Electrostatic fields

Sandra Cruz-Pol, Ph. D.

INEL 4151
ECE UPRM
Mayagüez, PR
 Some applications
 Power transmission, X rays, lightning protection
 Solid-state Electronics: resistors, capacitors,
FET
 Computer peripherals: touch pads, LCD, CRT
 Medicine: electrocardiograms,
electroencephalograms, monitoring eye activity
 Agriculture: seed sorting, moisture content
monitoring, spinning cotton, …
 Art: spray painting
 …
 We will study Electric charges:

 Coulomb's Law
 Gauss’s Law
 Coulomb’s Law (1785)
 Force one charge exerts on another

kQ1Q2
F 2
R Point
charges
+ R
+
where k= 9 x 109
or k = 1/4peo *Superposition
applies
 Force with direction

Q1Q2
F12  aˆ
4peo R 2 12
 Example
Example: Point charges 5nC and -2nC are located at
r1=(2,0,4) and r2=(-3,0,5), respectively.
a) Find the force on a 1nC point charge, Qx, located at
(1,-3,7)

Apply superposition:
1  Q1Qx rx  r1  QxQ2 rx  r2 
F   
4peo  rx  r1 3
rx  r2
3

  5,15,15 8,6,4 
F  9     1.004,1.285,1.3998
 82.81 156.2 
 Electric field intensity
 Is the force per unit charge
when placed in the E field F
E
Q
Example: Point charges 5nC and -
Q
2nC are located at (2,0,4) and (-
E aˆ R
3,0,5), respectively.
4peo R 2

b) Find the E field at rx=(1,-3,7).

1  Q1 rx  r1  Q2 rx  r2 
E   
4peo  rx  r1 3
rx  r2 
3
 If we have many charges
Line charge density, C/m
L
Surface charge density C/m2
S
Volume charge density C/m3
v

Q    L dl Q    S dS Q    v dv
L S v
The total E-field intensity is

 L dl
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R

 S dS
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R

 v dv
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
 Find E from LINE charge
B

 Line charge w/uniform Q    L dl dl  dz'

A
charge density, L
z
(x,y,z)  L dz '
T dE E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
a
B
z '  OT   tan a
R

(0,0,z’) R   sec a
dl 
R  R cos a â   R sin a â z

A R
â R   cos a â   sin a â z
R
x
0
 LINE charge z '  OT   tan a
 Substituting in:  L dz ' dz '  [0   sec 2 a ]da
E aˆ
4peo R 2 R
R   sec a
z â R  cos a â   sin a â z
(x,y,z)
T dE
aL [  2 sec 2 a ]da
E [cos a â   sin a â z ]
B
4peo  sec a
2 2
R
finite Line Charge :
(0,0,z’)
dl
L
E [(sin a 2  sin a1 ) â   (cos a 2  cos a1 ) â z ]
4peo 
A
infinite Line Charge (a1,2  90o )
x
0 L
E â 
2peo 
 More Charge distributions
 Point charge
 Line charge
 Surface charge
 Volume charge
 Find E from Surface charge
 S dS
dE  aˆ
 Sheet of charge dQ   S dS 4peo R 2 R

w/uniform density S
z dS  dd
R   (â  )  hâ z
y

R
â R 
R

 S  d d   â ρ  hâ z 
dE 

4peo   h2 2
 3
2
 SURFACE charge
 Due to SYMMETRY S 2p  h d
the  component cancels
Ez 
4peo  0
d 
 0
 2
h 2
 3
2

out.


S
 h 
Ez  2p  
4peo
   h 
2 2
0

infinite Surface Charge :

S
E â n
2e o
 More Charge distributions
 Point charge
 Line charge
 Surface charge
 Volume charge
 Find E from Volume charge
 v dv
 sphere of charge dQ  v dv dE  aˆ
4peo R 2 R
w/uniform density, v
dv  r ' sin  ' d ' d ' dr '
2
dE P(0,0,z)
Law of cosines :
a
(Eq. *) R 2  z 2  r '2 2 zr ' cos  '
(r’,’,’
r '2  z 2  R 2  2 zR cos a
’
v Differentiating (Eq. *) RdR
sin  ' d ' 
’ zr '
Due to symmetry only
x
dEz  dE cos a
survives.
 Find E from Volume charge
 v dv
 Substituting… dE z  cos a aˆ z
4peo R 2

P(0,0,z)
dv  r '2 sin  ' d ' d ' dr '
dE

RdR
(r’,’,’ sin  ' d ' 
zr '
’
v 2p z r '
’  v  
a 2 2 2
RdR z R r ' 1
Ez   d '  
2
r' dr '
4peo  0 r '0 R  z r '
zr ' 2 zR R 2

x
a3 Q
E  v aˆ  aˆ
De donde salen los
limites de R? 3e o r 2 z
4peo r 2 r
 P.E. 4.5
 A square plate at plane z=0 and x  2, y  2
carries a charge 12 y mC/m2 . Find the total
charge on the plate and the electric field intensity at
(0,0,10).
2 2 2 2 2 2
y
Q   dx  12 y dy   dx  12(2) ydy  4 12(2) 192 mC
x  2 y  2 x  2 y  0 2 0
 
s  s dS r  r '
E dS aˆ r   
4peo r 2 4peo r  r ' 3
 
r  r '  (0,0,10)  ( x' , y ' ,0)  ( x' , y ' ,10)
 z

Cont…sheet
charge
of

y=2

 x=2
( x, y,10)
2 2
12 y dxdy
E  
 2 y  2
4peo x 2
 y  100
2
 3/ 2

 2 2
 xdxdy ˆ
a
2 2
 y y dxdy ˆ
a 2 2
10 y dxdyaˆ z
 108 10   y    y 
6 x y

2 x 2 x 
2
 y 2
 100
3/ 2
  2 x  2 x 2
y 2
 100
3/ 2
2 x  2 x 2
 y2
 100 
3/ 2

Due to symmetry only Ez survives:

  2 2
10 ydxdyaˆ z 
E  108 10  2  
6
3/ 2 

 2 0 x  y  100 
2 2

 16.5aˆ z MV / m
 Electric Flux Density
D is independent of the medium in which the
charge is placed.

   v dv
D  eoE   ˆ
a [C / m 2
]
4pR 2 R

Then the electric flux is :

 
   D  dS [C ]
 Gauss’s Law
 
   D  dS  Qenc
S
 
Qenc    v dv   D  dS
S
  
 D  dS     D dv
S v


v    D
 Gauss’s Law
 The total electric flux ,
through any closed
   v dv
D  eoE   aˆ
surface is equal to the 4pR 2 R
 
total charge enclosed by   Qenc   D  dS    v dv
that surface. S v
Some examples: Finding D at point
P from the charges:
D  Point Charge is at the origin.
 
P Q   D  dS
r S

charge  Choose a spherical dS

 Note where D is perpendicular
to this surface.
Q  Dr  dS  Dr 4pr 2
S

Q
D aˆ
4pr 2 r
 Some examples: Finding D at point P
from the charges:
 Infinite Line Charge
 
l dl  Q   D  dS
S
Line D
charge
  Choose a cylindrical dS
P
 Note that integral =0 at top and
bottom surfaces of cylinder

Q  D  dS  D 2pl
 L
D aˆ 
S

2p
 Some examples: Find D at point P
from the charges:
 Infinite Sheet of charge
D  
 s  dS  Q   D  dS
sheet of S
charge
 Choose a cylindrical box
cutting the sheet
Area A  
D
 S A  Q  Ds   dS   dS 
top bottom 

 S Note that D is parallel to the
D aˆ z sides of the box.
2  S A  Ds A  A
P.E. A point charge of 30nC is located at the origin, while
plane y=3 carries charge 10nC/m2.
4.7 Find D at (0, 4, 3)

   Q s
D  DQ  D  ˆ
a  ˆ
a
4pr 2 r n
2
 30 10 9
D (0,4,3)  (0,0,0)  aˆ y
10n
4p  4 3
2 2
3
 2

 30 10 9
D (0,4,3)  5naˆ y
4p 5
3

 5.08a y  0.057a z nC/m

ˆ ˆ 2
 
P.E. 4.8
If D  2 y 2  z aˆ x  4 xyaˆ y  xaˆ z C/m2 . Find :
 volume charge density at (-1,0,3)

v (1,0,3)    D  4 x  4C/m3

 Flux thru the cube defined by 0  x  1, 0  y  1,0  z  1

1 1 1
  Qenc   v dv     4 x dx dy dz
v 0 0 0
 Total charge enclosed by the cube

Q    2C
 Review
Point charge or Q
volume D aˆ
Charge distribution 4pr 2 r

Line charge  L
distribution D aˆ 
2p

Sheet charge
distribution  S
D aˆ n
2
 We will study Electric charges:

 Coulomb's Law (general cases)

 Gauss’s Law (symmetrical cases)

 Electric Potential (uses scalar, not vectors)

 Electric Potential, V
 The work done to move a charge Q from A to B is

dW   F  dl

â y  QE  dl
 The (-) means the work is done by an external force.
 The total work= potential energy required in moving Q:
B  
W  Q  E  dl
A
 The energy per unit charge= potential difference between the 2 points:
B   J
   E  dl    V 
W
VAB 
Q A C

V is independent of the path taken.

The Potential at any point is the potential difference
between that point and a chosen reference point at
which the potential is zero. (choosing infinity):
r   r r

V (r )   E  dl  
Q
aˆ  dr 'aˆr 
Q 1

Q
V
 
4peo r ' 2 r
4peo r '  4peo r
For many Point charges at rk:
1 n Qk
(apply superposition) V (r )   V
4peo k 1 rˆ  rˆk

1  L rˆ'dl '
For Line Charges: V (rˆ) 
4peo  L
rˆ  rˆ'
For Surface charges:
1  s rˆ'dS '
V (rˆ) 
4peo 
S
rˆ  rˆ'
For Volume charges: 1 v rˆ'dv'
V (rˆ) 
4peo 
v
rˆ  rˆ'
 A point charge of -4mC is located at (2,-1,3)
P.E. 4.10 A point charge of 5mC is located at (0,4,-2)
A point charge of 3mC is located at the origin

Assume V(∞)=0 and Find the potential at (-1, 5, 2)

3
Qk
V (r )   C
k 1 4peo r  rk

r  r1  (1,5,2)  (2,1,3)  46
r  r2  (1,5,2)  (0,4,2)  18
r  r3  (1,5,2)  (0,0,0)  30
10 6   4 5 3 
V (1,5,2)  9 
   =10.23 kV
1 / 9 10  46 18 30 
 Example
A line charge of 5nC/m is located on line x=10, y=20
Assume V(0,0,0)=0 and Find the potential at A(3, 0, 5)

 L
V (rˆ)    E  dl    aˆ   d aˆ 
2peo 
L
V (rˆ)   ln   C
2peo
L
Vorigin  VA   ln o  ln  A 
2peo
0  VA  4.8 VA=+4.8V
0=|(0,0,0)-(10,20,0)|=22.36 and A=|(3,0,5)-(10,20,0)|= 21.2
 A point charge of 5nC is located at the origin
P.E. 4.11 V(0,6,-8)=2V and Find the potential at A(-3, 2, 6)
Find the potential at B(1,5,7), the potential difference VAB

r  (0,0,0)  (0,6,8)  10
Q
V C 5n C  2.5
4peo r 2
4peo 10
C

5n
VA   C  3.93V
4peo (3,2,6)  (0,0,0)
5n
VB   2.5  2.696V
4peo (1,5,7)  (0,0,0)

VAB  VB  VA  1.233V
 Relation between E and V
V is independent of the path taken.
B
VAB  VBA

VAB  VBA   E dl  0

Esto aplica sólo a campos estáticos.

Significa que no hay trabajo NETO en mover una carga
en un paso cerrado donde haya un campo estático E.

 
 
 E dl     E dS  0
S
A
 Static E satisfies:

 E  0 B
Condition for Conservative field = independent
of path of integration

dV   E  dl
  Ex dx  E y dy  Ez dz

V V V
dV  dx  dy  dz
x y z

A
E  V
 Given that E=(3x2+y)ax +x ay kV/m, find the
P.E. 4.12 work done in moving a -2mC charge from
(0,5,0) to (2,-1,0) by taking the straight-line
path.
a) (0,5,0)→(2,5,0) →(2,-1,0)  W
Q

  E  dl   3x  y dx  xdy
2
 
1
W
 
2
  3x 2  y dx  xdy
Q 0 5
W  (Q)(18  12) W  6(2m )12mJ
b) y = 5-3x
dy  3dx
W
Q
 2

  E  dl   3x  5  3x dx  x(3dx)  
W W
  3x  6 x  5dx 
2
2  8  12  10  6 W  12mJ
Q 0 Q
 Given the potential V  10 sin  cos 
Example 2
r
 p 
 2, ,0 
Find D at  2 .
 
D  e o E  e o  V 
In spherical coordinates:
  V 1 V 1 V 
E   ar 
ˆ a 
ˆ aˆ 
 r r  r sin   
  20 10 10 V 
E    3 sin  cos  aˆ r  3 cos  cos aˆ  3 sin  aˆ 
r r r  
   20 
D  eo E  e o  aˆ r  0aˆ  0aˆ 
( 2 ,p / 2 , 0 )
 8 

D  22.1ar C / m
ˆ 2
 Electric Dipole
 Is formed when 2 point charges of equal but opposite
sign are separated by a small distance.

Q 1 1  Q  r2  r1 
z
P
V     
4peo  r1 r2  4peo  r1r2 
r1
Q+ For far away observation points (r>>d):
r
r2 Q d cos 
V
d
y 4peo r 2

Q-
 Energy Density in Electrostatic
fields
 It can be shown that the
total electric work done
is:

1   eo
WE   D  Edv   E 2 dv
2v 2 v