Mathematics 100

Introduction to Calculus

Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, and Continuity

Reymart Salcedo Lagunero
Master of Science in Mathematics
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
College of Science, University of the Philippines
Gov. Pack Road, Baguio City 2600 Philippines
rslagunero@up.edu.ph

04 August 2016

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

Definition
A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number. The set of all admissible
values of x is called the domain of the function, and the set of all
resulting function values of y is called the range of the function.
Remark
A function can be thought of as a correspondence from a set X of real
numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the number y is unique for
a specific value of x.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

Definition
A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number. The set of all admissible
values of x is called the domain of the function, and the set of all
resulting function values of y is called the range of the function.
Remark
A function can be thought of as a correspondence from a set X of real
numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the number y is unique for
a specific value of x.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

Graph of a Function
If f is a function, then the graph of f is the set of all points (x, y) in the
plane R2 for which (x, y) is an ordered pair in f .
Vertical Line Test
A vertical line intersects the graph of a function in at most one point.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) = x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =

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x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =

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x2 9

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of x2 + y 2 = 25

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

x 1 if x < 3
5
if x = 3
y=

2x + 1 x > 3
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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function f (x) = |x2 1|

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function f (x) = [|x|]

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Operations on Functions

Definition
Let f and g be two functions. Then
(i) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
(ii) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
f (x)
, provided g(x) 6= 0.
(iii) (f /g)(x) =
g(x)
In each case, the domain of the resulting function consists of those values
of x common to the domains of f and g, with the additional requirement
in case (iii) that the values of x for which g(x) = 0 are excluded.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Operations on Functions

Function Composition
Let f and g be two functions. Then the composite function f g is
defined as
(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
and the domain of f g is the set of all numbers x in the domain of g
such that g(x) is in the domain of f .
Odd or Even Function
Let f (x) be a function. Then
f (x) is even iff. f (x) = f (x) x dom f .
f (x) is odd iff. f (x) = f (x) x dom f .
In both parts, it is understood that x is in the domain of f whenever x is.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Operations on Functions

Quiz

Define f (x) = x2 ||x|| piecewise and sketch the graph of f .

If f (x) = x2 , find two functions g for which

(f g)(x) = 4x2 12x + 9.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Functions as Mathematical Models

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Definitions
A variable y is said to be directly proportional to a variable x if y = kx
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be directly proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = kxn .
A variable y is said to be inversely proportional to a variable x if y = xk
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be inversely proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = xkn .
A variable z is said to be jointly proportional to the variables x and y if
y = kxy where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of
proportionality. More generally, a variable z is said to be jointly
proportional to the nth power of x and mth power of y (n, m > 0) if
y = kxn y m .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Definitions
A variable y is said to be directly proportional to a variable x if y = kx
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be directly proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = kxn .
A variable y is said to be inversely proportional to a variable x if y = xk
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be inversely proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = xkn .
A variable z is said to be jointly proportional to the variables x and y if
y = kxy where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of
proportionality. More generally, a variable z is said to be jointly
proportional to the nth power of x and mth power of y (n, m > 0) if
y = kxn y m .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Definitions
A variable y is said to be directly proportional to a variable x if y = kx
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be directly proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = kxn .
A variable y is said to be inversely proportional to a variable x if y = xk
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be inversely proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = xkn .
A variable z is said to be jointly proportional to the variables x and y if
y = kxy where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of
proportionality. More generally, a variable z is said to be jointly
proportional to the nth power of x and mth power of y (n, m > 0) if
y = kxn y m .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

The period (the time for one complete oscillation) of a pendulum is

directly proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum, and
a pendulum of length 8 ft has a period of 2 sec. (A) Find a mathematical
model expressing the period of a pendulum as a function of its length. (B)
Find the period of a pendulum of length 2 ft.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

The cost of a telephone call from Mendocino to San Francisco during

business hours in 40 cents for the first minute and 30 cents for each
additional minute or fractional part thereof. (A) Find a mathematical
model expressing the cost of a telephone call, lasting not more than 5
minutes, as a function of the duration of the call. (B) Sketch the graph of
your function in A. (C) Determine the cost of a conversation lasting 0.5
min, 2 min, 2.5 min and 5 min.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

The consumer demand for a particular toy in a certain marketplace is a

function f of p, the number of dollars in its price, which in turn is a
function g of t, the number of months since the toy reached the
marketplace. If
f (p) =

5000
p2

and

g(t) =

1 2
7
t + t+5
20
20

do the following: (A) Find a mathematical model expressing the consumer

demand as a function of the number of months since the toy reached the
marketplace. (B) Find the consumer demand 5 months after the toy
reached the marketplace.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

Suppose a spherical snowball with a radius of 2 ft started to melt so that

its radius is changing at a constant rate of 4.5 inches per minute. If f (t)
feet is the radius of the snowball after t minutes, do the following: (A)
Compute (V f )(t) where V (r) is the volume of the snowball with radius
r and interpret your result. (B) Find the volume of the snowball after 3
minutes.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

A rectangular garden is to be fenced off with 100 ft of fencing material.

(A) Find a mathematical model expressing the area of the garden as a
function of its length. (B) What is the domain of your function in A? (C)
What are the dimensions of the largest rectangular garden that can be
fenced off with the 100 ft of material?

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Example

Fort Bragg in Northern California is a small town of population 5000.

Suppose the rate of growth of an epidemic (the rate of change of the
number of infected persons) in Fort Bragg is jointly proportional to the
number of people infected and the number of people not infected. When
100 people are infected, the epidemic is growing at the rate of 9 people
per day. (A) Find a mathematical model expressing the rate of growth of
the epidemic as a function of the number of people infected. (B) How fast
is the epidemic growing when 200 people are infected? (C) Determine
how many people are infected when the rate of growth of the epidemic is a
maximum.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions

Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions

Consider the function

y = f (x) = x2 x + 2.
Let us observe what will happen to the function value f (x) as we let the
values of x approach 2.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

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Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

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Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Definition of the Limit of a Function

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of f (x) as
x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L

xa

if the following statement is true: Given any  > 0, however small, there
exists a > 0 such that
if

0 < |x a|<

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then

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|f (x) L|< 

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

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Definition of the Limit of a Function

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

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Definition of the Limit of a Function

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Example
Use the definition of a limit to prove that
lim (4x 5) = 3

x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

f (x) = 4x 5

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Example

Let f be the the function defined by f (x) = x2 5. Given  = 0.15,

determine a > 0 such that
if

0 < |x 1|< ,

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then |f (x) (4)|< 

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Example

A fence is to be built around a square flower garden. How close to 10 ft.

be the length of each side of the garden be in order for the total length of
fencing material to be between 39.96 ft. and 40.04 ft.?

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Example

A circular sign is to be constructed so that its circumference is within 0.1

ft of 6. How close to 3 ft. must the radius of the sign be?

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Limit Theorems

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 1: Limit of a Linear Function

If m and b are any constants, then
lim (mx + b) = ma + b

xa

Example
lim (3x + 5) = 3 2 + 5 = 11

x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 2: Limit of a Constant
If c is a constant, then for any real number a, we have
lim c = c.

xa

LT 3: Limit of the Identity Function

lim x = a.

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 4: Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions

If
lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M
xa

xa

then
lim [f (x) g(x)] = L M.

xa

LT 5: Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln
xa

xa

xa

then
lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 6: Limit of the Product of Two Functions

If lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M ,then lim [f (x) g(x)] = L M
xa

xa

xa

LT 7: Limit of the product of n Functions

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln
xa

xa

xa

then
lim [f1 (x)f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 8: Limit of the nth Power of a Function

If
lim f (x) = L
xa

and n is any positive integer, then

lim [f (x)]n = Ln

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 9: Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions

If lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M 6= 0, then lim
xa

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xa

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xa

L
f (x)
=
g(x)
M

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

LT 10: Limit of the nth Root of a Function

If n is a positive integer and
lim f (x) = L,

xa

then
lim

xa

n
n
f (x) = L

with the restriction that if n is even, L > 0.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim

xa

1
1
=
x
a

Theorem
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, ot if a 0 and n is an odd positive
integer, then

lim n x = n a
xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Theorem
lim f (x) = L lim [f (x) L] = 0

xa

xa

Theorem
lim f (x) = L lim f (t + a) = L

xa

t0

Theorem
If
lim f (x) = L1 and lim f (x) = L2

xa

xa

then
L1 = L2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definitions

Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval (a, c).
Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the right, is L, written
lim f (x) = L

xa+

if for any  > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that
0 < x a < = |f (x) L|< 

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Definitions

Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval (a, c).
Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the left, is L, written
lim f (x) = L

xa

if for any  > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that
0 < a x < = |f (x) L|< 

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Theorems

Theorem
lim f (x) exists and is equal to L if and only if lim f (x) and lim f (x)

xa

xa

xa+

both exist and both are equal to L.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Infinite Limits

Definition
Let f be a function defined at a every number in some open interval I
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. As x approaches a,
f (x) increases without bound, which is written
lim f (x) = +

xa

(or

lim f (x) = )

xa

if for any number N > 0 there exists a > 0 such that

if

0 < |x a|<

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then

f (x) > N

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(or

f (x) < N )

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Limit Theorem 11
If r is a positive integer, then
lim

x0+

1
lim r =

x0 x

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1
= +
xr
if r is odd
+ if r is even

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Limit Theorem 12
If a is any real number and if lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = c where c is
xa
xa
any constant not equal to 0, then
(i) if c > 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive values of f (x), then
g(x)
= +
xa f (x)
lim

(ii) if c > 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative values of f (x), then

g(x)
=
xa f (x)
lim

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

continuation...

(iii) if c < 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive values of f (x), then

g(x)
=
xa f (x)
lim

(iv) if c < 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative values of f (x), then

lim

xa

g(x)
= +
f (x)

The theorem is also valid if x a is replaced by x a .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Theorem
(i) If lim f (x) = + and lim g(x) = c where c is any constant, then
xa

xa

lim [f (x) + g(x)] = +

xa

(ii) If lim f (x) = and lim g(x) = c where c is any constant, then
xa

xa

lim [f (x) + g(x)] =

xa

The theorem holds if x a is replaced by x a .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f (x) = + and lim g(x) = c where c is a constant except 0, then
xa

xa

(i) if c > 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) = +

xa

(ii) if c < 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) =

xa

The theorem holds if x a is replaced by x a .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Theorem
If lim f (x) = and lim g(x) = c where c is a constant except 0, then
xa

xa

(i) if c > 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) =

xa

(ii) if c < 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) = +

xa

The theorem holds if x a is replaced by x a .

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Vertical Asymptotes
The line x=a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of the function f if at
least one of the following statements is true:
(i) lim f (x) = +
xa

(ii) lim f (x) =

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Example

If C(t) dollars is the total cost per hour of lighting a factory with n
fluorescent bulbs, each having an average life of t hours,


r
epk
C(t) = n
+
t
1000
where r dollars is the renewal cost, e is the commercial efficiency constant,
p watts is the power output of each bulb, and k dollars is the cost per
hour of energy per 1000 watts. Find lim C(t).
t0+

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

Example 1
According to Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity, no particle with
positive mass can travel faster than the speed of light. The theory
specifies that if m(v) is the measure of the mass of a particle moving with
a velocity of measure v, then
m0
m(v) = r
 v 2
1
c
where m0 is the constant measure of the particles rest mass relative to
some reference frame, and c is the constant measure of the speed of light.
Find lim m(v) and explain why m0 is called the rest mass and and
v0

explain why none of the following limits exists: lim m(v), lim m(v),
vc

vc+

lim m(v). In your explanation, indicate the behavior of m(v) as v

vc
approaches c through values less than c.
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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Limit Theorems

To escape Earths gravitational field, a rocket must be launched with an

initial velocity called the escape velocity. A rocket launched from the
surface of Earth has velocity (in miles per second) given by
r
r
2GM
2GM
192, 000
2
+ v0

+ v02 48
v=
r
R
r
where v0 is the initial velocity, r is the distance from the rocket to the
center of Earth, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of Earth,
and R is the radius of Earth (approximately 4000 miles).
Find the value of v0 for which you obtain an infinite limit for r as v
approaches zero. This value of v0 is the escape velocity for Earth.
A rocket launched from the surface of the moon has velocity (in miles
per second) given by
r
1920
v=
+ v02 2.17.
r
Find the escape velocity for the moon.
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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Definition
The function f is said to be continuous at the number a if and only if the
following conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
(2) lim f (x) exists
xa

(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Theorem
If f and g are two functions continuous at a, then the following are also
continuous at a
(1) (f g)(x)
(2) (f g)(x)
(3) (f /g)(x), g(a) 6= 0.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Theorem
A polynomial function is continuous at every number.
Theorem
A rational function is continuous at every number in its domain.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Theorem
A polynomial function is continuous at every number.
Theorem
A rational function is continuous at every number in its domain.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Theorem

If n is a positive integer and f (x) = n x, then

(1) if n is odd, f is continuous at every number
(2) if n is even, f is continuous at every positive number.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Definition: Continuity

The function f is continuous at the number a if f is defined on some open

interval containing a and if for any  > 0 there exists a > 0 such that
if

|x a|<

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then

|f (x) f (a)|< 

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Function at a Number

Example

Find the values of the constants c and k that make the function
continuous at every number and sketch the graph of the resulting function.

x < 2
x + 2c,
f (x) = 3cx + k,
2 x 2

3x 2k,
x>1

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Theorem
If lim g(x) = b and if the function f is continuous at b, then
xa

lim (f g)(x) = f (b); or equivalently, lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x)).

xa

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xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Theorem
If the function g is continuous at a and the function f is continuous at
g(a), then the composite function f g is continuous at a.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
The function is said to be continuous on an open interval if and only if
it is continuous at every number in the open interval.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
The function f is said to be continuous from the right at the number a
if and only if the following three conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
(2) lim f (x) exists
xa+

(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa+

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
The function f is said to be continuous from the left at the number a if
and only if the following conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
(2) lim f (x) exists
xa

(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
A function whose domain includes the closed interval [a, b] is said to be
continuous on [a, b] if and only if it is continuous on the open interval
(a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a and continuous from the
left at b.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the right
[a, b) is said to be continuous on [a, b) if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a.
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the left
(a, b] is said to be continuous on (a, b] if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the left at b.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Definition
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the right
[a, b) is said to be continuous on [a, b) if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a.
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the left
(a, b] is said to be continuous on (a, b] if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the left at b.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Example

Determine the largest interval (or union of intervals) on which the

following is continuous:

16 x2
f (x) =
x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Intermediate-Value Theorem
If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if
f (a) 6= f (b), then for any number k between f (a) and f (b) there exists a
number c between a and b such that f (c) = k.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the function

p
f (x) = 100 x2
on the interval [0, 8] with k = 8.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Intermediate-Zero Theorem
If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if f (a) and
f (b) have opposite signs, then there exists a number c between a and b
such that f (c) = 0, that is, c is a zero of f.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval

Example

Apply the Intermediate Zero Theorem to show that the function

f (x) = x3 6x + 3
has three zeros in the interval [5, 5].

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

Continuity of the Trigonometric Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

The Squeeze Theorem

Suppose that the function f, g and h are defined on some open interval I
containing a except possibly at a itself, and that f (x) g(x) h(x) for
all x I for which x 6= a. Also, suppose that lim f (x) and lim h(x) both
xa

xa

exists and are equal to L. Then lim g(x) exists and is equal to L.
xa

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

Examples

Use the Squeeze Theorem to find the limit of the following:

 
1
1
lim x cos
x0
x
1
2
lim x2 sin
3
x0
x
3
lim g(x), if |g(x) 3|< 5(x + 2)2 for all x.
x2

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

Theorem
lim

x0

sin x
=1
x

lim

x0

1 cos x
=0
x

Theorem
The sine function is continuous at 0. The cosine function is continuous at
0. The sine and cosine function is continuous at every real number. The
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are continuous on their
domains.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem

Theorem
lim

x0

sin x
=1
x

lim

x0

1 cos x
=0
x

Theorem
The sine function is continuous at 0. The cosine function is continuous at
0. The sine and cosine function is continuous at every real number. The
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are continuous on their
domains.

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

End

Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, and Continuity

Reymart Salcedo Lagunero
Master of Science in Mathematics
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
College of Science, University of the Philippines
Gov. Pack Road, Baguio City 2600 Philippines
rslagunero@up.edu.ph

04 August 2016

Thank you for listening!

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