when the supply exceeded demand. The plant would not
generate electricity directly; rather, electricity from the grid would drive the flywheels at high
speeds when electricity supply on the grid exceeded demand. At times when demand
exceeded supply, the system would convert energy from the spinning flywheels back to
electricity and supply it to the grid. A flywheel system stores energy from the grid at times when
supply exceeds demand and thus alleviates the need to burn fuel to generate additional
electric power at times when demand exceeds supply. The plant would absorb power from the
grid when there is too much energy on the grid (which causes grid frequency to rise above 60
hertz) and reinject power back to the grid when there is not enough energy to meet load (which
causes grid frequency to drop below 60 hertz). Because the plant absorbs only slightly more
than it injects, its daily net energy use would be small. A flywheel energy storage system is the
basic unit of the proposed Chicago Heights frequency regulation plant. The basic idea of the
technology is similar to that of a hybrid car but on a scale electric utilities can use to their
advantage. A flywheel is a mechanical device that consists of a large, heavy cylinder that spins
inside a vacuum-sealed housing. The flywheel is a kinetic energy storage device that rotates at
high speeds. The flywheel rotor is completely enclosed in a cylindrical vessel about 7 feet high
and 4 feet in diameter; it is nearly frictionless and does not require maintenance.
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a type of energy storage facility that uses
compressed air to generate power. The storage facility is used for high demand period when
there is limited amount of source of power to be delivered to the customers. The facility is
being energized during low demand wherein it uses any excess power generated by the grid to
energize its compressor and motor in order to produce air. The produced air is then
compressed and stored in a storage tank or cavern, waiting to be released when energy is
needed.
A simple CAES requires four (4) important modules such as the motor and compressor,
storage tank/ cavern, pressure turbines, and generator. The motor and compressor accepts the
energy from grid and is responsible for the production of air. The air produced is then
compressed and stored in the cavern. Once needed for peak demand, the compressed air is
expanded through the pressure turbines which would act as external source that would
energize the generator in order to provide energy to the grid.
Two of the well-known CAES plants are located at Huntorf, Germany and at McIntosh,
Alabama, USA. The CAES plant located in Huntorf, Germany has started its operation since
1978 with an output power of 290MW in duration of 2 hours. According to its specification, it
3
can obtain its 100% capacity for only 4 hours with a roundtrip efficiency of 42%. On the other
hand, CAES plant located in McIntosh was commissioned on 1991 with an output power of
110MW in duration of 26 hours. Both plants are considered Diabatic CAES plant, which means
that they use natural gas and compressed air to generate electricity. For the Huntorf plant, the
facility requires 0.8kWh of excess electricity and 1.6kWh of gas in order to generate a 1 kWh of
electricity to the grid while the McIntosh plant uses 0.69kWh of excess electricity and 1.17kWh
of gas to generate the same amount of electricity. The difference between the two plants is that
the McIntosh uses recuperator while the Huntorf plant does not. A recuperator is equipment
that allows recovering wasted heat generated through the process of the system.
With the continuous innovation, plant engineers and designers have come up with other types
of compressed air energy storage. The most promising type is the Advanced Adiabatic
Compressed Air Energy Storage (AA-CAES). Unlike in the previous CAES, AA-CAES stores
the unused heat generated in the system and uses it in the expansion stage that would help to
generate power.
Project Objectives
To design a Smart Storage System that will supply electricity in the area of Manila, if certain area were
lack or in short supply of electricity during peak hours. The design project will automatically give off
power if there is an excess of electricity coming in the grid.
The objectives of the study are:
To supply electricity in the area of Manila during peaking hours, if the storage is fully
charge
To design a smart storage that will automatically supply if there is insufficient in power
To design a smart storage that will store automatically if there is an excess in power
To provide constraints that can identify the best design option provided.
The Client
The client of this project is Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco)
End
Final Design
Yes
Is the design applicable to
the system?
No
The project development shows the step by step solution on how to implement the project. It starts in
identifying the problem that was enduring in Metro Manila following the gathering of possible solution to
the problem. The next process was the designing of alternative solution to best set off the constraints
and come up to best design. If the design was valid for the constraints it will be formulate further.
Chapter 2 Design Inputs
Single Line Diagram
Load Forecast
2019
30,000
2018
25,000
2017
20,000
Total MVA
2016
15,000
2015
10,000
2014
5,000
2013
10
Luzon Grid Supply Demand outlook by Department of Energy (DOE) and Metro Manila Energy
Consumption
Figure 2-6 Metro Manila Energy Consumption in mega watt hour (MW-hr)
11
Figure 2-7 Luzon Grid Supply Demand outlook by Department of Energy (DOE)
In the figure above it is shown the large amount of supply (MW) is needed in the year of 2030 in the
area of Luzon. Required additional capacity is needed to be able to supply the growing demand of the
masses. In 2030, only 9.4GW will be produce and will be insufficient to 20GW of power required. There
are still 900 MW needed in order to supply the whole area and to continue its operation. In Metro
Manila it is shown in Figure 2-6 the growth demand for energy, the electricity demand includes
residential, commercial, industrial, and streetlights.
12
Stage 1
DESIGN 1
SOLID STATE
BATTERY
DESIGN 2
LIQUID AIR
ENERGY STORAGE
OPTION 1:
Liquid Nitrogen
OPTION 1:
Lead Acid
Battery
OPTION 2:
NickelCadmium
OPTION 1:
Disc Type
DESIGN 4
COMPRESSED AIR
ENERGY STORAGE
OPTION 1:
Liquid
Sodium
OPTION 3:
Liquid Argon
OPTION 2:
Liquid Oxygen
OPTION 3:
Lithium-ion
DESIGN 3
Flywheels
OPTION 2:
Modified constant
Stress type
OPTION 2:
Styrene
OPTION 3:
Conical disc
Stage 2
Smart
Communication
System using Matlab
Simulink
Figure 3-1. Proposed Design of Smart Storage System, Metro Manila
The proposed design of the Smart Storage System is composed of different types of storage to be
used in the system in order to create a smart system in storing and supplying of electricity. It is shown
in Figure 3-1 the type of storage that can be design but will be chosen carefully using design
constraints.
13
OPTION 3:
Ethylene
Glycol
GRID
TRANSFORMER
GRID
RECTIFIER
BATTERY
TRANSFORMER
INVERTER
Figure 3-2 Solid State Battery Energy Storage System Process and System
Option 1: Design of a 7MW Energy Storage System using Lead-Acid Battery
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 13.8/220V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)
I incoming = 3 (13.8KV)
Philippine Electrical Code Part1
Volume1 (2009) Table 4.50.1.3(a)
Maximum Rating or Setting of
Overcurrent Protection for Transformers
Over 600 Volts, p. 758
I incoming = 418.37 A
Transformer Primary Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer Primary Protection = 418.37 x 4
14
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A.
Feeder Sizing
IFeeder,DC = IL,DC x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 312.5A x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 390.625 A
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
Ic = maximum DC charge current (A)
C = selected battery capacity (Ah)
Kt = recharge efficiency/loss factor (typically 1.1)
Tc = minimum battery recharge time (hours)
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.
Total minimum DC rectifier/charger current
I DC = I L,DC + I C
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
IEC-62477-1 - Safety Requirements
for Power Electronic Converter
Systems and Equipment.
I DC = 351 A
Fully de-rated minimum charge controller (A)
= IDC x 1.25 (additional protecting factor)
= 351A x 1.25 = 438.75A
4000 Batteries
17
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
C min = minimum battery capacity (Ah)
Ed = desired energy over the autonomy time (V-Ah or W-hr.)
Vdc = nominal battery voltage
Ka =battery ageing factor (1.25)
Kt =temperature correction factor @ 25 Degrees Celsius
Kc = capacity rating factor
Kdod = maximum depth of discharge (100%)
IEEE-485
Table
1-Temperature
Ed = 1750 V-Ah.
correction factors for lead-acid batteries
Kt = 0.69 @ 25 degrees Celsius
Ka = 1.25
Vdc = 48V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
(1750VA-h)( 1.25 x 0.69 x 1.1)
C min = 48V x 1
C min = 35 Ampere-hour
Power Losses
P losses/battery = (I2) (R)
Where
I = battery current
R = internal resistance of the battery
Internal Resistance of a Lead-Acid Battery = 50m (According to Battery University)
P losses/battery = (352) (50m)
P losses/battery = 61.25W
Total P losses = (61.5W per battery) (4000 batteries)
Total P losses = 245KW
Battery Poutput = Pstored Plosses
Battery Poutput = 6.72MW 245KW
Battery Poutput = 6.475MW
Inverter Sizing
18
Inverter P rating =
KW load = (1.75KW/battery)
No. of batteries to be used per inverter = 500 batteries
Inverter Prating = (1.75KW/battery) x (500 batteries/inverter)
Inverter Prating = 875 KW inverter
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in market
Since the station has 4000 batteries, in order to get the number of inverters to be used, multiply the
number of inverters per battery used to total numbers of batteries used in a station.
Number of inverters = (inverter/batteries used) x (total numbers of batteries in a station)
Number of inverters = (inverter/500 batteries) x (4000 batteries)
Number of inverters =8 inverters
Power Output of the System
Power Output = (Pinput) (Inverter efficiency)
Power Output = (809.375KW)(8)(0.985)
Power Output = 6.38MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Consumed (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6,380 KWh x 0.07 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 446.6 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = Pin
6.38MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 91.14%
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 6.38 MW
Pf = 0.8
19
6.38MW
S = 0.8
S = 7.975 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
Transformer Protection
S
I = 3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 418.37 A
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
Philippine Electrical Code Part1
Volume1 (2009) Table 3.10.1.67,
p.363
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 13.8/220V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)
I incoming = 3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 418.37 A
Transformer Primary Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer Primary Protection = 418.37 x 4
Transformer Primary Protection = 1673.48 A
Use 1600AT, 2000AF, 3P, Power Circuit Breaker
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C
It should be sized to supply the inverter at full load and also to charge batteries.
21
I L,DC =
S
Vdc
Where
I L,DC
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A.
Feeder Sizing
IFeeder,DC = IL,DC x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 312.5A x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 390.625 A
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
22
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.
Total minimum DC rectifier/charger current
I DC = I L,DC + I C
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
I DC = 351 A
Fully de-rated minimum charge controller (A)
= IDC x 1.25 (additional protecting factor)
= 351A x 1.25 =438.75A
4000 Batteries
24
Where
I = battery current
R = internal resistance of the battery
Internal Resistance of a Nickel Cadmium Battery = 155m (According to Battery University)
P losses/battery = (352) (155m)
P losses/battery = 189.875W
Total P losses = (189.875W per battery) (4000 batteries)
Total P losses = 759.5KW
Battery Poutput = Pstored Plosses
Battery Poutput = 6.72MW 759.5KW
Battery Poutput = 5.9605 MW
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =
KW load = (1.75KW/battery)
No. of batteries to be used per inverter = 500 batteries
Inverter Prating = (1.75KW/battery) x (500 batteries/inverter)
Inverter Prating = 875 KW inverter
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in market
Since the station has 4000 batteries, in order to get the number of inverters to be used, multiply the
number of inverters per battery used to total numbers of batteries used in a station.
Number of inverters = (inverter/batteries used) x (total numbers of batteries in a station)
Number of inverters = (inverter/500 batteries) x (4000 batteries)
Number of inverters =8 inverters
Power Output of the System
Power Output = (Pinput) (Inverter efficiency)
Power Output = (745.0625KW)(8)(0.985)
Power Output = 5.87 MW
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Consumed (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 =5,870 KWh x 0.21 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 1232.7 CO2
25
Pout
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = Pin
5.87MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 83.86 %
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 5.87 MW
Pf = 0.8
5.87MW
S = 0.8
S = 7.34 MVA
USE: 7.5 MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
Transformer Protection
S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(7.5MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 313.78 A
Transformer High Voltage Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 313.78 A x 4
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 1255 A
Use 1200AT, 1600AF, 3P, Power Circuit Breaker
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
26
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 7MW
Pf = 0.8
7MW
S = 0.8
S = 8.85 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 13.8/220V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
(10MVA)
I incoming = 3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 418.37 A
Transformer Primary Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer Primary Protection = 418.37 x 4
It should be sized to supply the inverter at full load and also to charge batteries.
S
I L,DC =
Vdc
Where
I L,DC
S
Vdc
I L,DC =
15KVA
48V
I L,DC
= 312.5 A
Feeder Sizing
IFeeder,DC = IL,DC x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 312.5A x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 390.625 A
C x Kt
= Tc
Where
Ic = maximum DC charge current (A)
C = selected battery capacity (Ah)
Kt = recharge efficiency/loss factor (typically 1.1)
Tc = minimum battery recharge time (hours)
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.
I DC = 312.5 A+38.5 A
I DC = 351 A
52V
2V/cell
30
Power Losses
P losses/battery = (I2) (R)
Where
I = battery current
R = internal resistance of the battery
31
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =
KW load = (1.75KW/battery)
No. of batteries to be used per inverter = 500 batteries
Inverter Prating = (1.75KW/battery) x (500 batteries/inverter)
Inverter Prating = 875 KW inverter
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in market
Since the station has 4000 batteries, in order to get the number of inverters to be used, multiply the
number of inverters per battery used to total numbers of batteries used in a station.
Number of inverters = (inverter/batteries used) x (total numbers of batteries in a station)
Number of inverters = (inverter/500 batteries) x (4000 batteries)
Number of inverters =8 inverters
32
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Consumed (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 5,850 KWh x 1.23 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 7,195.5 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = Pin
5.85MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 83.57 %
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 5.87 MW
Pf = 0.8
4.54MW
S = 0.8
S = 5.675 MVA
USE: 7 MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
Transformer Protection
33
S
I=
3 VL
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(7MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 292.86 A
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 292.86A
IFEEDER = 366.075 A
2
34
Compressor
Condenser
Steam
turbine/
Generator
Liquid air
Storage
Grid
P
= ( 3) ( VL )(Pf)
P
S = Pf
35
Where;
I incoming
266
= ( 3)(115)(0.80)
I incoming
= 1669.30 A 1.7 kA
P
S = Pf
S=
266
0.8
S = 332.5 MVA
Use 3 phase, 115 kV/13.2 kV, 60 Hz Power Transformer to supply the motor of the compressor.
Where the motor compressor needs to be power up by 13.2 kV and 310 kW.
b) HV circuit Breakers
I incoming
3 V
Where:
I incoming
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
36
I incoming
332.5x 106
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 k
Therefore Used 15kAT, 15kAF, 3P, 60Hz, Molded Case Circuit Breaker
c) Wire sizing
S
I incoming
I FL
I incoming
=(
3 V
) (1.25)
Where:
I incoming
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
I incoming
332.5x 106
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 kA
I FL
I FL
=18.125 kAIC
Minimum Feeder-circuit conductor size, shall have an allowable ampacity equal to or greater than the
non continuous load plus 125% of the continuous load.
2
Use 3 sets 26 each AWG 000 wire, 260A, 107 mm , copper wire at storage side.
B) Charging System
a) Selection of Industrial Compressor and Condenser for charging system
37
To determine the proper motor size of the compressor and the motor compressor, some parameters
was computed to give proper size and rating for the equipment.
Compute for standard volume flow rate of ambient air
V SCFM
C v P x Po
Sg
Where;
V SCFM
Cv
P = change in pressure ( Po - Pi )
Po
Pi
Sg
V SCFM
V SCFM
3
1.8095 m / min
When pressure is low, temperature is low and when temperature is high, pressure is high. An
assumed output pressure of 6.895 bar is used.
V SCFM
38
Pfree
= R Tfree
Where;
= mass flow rate (kg / min)
= density (kg/ m
Pfree
T free
R = gas constant
5
1.0135x 10
= 287x (273+20)
3
= 1.2052 kg/ m
= (1.2052) (1.8095)
= 2.1808 kg / min
Calculate compressed air temperature
To
Po n-1
Ti (
)n
Pi
Where;
To
Ti
1.4-1
6.895
1.4
(273+26.6)(
)
=
2.49625
= 400.4965 K
39
R(
To
Ti
W = 221.0252 kW
Motor Powered Required;
W
= N c Nd
Wm
Where;
Wm
Nc
Nd
Wm
221.0252
= ( 0.85x0.85 )
Wm
= 305.9173 kW = 410 Hp
NEMA
MG-1:
Motors
and
Generators.
20.5.6
Preferred
Machine Power and voltage rating,
part 20, p.3
Use ASHH - NEMA PREMIUM 450 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 3600 RPM, totally enclosed and fan cooled
induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the equipment.
For proper approximation based on Compressed Air Energy Efficiency by A.Bathia, overview section
stated that 1 CFM = 1Hp. It was stated that a good approximation of compressor must have a 1 to 1
ration between CFM and horsepower to have an economical design.
410 CFM delivered per 410 Hp
Wc
n
= n-1 R
Wc
1.4
= 1.4-1
Wc
Ti
p 2 n-1
n
[ (p )
1
1.4-1
6.895
1.4
(
)
(2.1808) (287) (299.6) [ 2.49625
221.0252 kW
LNo
Where:
T sat
T LNi
T LNo
-23-(-182.96)
-196 -(182.96)
T = ln
-196-(-23)
T = -61.8736 C
The LMDT was a negative value meaning there is no heat transfer in the system and shows only
cryogenic method of condensation where air liquefies due to extreme low temperature.
41
2,in
TN
2,out
Psys
= 127.3465 C
= -200 C
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
Assume large percent of carbon dioxide exits the vent as emission due to extreme lower temperature
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of nitrogen, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in
-200C and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(PCO )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
(6000)(410)
= ( 998.9)(400.4965 )
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
42
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of nitrogen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 78.09 %. Calculate initial pressure of nitrogen in the system at
127.3465 C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
PN
=(
PN
= (0.7809) (5171.67)
PN
= 4038.56 mmHg
N2 %
) (
PCO
PCO
= (6000) (4038.56)
PCO
= 1961.4394 mmHg
Psys
PN
PN @127.
PN
= PCO
nN
( PN ) ( n CO )
2
nN
nN
= PCO
( 4038.56 ) (6.1491)
= 1916.4394
=12.66 lb-moles
EN ,in
=(
EN ,in
= (12.66) (28.014)
FN ,in
= 354.65724 lb
nN
) (MWt)
43
Calculate partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide at condenser exit having the temperature of -200 C to
calculate the quantity of nitrogen that exits as emission.
PCO @-200
=(
PCO @-200
= (6000) (453.786)
PCO @-200
= 5546.214 mmHg
Psys
PN @-200
)(
Calculate Nitrogen emission at the exit vent and quantity of nitrogen as liquid form (Condensate)
n N ,exit
( P N @-200)
= PCO @-200 C
n CO
2
n N ,exit
2
( PN @-200 ) ( n CO )
2
= PCO @-200
2
n N ,exit
( 453.786 ) (6.1491)
= 5546.214
n N ,exit
= 0.50311 lb-moles
EN ,exit
=(
EN ,exit
= (0.50311) (28.014)
EN ,exit
= 14.09 lb
EN ,exit
=(
EN ,exit
= (354.65724) - ( 14.09 )
EN ,exit
= 340.57 lb
n N ,exit
2
FN ,in
2
) (MWt)
)-(
EN ,exit
2
44
EN ,exit
= FN ,in
E% Nitrogen
x 100
E% Nitrogen
14.09
= 354.65724 x 100
E% Nitrogen
= 3.97
Condensate%Nitrogen
Liquid Nitrogen (
N2
)
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
Condenser Inlet
354.66 lb
270.62 lb
0 lb, 0%
The Nitrogen turns into liquid phase where 96.03% of the inlet amount turns into Condensate.
Carbon dioxide exits the vent as a gas because it doesnt achieve the liquid phase temperature.
A small amount of Nitrogen also exits as a vapor due to large volume of ambient air in the inlet,
where not all Nitrogen can completely turn into its liquid phase 100%.
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Nitrogen.
N
3
= 808 kg/ m @ -200 C, 453.786 mmHg
LN ,exit
2
LN , exit
= VN
VN
= 340.57 lb 154.48 kg
LN ,exit
= N
2
45
VN
VN
154.48
808
= 0.1911881 m
CryoExtra
High-Efficiency
Cryogenic Storage Systems tank
for air gasses, CE8140, LIN, LOX,
LAR
191.1881 liters
Used CE8140, with gross capacity of 797 Liters. With insulating powder made of Perlite mineral.
Inner vessel of low temperature low temperature resistant austenitic steel and outer vessel of
carbon steel. Overall diameter of 11 m and overall height of 17 m.
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate or the mass flow of the Liquid nitrogen given the overall diameter of the
storage tank used as 11.25 m or 36.92 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Ki
Mo 1/3
K
(
= o M )
i
d
A= 4
sat
En-1
Where;
Ki
Ko
Mo
Mi
En-1
46
sat
Pi
Ki
18.02 1/3
= (0.83)( 28.014 )
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.7165 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 84.62 ft/hr
Psat
i
=23.7290 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
En-1
Calculate the power output of the steam turbine to be used back in the grid.
PT
=(
nt
)(
En-1
)(
CP
)(
T in
) 10
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= Turbine efficiency
En-1
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
47
T in
= Temperature input
PT
PT
= 255.96kW 256kW
Power output of 256 kW was used by heating liquid Nitrogen at 25 C. 256 kW can be used back
in the grid if needed and can be supply immediately. To bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a
multiple stage of 27 single unit of Liquid Nitrogen System will be design to produce the desired
power output and having power input of 8.262MW. A 7 MW will be supplying back to the grid
during peaking hours.
Option 2: Liquid Oxygen
b) Condenser thermal design
Determine the quantity of condensate (liquid oxygen)
Where;
Carbon dioxide Molecular Weight = 44.01
Oxygen Molecular Weight = 31.993
PO
2,in
TO
2,out
Psys
= 127.3465 C
= -200 C
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
48
Assume large percent of carbon dioxide exits the vent as emission due to extreme lower temperature
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of Oxygen, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in
-200C and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(Psys )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
(6000)(410)
( 998.9)(400.4965 )
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of Oxygen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 20.95 %. Calculate initial pressure of Oxygen in the system at
127.3465 C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
PO
=(
PO
= (0.2095) (5171.67)
PO
= 1083.46 mmHg
O2 %
) (
PO @127.
PCO
PCO
= (6000) (1083.46)
PCO
= 4916.54 mmHg
Psys
PO
PO
n CO
= PCO
49
( PO ) ( nCO )
nO
= PCO
nO
nO
( 1083.46 ) (6.1491)
= 4916.54
=1.3551 lb-moles
EO ,in
=(
EO ,in
= (1.3551) (31.993)
FO ,in
= 43.3537 lb
nO
) (MWt)
Calculate partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide at condenser exit having the temperature of -200 C to
calculate the quantity of Oxygen that exits as emission.
PCO @-200
2
=(
PCO @-200
2
= (6000) (455.999)
PCO @-200
= 5544.001 mmHg
Psys
)(
PO @-200 C
2
Calculate Oxygen emission at the exit vent and quantity of Oxygen as liquid form (Condensate)
n O ,exit
( PO @-200 )
= PCO @-200 C
n CO
2
n O ,exit
2
( PO @-200 ) ( n CO )
2
= PCO @-200
2
n O ,exit
2
( 455.999 ) (6.1491)
= 5544.001
50
n O ,exit
= 0.5057 lb-moles
EO ,exit
=(
EO ,exit
= (0.5057) (31.993)
EO ,exit
= 16.18 lb
LO ,exit
=(
LO ,exit
= (43.3537) - (16.18)
LO ,exit
=27.17 lb
E% Oxygen
n O , exit
) (MWt)
FO , in
2
)-(
EO , exit
2
EO ,exit
2
= FO ,in
x 100
E% Oxygen
16.18
= 43.3537 x 100
E% Oxygen
= 37.32%
Condensate%Oxygen
Liquid Oxygen (
O2
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
Condenser Inlet
43.3537 lb
Condenser Condensate
27.17 lb, 62.68%
270.62 lb
0 lb, 0%
The Oxygen has a 62.68% of liquid form on the outlet of the condenser and Carbon dioxide
simply exits the vent as vapor due to its low boiling point of -78.5 C
51
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Oxygen.
O
3
= 1141 kg/ m @ -200 C, 453.786 mmHg
LO ,exit
2
= 27.17 lb 12.315033 kg
LO ,exit
= VO
2
VO
LO ,exit
2
VO
VO
= O
CryoExtra High-Efficiency
Cryogenic Storage Systems tank
for air gasses, CE8140, LIN, LOX,
LAR
12.315033
= 1141
3
= 0.010793 m 10.7932 liters
Used CE8140, with gross capacity of 797 Liters. With insulating powder made of Perlite mineral.
Inner vessel of low temperature low temperature resistant austenitic steel and outer vessel of
carbon steel. Overall diameter of 11 m and overall height of 17 m.
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate of the Liquid Oxygen by heating given the overall diameter of the storage
tank used as 1,600 m or 5249.344 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Ki
Mo 1 /3
K
(
= o M )
i
d2
A= 4
En-1
Where;
52
Ki
Ko
Mo
Mi
En-1
= Evaporation rate
Psat
i
= saturated vapor pressure
Ki
18.02 1/3
(0.83)(
)
=
31.993
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.6855 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 80.48 ft/hr
Psat
i
=25.8308 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
En-1
Calculate the power output of the steam turbine to be used back in the grid.
PT
=(
nt
) () (
CP
)(
T in
) 10
53
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= Turbine efficiency
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
T in
= Temperature input
PT
PT
= 281.12 kW
281 kW
A power output of 281 kW was produced by heating 11 liters of Liquid Oxygen at 25 C. The 281
kW power output can be used back in the grid if needed especially during peaking hours. To
bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a multiple stage of 25 single unit of Liquid Oxygen System will
be design to produce the desired power output and having power input of 7.65 MW.
Option 3: Liquid Argon
b) Condenser thermal design
Determine the quantity of condensate (liquid Argon)
Where;
Carbon dioxide Molecular Weight = 44.01
Argon Molecular Weight = 39.948
P Ar
,in
T Ar
,out
= 127.3465 C
= --188 C
54
Psys
= 6000 mmHg
( mmHg ) ( ft3 )
R = 998.9 (lb-mole)(K)
ECO
Assume large percent of carbon dioxide exits the vent as emission due to extreme lower temperature
of the output needed in order to achieve liquefaction of Argon, Carbon dioxide cannot liquefy in -188 C
and completely exits as vapor.
n CO
(PCO )(CFM)
= RT
n CO
n CO
= 6.1491 lb-moles
(6000)(410)
( 998.9)(400.4965 )
ECO
= (44.01) (6.1491)
ECO
= 270.62 lb
The inlet temperature of the vent have a 127.3465 C, the percent level of nitrogen in an ambient air
coming out in the compressor is 0.93 %. Calculate initial pressure of nitrogen in the system at 127.3465
C and partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide.
P Ar
= ( Ar
P Ar
= (0.93) (5171.67)
P Ar
= 4809.65 mmHg
PCO
Psys
)(
P Ar@127. C
P Ar
55
PCO
= (6000) (4809.650)
PCO
= 1190.3469 mmHg
P Ar
= PCO
( PAr ) ( n CO )
= PCO
n Ar
n Ar
( 4809.65 ) (6.1491)
= 1190.3469
n Ar
=24.85 lb-moles
EAr,in
=(
n Ar
EAr,in
= (24.85) (39.948)
F Ar,in
= 992.708 lb
) (MWt)
Calculate partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide at condenser exit having the temperature of -188 C to
calculate the quantity of Argon that exits as emission.
PCO @-188
2
=(
PCO @-188
2
= (6000) (379.99997)
PCO @-188
= 5620 mmHg
Psys
)(
P Ar@-188 C
Calculate Nitrogen emission at the exit vent and quantity of nitrogen as liquid form (Condensate)
56
n Ar,exit
( PAr@-188 C )
= PCO @-188 C
n CO
2
n Ar,exit
( PAr@-188 C) ( nCO )
= PCO @-188
2
n Ar,exit
( 379.99997 ) (6.1491)
= 5620
n Ar,exit
= 0.4158 lb-moles
EAr,exit
=(
EAr,exit
= (0.4158) (39.948)
EAr,exit
= 16.61 lb
LAr,exit
=(
LAr,exit
= (992.708) - (16.61)
LAr,exit
= 976.098 lb
n Ar,exit
F Ar,in
) (MWt)
)-(
E% Argon
EAr,exit
= F Ar,in
E% Argon
16.61
= 992.708
E% Argon
= 1.67%
Condensate%Argon
EAr,exit
x 100
x 100
Condenser Condensate
57
Argon (Ar)
Carbon dioxide (
CO2
)
992.708 lb
270.62 lb
The Argon produces a 98.33% of condensate and exits 1.67% of its vapor. Eventually, liquid
Argon can evaporate quickly due to its boiling temperature of 182.96 C
C) Energy Storage
For energy storage, an insulated low pressure tank was used to store liquid Argon.
Ar
3
= 1400 kg/ m @ -188 C, 379.99997 mmHg
LAr,exit
= 976.098 lb 442.75 kg
Ar
LAr,exit
= V Ar
V Ar
LAr,exit
= Ar
V Ar
442.75
= 1400
V Ar
3
= 0.31625 m 316.25 liters
CryoExtra High-Efficiency
Cryogenic Storage Systems tank
for air gasses, CE8140, LIN, LOX,
LAR
Used CE8140, with gross capacity of 797 Liters. With insulating powder made of Perlite mineral.
Inner vessel of low temperature low temperature resistant austenitic steel and outer vessel of
carbon steel. Overall diameter of 11 m and overall height of 17 m.
D) Power Recovery
Calculate for evaporation rate of the Liquid Argon given the overall diameter of the storage tank used
as 1,600 m or 5249.344 ft. The liquid nitrogen was heated to 25 C.
Mo 1/3
Ki
= Ko ( M )
i
58
d
A= 4
sat
En-1
Where;
Ki
Ko
Mo
Mi
En-1
= Evaporation rate
Psat
i
= saturated vapor pressure
1/3
Ki
18.02
= (0.83)(39.948 )
Ki
3600 s ft
= (0.6365 cm/s) ( 30.48 hr cm )
Ki
= 75.18 ft/hr
sat
Pi
=19.4394 mmHg
(36.92)2
A= 4
2
A =1070.57 ft
En-1
En-1
Calculate the power output of the steam turbine to be used back in the grid.
PT
=(
nt
) () (
CP
)(
T in
) 10
Where;
PT
= Power generated
nt
= Turbine efficiency
= mass flow
CP
= Gas constant
T in
= Temperature input
PT
PT
= 149.51 kW 150 kW
150 kW was produced if Liquid Argon is the choice in backing up power. Given the components
and mass flow of the system 150kW was produce to back up power shortage if peaking hours
occur. To bring power of 7 MW to the grid, a multiple stage of 47 single unit of Liquid Argon
System will be design to produce the desired power output and having power input of 14.382
MW.
Motor
60
Flywheel
Generator
Inverter
Transformer
Grid
Option 1: Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System Using Aluminum 7050
Design Requirements
For the Aluminum 7050 Flywheel the desired power output is 7MW with an operating speed of 3500rpm
with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following inputs is
assumed
Inputs
=0.33 (Poissons Ratio of Aluminum 7050-T7451 (7050-T73651) as per ASM Aerospace
Specification Metals)
= 2830 Kg/m3 (Material Density Aluminum 7050-T7451 (7050-T73651) as per ASM Aerospace
Specification Metals)
K= 1 (if flywheel geometry is disc)
R= 100mm (Assumed)
r=20mm (Assumed)
= 3000 radians/s
R.r
ri
100mm x 20mm
ri
=44.72mm
r i=r
r i=
20mm
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel,
62
rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.33
( 2830 ) ( 30002 ) (100-200 )2
8
rm
=67.85MPa
67.85MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the standard
Ultimate Strength of the Aluminum 7050 which is 524MPa
The maximum tangential stress will be;
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
m =
3+0.33
1-0.33
( 2830 ) ( 30002 ) 100mm 2 +
20mm 2
4
3+0.33
=212.04MPa
)
(
63
212.04MPa is the maximum Tangential Stress that experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Yield Strength of Aluminum 7050 which is 469MPa.
Flywheel Energy and Power Storage
Systems, B. Bolund et al. / Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11
(2007) 235258.Maximum Energy
Density. p239
524,000,000/m3
R=
4 ()
1
- ( 1- r 2 )
2
3+
4 ( 524MPa )
1
- ( 1-0.33 ) (20)2
3+0.33 2830x 30002
R =156.35mm
156.35mm should be used to calculate the energy stored in the Flywheel
Moment of Inertia
The Moment of inertia is of any materials are a function of its geometrical shape and its mass;
1 2
1 4
I = r m= r a
2
2
1 4
I= r a
2
1
4
I= ( 156.35 ) ( 2 ) (2830)
2
64
I =5.31Kg-m2
The computed Moment inertia should be used to find the Kinetic Energy Stored in the flywheel
1
EK = I 2
2
1
EK = 5.31Kg-m2) (3000)2
2
EK
=2.1895x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is 2.1895x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in
KW-Hr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Motor/Generator Sizing
The Requirements for the Flywheel Energy System was Permanent Magnet Machines to accommodate
the slowing of the flywheel when discharging.
Basis of Rating
Direct Current generator shall be rated on a continuous-duty basis. And the rating will be expressed in
Kilowatts at rated Speed and Voltage. Must be used Active Magnetic Bearings and Vacuum
Containment. The Size of the Induction Motor Supplied by the 13.8KV bus is rated in accordance to the
continuous duty basis and shall be express in HP available at the shaft at the specified speed,
frequency and Voltage.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
Rating of Induction Motor
The Required Speed of the Flywheel to produce its required Kinetic Energy is 3500rpm. The Standard
Rpm of NEMA-Large Machines-Induction Machines is 3600 Rpm. The Voltage Rating for three phases
AC Machine intended to connect in the distribution system shall be base from the table given by the
NEMA-MG-1 Part 20 page 3.
65
Therefore use 13.8KV, 3Phase, 60Hz, 2500Hp, Constant Power with a Service Factor of 1.15
when operated at Temperature Rise of ambient 40 Degrees Celsius and the method of
temperature determination is Embedded Detector.
3 VL cos
IL =
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
IL
=91.80A
I F =1.25 IL
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A
Therefore Use 3-22mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cable Type MV-90 Triplexed in Air
Based on Conductor Temperatures of 90 Degree Celsius with an Ambient Temperature of 40
Degree Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
Induction Motor Protection
Short Circuit and Ground Fault Protection of the Induction Motor using Inverse Time Delay Circuit
Breaker
I ITCB =2.5 I L
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
66
Therefore Used 300AT, 300AF, 3P, HECPS-3/5S High Voltage ABB Inverse time Vacuum Circuit
Breakers with a Rated Maximum Voltage of 25.3KV, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, Rated Power
Frequency Withstand Voltage up to 80KV, and Rated Short circuit breaking current of 130KA.
Generator Sizing
The Rating of Direct Current Generator shall be expressed in kilowatts available at the terminals at
rated speed and voltage. Since the Speed of the Induction motor is 3600Rpm, therefore the Rpm of the
Direct Current Generator must be the same with the induction motor that being coupled to it.
Use 6000KW, 700V, 900RpmNEMA Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type
DC Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
Generator Feeder Sizing
The Ampacity of the conductors from the generator terminals to the first distribution devices containing
overcurrent protection shall not be less than 115% of the nameplate rating of the generator.
I=
P
V
Where;
I= Full Load Current
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
I=
6400KW
700V
I= 9142.86A
Therefore the feeder size will be
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
I F =115% ( 9142.86A )
IF
=10514.28A
67
IEC-62477-1. Safety Requirements
for Power Electronic Converter
Systems and Equipments.
Use 10 Sets of 2-500mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cables Type MV-105 Isolated in Air
Base on conductor temperature of 105 degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
115% IFL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
I FL
I 1.15(9142.86
I =10514.29A
Use 11KAT, 11KAF, 700V, VD4G-50 ABB High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Rated
Maximum Voltage of 15KV, Rated Frequency of 50/60 Hertz, Rated Power Frequency Voltage
Withstand up to 38KV, Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage up to 95KV, and Rated Short
Circuit Breaking Current of 50KA
Inverter Sizing
The Inverter must be rated in accordance to supply continuously all the loads connected to it.
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current
68
PF=Power Factor
I L=
IL
6400KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=267.75A
The Circuit conductors and over current devices shall be sized to carry load not less than 125% of the
maximum currents as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25 ( 267.75 )
IF
=334.68A
Therefore used 100mm2 THHN Single Insulated Conductor Rated 0 through 200V in Free Air
based on Ambient Temperature of 30 Degree Celsius.
I CB=1.25x267.5A
I CB
= 334.38A
Therefore Used 350AT, 350AF, 3P, 60Hz, T-MAX ABB Type Molded Case Circuit Breaker with a
Rated Interrupting Capacity of 18KA with a Magnetic Trip rating of 2000A-4000A
Transformer Sizing
High Voltage Switchgears and Transformer Computation. Assume 85% Power Factor. The Rating of
Transformer shall be capable in continuous service.
S=
3 VL I L
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=
S=
3 ( 267.5 ) (13.8KV)
S = 6.4MVA
Therefore Use 7MVA, 3 Phases, 60Hz, 115KV/13.8KV Siemens Power Transformers with a
maximum service voltage of 145KV, Cooling type is Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN), and On Load
Tap Changers
3 VL cos
70
Where;
P= Output Power (Real)
V L=
I L=
IL
6000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=267.75A
IL
I F =1.25 I L
Where;
IF
IL
= Feeder Current
= Load Current
I F =1.25x267.75
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
I F =337.7A
Therefore Use 100mm2 Type MV-105 Single Insulated Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air
based on conductor temperature of 105 Degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius
71
Maximum Rating or Setting of the Power Transformer overcurrent protection over 600V Over shall be
based on NEC Table 450.3(A) Over Current Protection of Transformers (as percentage of rated
current).
Primary Protection of Transformer over 600 Volts using Circuit Breakers with an Impedance of more
than 6%and not more than 10%.
I CB =400% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
450Transformer and Transformer Vaults
(Including Secondary Ties).p368
I CB =400%x267.75
I CB
=1071A
Therefore use 1000AT, 1000AF, 3P, 115KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with an Impedance of 6%
and not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =
I CB =250%x267.75
I CB=669.375
A
72
Therefore use 700AT, 7000AF, 3P, 13.8KV,PASS M0-145 Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Output (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6055 KWh x 2.01 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 12170.55 kg CO2
Therefore 12170.55Kg of Carbons where emitted to the atmosphere when the flywheel rotor
rotates and attains its maximum speed due to the Induction motor shaft power.
Efficiency
Mechanical Energy Stored in Flywheel
x 100%
Total Efficiency of Energy Transfer = Electrical Energy
6.05MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 86.42%
86.42% is the maximum efficiency of the flywheel energy storage system using aluminum 7050
on its rotor. The other loss goes to the power transformer and the power converters.
Option 2: Modified Constant Stress Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System using 4340 Steel
Design Requirements
For the 4340 Steel Flywheel the desired energy output is 7MW with an operating speed of 3500rpm
with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following inputs is
assumed
Inputs
73
=0.29 (Poissons Ratio of AISI 4340 Steel, normalized, 100 mm (4 in.) round as per ASM
Aerospace Specification Metals)
= 7850 Kg/m3 (Material Density of AISI 4340 Steel, normalized, 100 mm (4 in.) round as per ASM
R.r
Where;
R=Outer Radius
R=Inner Radius
ri
ri
=51.96mm
90mm x 30mm
74
ri
r=Inner radius
r i=
30mm
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the Aluminum 7050 Disc Type Flywheel,
rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.29
(7850 ) ( 3000 2 ) ( 90-30 )2
8
rm
=104.60MPa
104.60MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Ultimate Strength of the 4340 Steel which is 1110MPa.
75
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
Where;
m
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the Aluminium 7050 Disc Type Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
=481.97MPa
481.97MPa is the maximum Tangential Stress that experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Yield Strength of 4340 Steel which is 710MPa.
76
e v =1(1110MPa)
e v=
1,100,000,000/m3
4 ()
1
- ( 1- ) r 2
2
3+
Where;
= Maximum Stress
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
4 ( 1110MPa )
1
R=
- (1-0.29 ) (30)2
2
3+0.29 7850x 3000
R =137.50mm
Moment of Inertia
The Moment of inertia is of any materials are a function of its geometrical shape and its mass;
77
1
1
r 2 m= r 4 a
2
2
1
r 4 a
2
1
(137.50 )4 ( 2 ) (7850
I
2
I =8.81Kg-m2
The computed Moment inertia should be used to find the Kinetic Energy Stored in the flywheel
1 2
EK = I
2
1
EK = 8.81Kg-m2) (1500)2
2
EK
=1.98225x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is1.98225x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in
KW-Hr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Motor/Generator Sizing
The Requirements for the Flywheel Energy System was Permanent Magnet Machines to accommodate
the slowing of the flywheel when discharging.
Basis of Rating
Direct Current generator shall be rated on a continuous-duty basis. And the rating will be expressed in
Kilowatts at rated Speed and Voltage. Must be used Active Magnetic Bearings and Vacuum
Containment. The Size of the Induction Motor Supplied by the 13.8KV bus is rated in accordance to the
continuous duty basis and shall be express in HP available at the shaft at the specified speed,
frequency and Voltage.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
78
3 VL cos
Where;
S=Apparent Power
VL
IL
=Line Current
IL =
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
IL
=91.80A
IF
=Feeder Current
IL
=Line Current
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A
Therefore Use 3-22mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cable Type MV-90 Triplexed in Air
Based on Conductor Temperatures of 90 Degree Celsius with an Ambient Temperature of 40
Degree Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
Therefore Used 300AT, 300AF, 3P, HECPS-3/5S High Voltage ABB Inverse time Vacuum Circuit
Breakers with a Rated Maximum Voltage of 25.3KV, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, Rated Power
Frequency Withstand Voltage up to 80KV, and Rated Short circuit breaking current of 130KA.
Generator Sizing
The Rating of Direct Current Generator shall be expressed in kilowatts available at the terminals at
rated speed and voltage. Since the Speed of the Induction motor is 3600Rpm, therefore the Rpm of the
Direct Current Generator must be the same with the induction motor that being coupled to it.
Use 5000KW, 700V, 900Rpm NEMA Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type
DC Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
80
P
V
Where;
I= Full Load Current
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
5000KW
700V
I 7142.86A
Therefore the feeder size will be
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
I F =115% ( 7142.86A )
IF
=8214.28A
Use 10 Sets of 2-500mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cables Type MV-105 Isolated in Air
Base on conductor temperature of 105 degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
115%I FL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
81
I FL
I 1.15(7142.86A )
I =8214.28A
Use 10KAT, 11KAF, 700V, VD4G-50 ABB High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Rated
Maximum Voltage of 15KV, Rated Frequency of 50/60 Hertz, Rated Power Frequency Voltage
Withstand up to 38KV, Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage up to 95KV, and Rated Short
Circuit Breaking Current of 50KA
Inverter Sizing
The Inverter must be rated in accordance to supply continuously all the loads connected to it.
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current
PF=Power Factor
IEC-62477-1. Safety Requirements for
Power Electronic Converter Systems
and Equipments.
5000KW
I L=
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=209.18A
The Circuit conductors and over current devices shall be sized to carry load not less than 125% of the
maximum current as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
82
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25 ( 209.18A )
IF
=261.48A
Therefore used 100mm2 THHN Single Insulated Conductor Rated 0 through 200V in Free Air
based on Ambient Temperature of 30 Degree Celsius.
I CB =1.25x209.18A
I CB
=261.48A
Therefore Used 300AT, 350AF, 3P, 60Hz, T-MAX ABB Type Molded Case Circuit Breaker with a
Rated Interrupting Capacity of 18KA with a Magnetic Trip rating of 2000A-4000A
Transformer Sizing
High Voltage Switchgears and Transformer Computation. Assume 85% Power Factor. The Rating of
Transformer shall be capable in continuous service.
S 3 VL IL
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=
83
S 3 ( 209.18 ) (13.8KV)
S =4.9MVA
Therefore Use 6MVA, 3 Phases, 60Hz, 115KV/13.8KV Siemens Power Transformers with a
maximum service voltage of 145KV, Cooling type is Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN), and On Load
Tap Changers
Transformer Feeder Sizing
Feeder size over 600V Nominal of the power transformer shall be computed as follows,
I L=
3 V L cos
Where;
P = Output Power (Real)
V L=
I L=
IL
5000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
=209.18A
IL
I F =1.25 I L
Where;
IF
IL
= Feeder Current
= Load Current
I F =1.25x209.18
84
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
IF
=261.48A
Therefore Use 100mm2 Type MV-105 Single Insulated Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air
based on conductor temperature of 105 Degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius
I CB =400%x209.18
I CB
=836.72A
Therefore use 1000AT, 1000AF, 3P, 115KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with a Impedance of 6% and
not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
85
I F =
I CB =250%x209.1
I CB =522.95
Therefore use 700AT, 7000AF, 3P, 13.8KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Output (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 5500KWh x 0.88kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 4840 kg CO2
Therefore 4840 kg CO2 of Carbons where emitted to the atmosphere when the flywheel rotor
rotates and attains its maximum speed due to the Induction motor shaft power.
Efficiency
Mechanical Energy Stored in Flywheel
x 100%
Total Efficiency of Energy Transfer = Electrical Energy
5.5MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 6MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 91.6%
91.6% is the maximum efficiency of the flywheel energy storage system using 4340 Steel on its
rotor. The other loss goes to the power transformer and the power converters.
Option 3: Conical Disc Type Flywheel Energy Storage System Using 410 Stainless Steel
Design Requirements
86
For the 410 Stainless Steel Flywheel the desired energy output is 7MW with an operating speed of
3500rpm with an efficiency of 90%. For determining the flywheel geometric parameters the following
inputs is assumed
Inputs
=0.25 (Poissons Ratio of 410 Stainless Steel as per ATSM A40
= 7740Kg/m3 (Material Density of Stainless Steel as per ATSM A40
R.r
Where;
R=Outer Radius
R=Inner Radius
ri
ri
=56.56mm
80mm x 40mm
r i =r
Where;
ri
40mm
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The maximum radial stress for the 410Stainless Steel Conical Disc Type Flywheel,
rm =
3+
2 ( R-r )2
8
rm =
3+0.25
(7740 ) ( 3000 2 ) ( 80-40 )2
8
rm
=45.28MPa
88
45.28MPa is the Maximum Radial Stress that is experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Ultimate Strength of the 410 Stainless Steel which is 310MPa
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
= Poissons Ratio
= Material Density
= Angular Velocity
R = Outer Radius
r = Inner Radius
The Maximum Tangential Stress (Hoop Stress) for the 410 Stainless Steel Conical Disc Type
Flywheel
m =
3+
1- 2
2 R 2 +
r
4
3+
)
Flywheel Energy and Power Storage
Systems, B. Bolund et al. / Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11
(2007) 235258.Flywheel Basics.p238
m =
3+0.33
1-0.25
( 7740 ) ( 30002 ) 80mm 2 +
40mm2
4
3+0.25
=392.56MPa
585.27MPa is the maximum Tangential Stress that experienced by the Flywheel. It is below the
standard Yield Strength 410 Stainless Steel of which is 517MPa.
89
e v =1(517MPa)
e v=
517,000,000/m3
R=
4 ()
1
- ( 1- ) r 2
3+ 2
4 ( 517MPa )
1
- (1-0.25 ) (40)2
2
3+0.25 7740x 3000
R =93.63mm
93.63mm should be used to calculate the energy stored in the Flywheel
Moment of Inertia
The Moment of inertia is of any materials are a function of its geometrical shape and its mass;
I
1
1
r 2 m= r 4 a
2
2
1
r 4 a
2
1
4
( 93.63 ) ( 2 ) (7740)
2
90
I =3.74Kg-m2
The computed Moment inertia should be used to find the Kinetic Energy Stored in the flywheel
1 2
EK = I
2
1
EK = 3.74Kg-m2) (2500)2
2
EK
=2.16x1010 Joules
The Stored Energy per Flywheel is 2.16x1010 Joules. Therefore Convert the Rated Energy in KWHr to determine the Motor and Generator to be coupled in the Flywheel.
Motor/Generator Sizing
The Requirements for the Flywheel Energy System was Permanent Magnet Machines to accommodate
the slowing of the flywheel when discharging.
Basis of Rating
Direct Current generator shall be rated on a continuous-duty basis. And the rating will be expressed in
Kilowatts at rated Speed and Voltage. Must be used Active Magnetic Bearings and Vacuum
Containment. The Size of the Induction Motor Supplied by the 13.8KV bus is rated in accordance to the
continuous duty basis and shall be express in HP available at the shaft at the specified speed,
frequency and Voltage.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
91
Therefore use 13.8KV, 3Phase, 60Hz, 2500Hp, Constant Power with a Service Factor of 1.15
when operated at Temperature Rise of ambient 40 Degrees Celsius and the method of
temperature determination is Embedded Detector.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-Induction Motors
3 VL cos
Where;
S=Apparent Power
VL
IL
=Line Current
I L=
IL
2500(746)
3 x13.8KVx0.85
=91.80A
I F =1.25 I L
I F =1.25x91.80A
IF
=114.74A
Therefore Use 3-22mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cable Type MV-90 Triplexed in Air
Based on Conductor Temperatures of 90 Degree Celsius with an Ambient Temperature of 40
Degree Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
92
I ITCB =2.5x114.74A
I ITCB
=286.85A
Therefore Used 300AT, 300AF, 3P, HECPS-3/5S High Voltage ABB Inverse time Vacuum Circuit
Breakers with a Rated Maximum Voltage of 25.3KV, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, Rated Power
Frequency Withstand Voltage up to 80KV, and Rated Short circuit breaking current of 130KA.
Generator Sizing
The Rating of Direct Current Generator shall be expressed in kilowatts available at the terminals at
rated speed and voltage. Since the Speed of the Induction motor is 3600Rpm, therefore the Rpm of the
Direct Current Generator must be the same with the induction motor that being coupled to it.
Nema Motor Generators-2009. Large
Machines-DC Generators
Use 7000KW, 700V, 900Rpm Open type DC Generators. Temperature Rise of Open Type DC
Generator must be lower than 40 Degree Celsius but not lower than 0 Degree Celsius
P
V
Where;
I= Full Load Current
P=Output Power
V= Nominal Voltage
93
I 7000KW/700V
I 10000A
Therefore the feeder size will be
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
I F =115% ( 10000A )
IF
=11500A
Use 10 Sets of 2-500mm2 Insulated Single Copper Conductor Cables Type MV-105 Isolated in Air
Base on conductor temperature of 105 degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius with a Rated Voltage of (5001V-35000V)
115%I FL
Where;
I=Feeder Current
I FL
I 1.15(9142.86)
I=10514.29A
Use 12KAT, 15KAF, 700V, VD4G-50 ABB High Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Rated
Maximum Voltage of 15KV, Rated Frequency of 50/60 Hertz, Rated Power Frequency Voltage
Withstand up to 38KV, Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage up to 95KV, and Rated Short
Circuit Breaking Current of 50KA
Inverter Sizing
The Inverter must be rated in accordance to supply continuously all the loads connected to it.
94
I L=
3 xVxPF
Where;
IL
=Load Current
V =Nominal Voltage
PF=Power Factor
IL =
7000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=292.86A
The Circuit conductors and over current devices shall be sized to carry load not less than 125% of the
maximum currents as calculated above.
I F =1.25 ( I L)
Where;
I F =
Feeder Current
I L=
Load Current
I F =1.25(292.86)
IF
= 366.07A
Therefore used 100mm2 THHN Single Insulated Conductor Rated 0 through 200V in Free Air
based on Ambient Temperature of 30 Degree Celsius.
I CB = 1.25IL
I CB =1.25x366.07A
I CB
=334.38A
Therefore Used 500AT, 500AF, 3P, 60Hz, T-MAX ABB Type Molded Case Circuit Breaker with a
Rated Interrupting Capacity of 18KA with a Magnetic Trip rating of 2000A-4000A
Transformer Sizing
High Voltage Switchgears and Transformer Computation. Assume 85% Power Factor. The Rating of
Transformer shall be capable in continuous service.
S 3 VL I L
Where;
S=Apparent Power
V L=
I L=
S 3 ( 292.86 ) (13.8KV)
S =6.4MVA
Therefore Use 7MVA, 3 Phases, 60Hz, 115KV/13.8KV Siemens Power Transformers with a
maximum service voltage of 145KV, Cooling type is Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN), and On Load
Tap Changers
3 V L cos
96
Where;
P = Output Power (Real)
V L=
IL =
7000KW
3 x13.8KVx1
IL
=292.86
IL
IF = 1.25 x IL
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
215Feeders.Minimum Rating and Size.
Feeder over 600V.p64
IF = 1.25 x 292.85A
IF = 366.06A
Therefore Use 100mm2 Type MV-105 Single Insulated Copper Conductor Cables Triplexed in Air
based on conductor temperature of 105 Degree Celsius and Ambient temperature of 40 Degree
Celsius
I CB=400% IF
Where;
97
I CB=
I F =
I CB=400%x292.85
I CB
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
450Transformer and Transformer Vaults
(Including Secondary Ties).p368
=1171.4A
Therefore use 1200AT, 1200AF, 3P, 115KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Secondary Protection of Transformer over 600 volts using Circuit breakers with a Impedance of 6% and
not more than 10%
I CB =250% I F
Where;
I CB=
I F =
I CB =250%x292.85
I CB=732.13
NFPA-NEC
2014.Article
450Transformer and Transformer Vaults
(Including Secondary Ties).p368
Therefore use 800AT, 800AF, 3P, 13.8KV, PASS M0-145 ABB Power Circuit Breaker with a Rated
Voltage of 145KV, Rated Current 3800A, Rated Frequency of 60 Hertz, and Rated Breaking
Current 50-63KA
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Output (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6000KWh x 1.77kg CO2/KWh
98
Efficiency
Mechanical Energy Stored in Flywheel
x 100%
Total Efficiency of Energy Transfer = Electrical Energy
6MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 7MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 85.71%
Grid
Motor
99
Compressor +
Heat Exchanger
Thermal Energy
Storage
Thermal Energy
Storage
Expansion Stage
Turbine
Grid
Compressor
Motor
100
Heat Exchanger
AA-CAES
Components
Thermal Energy
Storage
Air Storage
Turbine
Liquid Heat
Transfer Fluid
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene
Glycol
101
I incoming
= 1669.30 A 1.7 kA
P
S = Pf
266
S = 0.8
S = 332.5 MVA
Use 3 phase, 115 kV/13.2 kV, 60 Hz Power Transformer to supply the motor of the compressor.
b) HV circuit Breakers
S
I incoming
= 3 V
Where:
I incoming
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
6
332.5x 10
I incoming
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 k
Therefore Used 15kAT, 15kAF, 3P, 60Hz, Molded Case Circuit Breaker
c) Feeder sizing
S
I incoming
= 3 V
I FL
=(
Where:
I incoming
I incoming
) (1.25)
S = Apparent Power
V= Voltage
332.5x 106
I incoming
= 3 13.2x 103
I incoming
= 14.54 kA
I FL
I FL
=18.125 kAIC
18KAIC
Note: Minimum Feeder-circuit conductor size, shall have an allowable ampacity equal to or greater than
the non continuous load plus 125% of the continuous load.
102
R air =286.7
J
kg-K
5
Cv,air = ( Rair )
2
=716.75+286.7=1.00345
5
kJ
= ( 286.7 ) = 0.71675
2
kg-K
kJ
kg-K
k=
Cp,air
Cv,air
k-1
k
Cv
P = change in pressure ( Po -
Po
Pi
Pi
Sg
VS
103
VS
3
1.8095 m / s
T free
R = gas constant
5
1.0135x 10
= 287x(273+20)
= 1.2052 kg/ m
The equation for the power delivered by the compressor is stated below:
nct -1
1
Pc = m c,a cp,a T inct,a nc
c
ct
-1
Where:
104
out
T out
c,a =output air temperature at compressor
out
n ct =isotropic constant
C =
6.895
=2.7621
2.49625
out
c,a
T =
in
ct,a
1.6-1
1.6
out
c,a
T = 2.7621
( 299.6K )=438.5373K
Since all the parameters are now available, the power delivered by the compressor can now be
computed as:
nct -1
1
Pc = m c,a cp,a T inct,a nc
c
ct
-1
0.6
1
=
(2.1808 )( 1.00345 ) ( 299.6 ) 2.7611.6 -1 =345.337kW=463Hp
( 0.88 )
Use North American Electric, Inc. (NAE) Motors,500 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 1800 RPM, totally
enclosed and fan cooled induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the
equipment.
Next, to calculate the motor power required,
W
= N c Nd
Wm
Where;
Wm
Nc
Nd
Wm
345.337
= ( 0.88x0.85 )
Wm
= 461.68 kW = 619 Hp
Use North American Electric, Inc. (NAE) Motors,700 Hp, 13.2 kV, 60 Hz, 1800 RPM, totally
enclosed and fan cooled induction motor for compressor to operate at given work of the
equipment.
For proper approximation based on Compressed Air Energy Efficiency by A.Bathia, overview section
stated that 1 CFM = 1Hp. It was stated that a good approximation of compressor must have a 1 to 1
ration between CFM and horsepower to have an economical design.
619 CFM delivered per 619 Hp
T HX,a = 26.6C
T inHX,HTF = 10C
Where:
T inHX,HTF = HTF input temperature
in
106
in
in
in
T out
HX,a = T HX,a + HX ( THX,a - T HX,HTF )
out
T HX,a = 38.22C
in
in
in
T out
HX,HTF = THX,HTF + HX ( THX,a - T HX,HTF )
= 10 + (0.7)(26.6-10)
T out
HX,HTF = 21.62C
The following values below are the heat constant and density of liquid sodium.
kg
J
HTF =570 3
Cp,HTF =1260
kg-K
m
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
= HTF density
With these parameters, the mass flow of the heat transfer fluid can be computed.
m c,HTF =
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m c,a
in
( T out
HX,HTF - THX,HTF ) cp,HTF
m c,HTF =1.7368
kg
s
Where:
T out
HX,a =output air temperature at heat exchanger
out
With this, the rate of heat transfer of the heat exchanger can be computed. The formula is shown
below.
in
Q= m c,HTF ( Cp,HTF ) ( T out
HX,HTF - T HX,HTF )
= (6252.48)(1.26)(21.62 10)
107
kWh
( storage capacity )
m 3 -K
TES =2750
kg
m3
Cp,TES =294
J
kg-K
r TES =11m
d wool =10cm
R ins =0.055
Where:
Ssc
d TES=1.0m
TES
= concrete density
Cp,TES
HTES
W
m-K
r TES=
d wool =
R ins=
To identify the energy stored in the thermal energy storage, the formula below will be used.
V S T
Emax = TES sc
, MWh
1000
Where:
EMAX = energy stored
VTES = thermal energy storage volume
SSC= specific storage capacity
T= change in temperature, in Kelvin
Change in temperature is the difference between the starting temperature of the thermal energy
storage and the ambient temperature. The parameters are shown below.
T start,TES =294K
T inlet = Tstart,TES
T out = Tenvi
T= Tout - Tinlet
Therefore,
108
T= Tout - Tinlet
=299.6-294
=5.6K
With the proponents aim to supply deficient power in peaking hours, which is projected from 11am to
2pm, the volume could be calculated with the assumed input power supply of the energy storage for
the stated number of hours, which is 3 hours at 7MW per hour. As a result, the energy storage capacity
is the product between the rated power per hour and the total number of hours it would deliver power.
Therefore, the total storage capacity is 21MWh.
Emax =
VTES Ssc T
, MWh
1000
21MWh=
V TES =5681.818 m 3
Therefore, the air storages height can be calculated through the equation below.
2
HTES =14.947m
V=
C Pa
P2 - P 1
Where:
V = volume, in ft3
C = Air demand, cfm of free air
Pa = absolute atmospheric pressure, psia
P1 = initial receiver pressure, psig
P2 = final receiver pressure, psig
Therefore,
CP
( 619 ) ( 14.7 )
=
V= a
P 2 - P1
( 100.00352-14.7 ) - ( 36.20505-14.7 )
V=142.625 f t
109
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a
in
( T out
HX,HTF - THX,HTF ) cp,HTF
Where:
m e,a =air mass flow at the expansion stage
m e,HTF =HTF mass flow at the expansion stage
Therefore,
m e,a = m ratio m c,a
= (30 )( 2.1808 )
in
( T out
HX,a - THX,a ) c p,a m e,a
m e,HTF = out
( T HX,HTF - TinHX,HTF ) cp,HTF
m e,HTF =
Turbine Calculation
In order to generate power, the compressed air and the thermal energy stored will pass through the
turbine in order to generate power. The expansion process is polytropic, therefore, n t = 1.4. The turbine
module consists of two types of turbine, high pressure and low pressure. To identify the total
compressibility of the system, denoted by b, it is simply the product of the compressibility of the high
and low pressure turbine as denoted below.
HPT =3.2
LPT =0.85
= HPT LPT
Therefore,
= HPT LPT
With this, the power output of the turbine can be computed. The equation below shows the formula for
the turbine power output.
in
t,a
P t = t m e,a c p,a T (
nt -1
nt
-1) where:
110
P t = t m e,HTF c p,a T
in
t,a
=compression ratio
n t -1
nt
1.4-1
1.4
-1
=5.95MW
Option 2: Styrene
Calculation of Heat Exchanger Parameters
Determining the mass flow and heat dissipated of Styrene given the following parameters:
Cp,HTF =1791
J
kg-K
HTF =856
kg
m3
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
= HTF density
With these parameters, the mass flow of the heat transfer fluid can be computed.
out
m c,HTF =
in
m c,HTF =1.2218
Where:
111
kg
kg
=4398.48
s
h
out
With this, the rate of heat transfer of the heat exchanger can be computed. The formula is shown
below.
in
Q= m c,HTF ( Cp,HTF ) ( T out
HX,HTF - T HX,HTF )
= (4398.48)(1.791)(21.62 10)
Q = 91538.61 kJ/hr = 25.4274kW
in
in
t,a
nt -1
nt
-1 )
1.4-1
=3.30MW
With this, the system design that uses Styrene as Heat Exchanger material would require 2 sets of
steam turbine for the energy storage facility, with total of 6.6MW, to reach the desired output power
close to 7MW.
Option 3: Ethylene Glycol
112
Determining the mass flow and heat dissipated of Styrene given the following parameters:
Cp,HTF =3140
J
kg-K
HTF =113.2
kg
3
m
Where:
Cp,HTF =
HTF
= HTF density
With these parameters, the mass flow of the heat transfer fluid can be computed.
out
m c,HTF =
in
m c,HTF =0.6969
kg
kg
=2508.84
s
h
Where:
T out
HX,a =output air temperature at heat exchanger
T out
HX,HTF =output HTF temperature at heat exchanger
HX =heat exchanger efficiency, 70%
With this, the rate of heat transfer of the heat exchanger can be computed. The formula is shown
below.
out
in
113
in
m e,HTF =
m e,HTF =
in
t,a
nt -1
nt
-1 )
1.4-1
1.4
-1
=1.901MW
With this, the system design that uses Ethylene Glycol as Heat Exchanger material would require 3
sets of steam turbine for the energy storage facility, with total of 5.7MW, to reach the desired output
power close to 7MW.
the more economical the project is. Estimating the value of components of a storage system is a vital
part of the design project to be chosen.
Efficiency
Efficiency of the design needs to be considered to know if the system can produce equal power or just
a small quantity in difference. Efficiency needs to be known in order to design a project that can supply
power to the grid with an efficient supply. If power output of the design is equal to the power input the
design is efficient.
Environmental Factor
A storage system of different kind may produce some emission and vapor that can affect environmental
constraints. The design project must be, as much as possible, be free of unwanted chemicals that can
contaminate the area of the storage system. Percent of Carbon emission that will be emitted is the
basis of Environmental Factor. The lesser amount of carbon emitted the more environmental and less
hazardous the project is.
Trade-offs
The trade off process would allow a systematic calculation to determine the best design with the given
constraints. The decision was based from the trade off process that gave the highest score.
Using the exponential scoring function of Kirkwood and Sarin for the tradeoff, these would
satisfy each criterion of the tradeoff that has been tabulated (with the scale of 0 to 1, 1 would be the
highest). The formulas would follow as:
Ranking Score=
Ranking Score=
High - V
High - Low
V - Low
High - Low
(4.1)
(4.2)
Where:
115
Criterions Importance
Efficiency
Efficiency will be given a rank of 5, because efficiency is an important criterion of the design project.
Output power of the storage system in terms of input power must be efficient to give a reliable supply of
electricity in the grid.
Discharging Rate
The capacity of a storage system is an important factor because a larger capacity of the storage, the
larger the power it can be given back to grid. The proponents give a rank of 4 for charging rate of the
design project.
Environmental Factor
116
The proponents give a rank of 3 for Environmental Factor because the design project will operate
immediately and can instantly emit harmful chemical in the environment. Given a scenario wherein an
extra supply of electricity is often charge the storage system, emission of unwanted chemicals will be
produce frequently. A less Carbon emission will be given a perfect score of 3.
Economic (Cost)
Economic cost will be rank as 2, being a necessity to Metro Manila to supply the shortage in peaking
hours budget is less considered as long as the project must be implemented. The less the cost of the
entire design the better the project design is.
Tradeoffs
Smart Storage System
Design 1:
Solid State Battery
Option 1:
Lead Acid
Battery
Option 2:
NickelCadmium
Option 3:
Lithium-ion
Design 2:
Liquid Air Energy
Storage
Option 1:
Liquid
Nitrogen
Option 2:
Liquid
Oxygen
Option117
3:
Liquid
Argon
Design 3:
Flywheel
Option 1:
Disc type
Option 2:
Modified
Constant
Stress Disc
Option 3:
Conical
Disc
Design 4:
Compress Air
Energy Storage
Option 1:
Heat
Exchanger
Option 2:
Liquid
Sodium
Option 3:
Ethylene
Glycol
Efficiency (
Pin
Pout
)x 100%
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
91.14%
83.86%
83.57%
118
92.00%
90.00%
88.00%
86.00%
84.00%
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
82.00%
80.00%
78.00%
Efficiency
Figure 4-2. Efficiency of Battery
Figure 4-2 shows the efficiency between different batteries that are used to give power back to the grid.
In the data given in Table 4-1 it is shown that Lead Acid is the most efficient among them. Lead Acid
can produce a 6.38 MW of power back to the grid and it is nearly close to its power input which is 7MW
while Nickel Cadmium can produce a 5.87MW of power with a power input of 7MW and lastly, LithiumIon with 83.57% efficiency is capable of producing 5.85MW power with an input power of 7MW. As long
as the power output is nearly close to its power input, the system will be more efficient. As a result,
Lead Acid was the most efficient among the different type of batteries having 91.14% efficiency.
Discharging Rate
Table 4-2. Discharge Rate of Battery
Discharge Rate
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
6.38 MW-Hr.
5.87 MW-Hr.
5.85 MW-Hr.
119
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
5.9
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5
120
Environmental Factor
Table 4-3. Carbon Emission of Battery
CO2 Emission
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
446.6 Kg CO2
1232.7 Kg CO2
7,195.5 Kg CO2
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
3000
2000
1000
0
Economic (Cost)
121
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium-Ion
6,962,577.38
7,245,327.38
9,130,327.38
10,000,000.00
9,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
7,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
5,000,000.00
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Lithium Ion
4,000,000.00
3,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
1,000,000.00
0.00
Efficiency
Table 4-5. Efficiency of Ambient Air
Efficiency (
Pin
Pout
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
84%
92%
49%
)x 100%
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Efficiency
Figure 4-6. Efficiency of Liquid Air
Figure 4-6 shows the efficiency between different liquid air that is used to give power back to the grid.
In the data given in Table 4-5 it is shown that Liquid Oxygen is most efficient among others. Liquid can
produce a 281 kW of power as a single unit while Liquid Argon is not that efficient having an efficiency
percent of 48.86% only producing only a 150 kW of power per unit. On the other hand, Liquid Nitrogen
has a power only less than a small quantity with Liquid Oxygen, having a percent of 83.66%. The
Liquid Air having a large percentage in power is the Liquid Oxygen. (See Appendix B)
123
Discharging Rate
Table 4-6. Discharge Rate of Liquid Air
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
23.04 MWhr.
23.42 MWhr.
Discharge Rate
Liquid Argon
23.50 MW
hr.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
400
300
200
100
0
124
Environmental Factor
Table 4-7. Carbon Emission of Liquid Air
O2
Kg C
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
17603
17891
17954
Emission
800
700
600
500
400
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
300
200
100
0
125
Economic (Cost)
Table 4-8. Cost of Materials Used
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
399,016,800.00
383,126,250.00
664,683,987.50
330,000
325,000
320,000
315,000
310,000
305,000
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Oxygen
Liquid Argon
300,000
295,000
290,000
285,000
Efficiency
Table 4-9. Efficiency of Energy Transfer of Flywheel
Disc Type
Efficiency of Flywheel
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
91.6%
86.42%
Conical Disc
85.71%
94.00%
92.00%
90.00%
88.00%
Disc Type
Conical Disc
86.00%
84.00%
82.00%
Efficiency of Energy Transfer
127
Discharging Rate
Table 4-10. Discharge Rate of Flywheels
Discharge Rate
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
6.05 MW-hr.
5.5 MW-hr.
6 MW-hr.
6
6
6
6
6
6
Disc Type
Conical Disc
6
5
5
5
128
Environmental Factor
Table 4-11. Carbon Emission of Flywheel
CO2 Emission
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
12170.55 Kg CO2
4840 Kg CO2
10620 Kg CO2
14000
12000
10000
8000
Disc Type
6000
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
4000
2000
0
Carbon Emission of FES (Kg CO2)
Economic (Cost)
129
Disc Type
Modified Constant
Stress Disc
Conical Disc
8,564,723.7
10,837,750
8,497,402.34
12,000,000.00
10,000,000.00
8,000,000.00
6,000,000.00
Disc Type
Conical Disc
4,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
0.00
130
Efficiency
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
85.0%
94.28%
81.42%
100
95
90
Liquid Sodium
85
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
80
75
70
Efficiency
Discharging Rate
131
Discharging rate refers to the power expulsion to the system per unit time. To calculate the
discharging rate of the system, the proponents multiplied the output power to the number of hours, h.
Pdischarge =( PT )x 1 hr
Table 4-14. Discharging Rate of AA-CAES
Power Output
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5.95MWh
6.6MWh
5.7MWh
6.8
6.6
6.4
6.2
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
Discharging Rate
Environmental Factor
132
kg C
O2
Emission
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5593
6279.2
5358
6400
6200
6000
5800
Liquid Sodium
5600
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
5400
5200
5000
4800
Carbon Emission
133
Economic (Cost)
Investment cost of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is the combination of investment costs
required for turbine, compressor and storage facility. The turbine and compressor is translated into
power rating of the CAES, and the storage facility is into the energy rating.
Cinv = P tur x CT + Pc x Cc +(E max +Q)x Cs
where :
Cinv =investment cost of CAES, $
P tur =turbine power, kW
Pc =compressor power,kW
Emax =energy stored, kWh
CT =turbine cost, $/kW
Cc =compressor cost, $/kW
Cs =storage cost, $/kW
According to study made by McCalley, James and Das, Trishna of Iowa State University
entitled Compressed Air Energy Storage, the following costs such as turbine, compressor and
storage, are deemed constant with the following values, C t = 200$/kW, Cc = 150$/kW, Sc = 40$/kW.
Assuming that the conversion from US dollar to Philippine peso is $1 = Php 47.125.
Table 4-16. Economic Cost of AA-CAES System
Economic Cost
Liquid Sodium
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
134
78
76
74
72
Liquid Sodium
70
Styrene
Ethylene Glycol
68
66
64
62
Economic Cost
Criterion's
Importance
Efficiency
Discharging
Rate
Carbon
Emission
Economic
Cost
Total Score
Lead
Acid
Nickel
Cadmium
Lithium
Ion
Liquid
Nitrogen
Liquid
Oxygen
Liquid
Argon
Disc
Type
0.9307
0.7699
0.7635
0.7730
0.9496
0.0000
0.8264
Modified
Constan
t Stress
Disc
0.9408
0.0489
0.0206
0.0194
0.9744
0.9956
1.0000
0.0306
1.0000
0.9551
0.6145
0.0200
0.0036
0.0000
1.0000
0.9993
0.9964
0.4038
0.4280
2.9795
2.7448
2.3938
2.1713
2.3768
135
Advanced Adiab
Compressed Air Ener
Conica
l Disc
Liquid
Sodium
Styrene
0.8107
0.7951
1.0000
0.0000
0.0278
0.0250
0.0656
0.3303
0.7491
0.4189
0.7060
0.6668
0.0000
0.9973
0.9938
0.9974
0.9037
0.8933
1.0000
2.1846
2.6837
2.2548
2.4298
2.6257
Design Standards
This design project accord to the following codes and standards and reference:
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
NFPA-NEC 2014.Article 450- Transformer and Transformer Vaults (Including Secondary Ties)
p.368
IEEE Std. 1013-2000 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for
Industrial and Commercial Applications
IEEE Std. 1115-1992 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for
Stationary Applications
137
3 VL
I =incoming current
138
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 418.37 A
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C
S
Vdc
139
Where
I L,DC
I L,DC =
I L,DC
S
Vdc
15KVA
48V
= 312.5 A.
Feeder Sizing
IFeeder,DC = IL,DC x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 312.5A x 1.25
IFeeder,DC = 390.625 A
Use 2-sets of 125mm2 TW conductor
C x Kt
= Tc
140
Where
Ic = maximum DC charge current (A)
C = selected battery capacity (Ah)
Kt = recharge efficiency/loss factor (typically 1.1)
Tc = minimum battery recharge time (hours)
C x Kt
Ic = Tc
35Ah x 1.1
Ic = 1 hour
Ic = 38.5A.
142
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
Where
C min = minimum battery capacity (Ah)
Ed = desired energy over the autonomy time (V-Ah or W-hr.)
Vdc = nominal battery voltage
Ka =battery ageing factor (1.25)
Kt =temperature correction factor @ 25 Degrees Celsius
Kc = capacity rating factor
Kdod = maximum depth of discharge (100%)
Ed = 1750 V-Ah.
Kt = 0.69 @ 25 degrees Celsius
Ka = 1.25
Vdc = 48V
Kdod = 100%
Kc = 1.1
Ed ( Ka x Kt x Kc)
C min = Vdc x Kdod
(1750VA-h)( 1.25 x 0.69 x 1.1)
C min = 48V x 1
IEEE-446 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby
Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications
C min = 35 Ampere-hour
Power Losses
P losses/battery = (I2) (R)
Where
I = battery current
R = internal resistance of the battery
143
Inverter Sizing
Inverter P rating =
KW load = (1.75KW/battery)
No. of batteries to be used per inverter = 500 batteries
Inverter Prating = (1.75KW/battery) x (500 batteries/inverter)
Inverter Prating = 875 KW inverter
ABB Central Inverters PVS 800 (100-1000KW), Euro-eta (efficiency = 98.5%) is available in
market
Since the station has 4000 batteries, in order to get the number of inverters to be used, multiply the
number of inverters per battery used to total numbers of batteries used in a station.
Number of inverters = (inverter/batteries used) x (total numbers of batteries in a station)
Number of inverters = (inverter/500 batteries) x (4000 batteries)
Number of inverters =8 inverters
Carbon Emission
CO2 = Energy Output (KWh) x Emission Factor (kg CO 2/KWh)
CO2 = 6,380 KWh x 0.07 kg CO2/KWh
CO2 = 446.6 kg CO2
Pout
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = Pin
6.38MW
x 100%
Total Efficiency of the System = 6.72MW
Total Efficiency of the System = 94.94%
Transformer Sizing
P
S = pf
S = VA rating of Transformer
P = 6.38 MW
Pf = 0.8
6.38MW
S = 0.8
S = 7.975 MVA
USE: 10MVA, 220/13.8V, 3, 60Hz. Power Transformer
Transformer Protection
S
I=
3 VL
145
I =incoming current
S = transformer MVA rating
VL = voltage line
I incoming =
(10MVA)
3 (13.8KV)
I incoming = 418.37 A
Transformer High Voltage Protection = IFL x 400%
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 418.37 x 4
Transformer High Voltage Protection = 1673.48 A
Use 1600AT, 2000AF, 3P, Power Circuit Breaker
Feeder Sizing
IFEEDER = 1.25 x IFL
IFEEDER = 1.25 x 418.36A
IFEEDER = 522.95 A
Use 3 sets-250 mm2 Type MV-105 at 105C
146
Design Simulations
147
148
Simulation Result
149
150
151
152