Steady - State Single Phase AC Circuit

Analysis

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Sinusoids
• A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
• A general expression for the sinusoid,

v(t )  Vm sin(t   )

where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
ω = the angular frequency in radians/s
Ф = the phase
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CONT…
• A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for all t
and for all integers n.

2
T

1   2f
f  Hz
T

• Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be

compared by their amplitude and phase difference.
• If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if phase difference is 3
not zero, they are out of phase.
CONT….
Example 1

Given a sinusoid, 5 sin( 4t  60 o ) , calculate its amplitude, phase,

angular frequency, period, and frequency.
Solution:

Amplitude = 5, phase = –60o, angular frequency = 4p rad/s, Period =

0.5 s, frequency = 2 Hz.

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Complex Numbers

• A complex number uses j=

to represent a number
z = x + jy which has two parts: Real and
Imaginary, OR magnitude and phase
• 1/j=-j
• It can be represented in one of the following
three forms:

a.Rectangul z  x  jy  r (cos   j sin  )

ar z  r 
b.Polar z  re j r  x2  y2
c.Exponenti where
y
al   tan
1

x 5
Examples

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CONT…

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Mathematic operation of complex number:

1. Addition z1  z 2  ( x1  x 2 )  j ( y1  y 2 )

z1  z 2  ( x1  x2 )  j ( y1  y 2 )
2. Subtraction
z1 z 2  r1r2  1  2
3. Multiplication
z1 r1
 1   2
4. Division z 2 r2
1 1
5. Reciprocal   
z r

6. Square root z  r  2

7. Complex conjugate z   x  jy  r     re  j

8. Euler’s identity e  j  cos   j sin  8

Phasor
• A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and initial
phase (at t=0) of a sinusoid.
Acos(t +  ) Ae j A
• It allows us to perform math on sinusoids of the same frequency by
using a complex number representation – much easier than trig
identities!!

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CONT…
• Transform a sinusoid to and from the time domain to the phasor domain:

(time domain)
v (t )  Vm cos(t   )
(phasor domain)
V  Vm 

• Amplitude and phase difference are two principal concerns in the

study of voltage and current sinusoids.
• If a voltage or current expression is in the form of a sine, it will be
changed to a cosine by subtracting from the phase.
• Note,  is the phase angle of the sinusoid at t=0

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CONT…

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CONT…
Example 1
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t – 40o) A
v = –4sin(30t + 50o) V

Solution:
a. I  6  40 A
b. Since –sin(A) = cos(A+90o);
v(t) = 4cos (30t+50o+90o) = 4cos(30t+140o) V
Transform to phasor => V 4140 V 12
CONT…
Example 2:
Transform to sinusoids the phasors:
a. V   1030 V
b. I  j(5  j12) A

Solution:
a) v(t) = 10cos(t + 210o) V
1 5
b) Since I  12  j5  12 2
 5 2
 tan ( )  13 22.62
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i(t) = 13cos(t + 22.62o) A
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Trigonometric identities

•sin(A ± B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB

•cos(A ± B) = cosAcosB ∓ sinAsinB
•sin(ωt ± 180◦) = −sin ωt
•cos(ωt ± 180◦) = −cos ωt
•sin(ωt ± 90◦) = ±cos ωt
•cos(ωt ± 90◦) = ∓sin ωt

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 Voltages and currents with phase shifts
• If a sine wave does not pass through zero at t=0 it has a phase shift.
• Waveforms may be shifted to the left or to the right.
• Mathematical equation for a waveform shifted to left

• Mathematical equation for waveform shifted to right

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CONT…
• Sometimes voltages and currents are expressed in terms of COSωt
rather than Sinωt
• a cosine wave is a sine wave shifted by +90, or alternatively, a sine
wave is a cosine wave shifted by -90.

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Phase difference
• Phase difference refers to the angular displacement between different
waveforms of the same frequency.
• If the angular displacement between two wave forms is 0 degree the
waveforms are said to be in phase; otherwise, they are out of phase.
• When describing a phase difference, select one waveform as reference.
• Other waveforms then lead, lag, or are in phase with this reference.

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 CONT…
Example 1

•Find the phase angle between i1  4 sin(377t  25

and
o
)
i  5 cos(377,t does
2  40 o )i1 lead or lag i2?

Solution:

Since sin(ωt+90o) = cos ωt

i2  5 sin(377t  40o  90o )  5 sin(377t  50o )
i1  4 sin(377t  25o )  4 sin(377t  180o  25o )  4 sin(377t  205o )
therefore, i1 leads i2 155o. 18
CONT…
The differences between v(t) and V:
• v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain representation
V is the frequency or phasor-domain representation.
• v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
• v(t) is always real with no complex term, V is generally complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies only when frequency is constant; when it is

applied to two or more sinusoid signals only if they have the same
frequency.

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 V-I Relationship of a Resistor

• In a pure resistive circuit current is in phase with voltage

• The relation illustrated in the above figure may be stated mathematical as:

• In Frequency Domain
– I = Im < 
– V = R*I = R*Im < 

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V-I Relationship of an inductor

• For an inductor, volage VL is prortional to the rate of chage of current.

• Because of this, voltgae and current are not in phase as they are for a
resistive circuit

• The phasor representation of the voltage in the above eqns

V= jωLI
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CONT…
• Eg1: The voltage v = 12 cos(60t + 45◦) is applied to a 0.1-H
inductor. Find the steady-state current through the inductor.

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Inductive reactance(XL)

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 CONT…
• Reactance XL represents the opposition that inductance presents to
current for the sunusoidal as case.
• We know that current lags voltage by 90 degree and that their
amplitudes are related by:

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CONT…
• Example 1. A 0.5H inductor is conneceted across AC source. If the
voltage across the inductor is v=100sin20t determine the inductive
reactance and write the expression for the current.

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VI Relationship of a Capacitor

• For capacitance, current is proportional to the rate for change of voltage, i.e.

• The phasor representation of the voltage in the above eqns

I=jωcV OR V= I/jωc

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CONT…
• Example 1

• If voltage v(t) = 6cos(100t – 30o) is applied to a 50 μF

capacitor, calculate the current, i(t), through the
capacitor.
Answer: i(t) = 30 cos(100t + 60o) mA

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Capactive ractance(XC)
• Now consider the relationship between maximum capacitor voltage and current magnitudes.

• Rearranging, we get

• The ratio of Vm to Im is defined as capacitive reactance and is given the symbol Xc. that is,

• Thus,

• Reactance XC represents the opposition that capacitance presents to current for the sinusoidal
ac case.

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CONT…
• We now have everything that we need to solve simple capacitive
circuits with sinusoidal excitation. i.e., we know that current leads
voltage by 90 degree and that

• Example 1.A 1µFcapacitor is conneceted across AC source. If the

voltage across the capacitor is v= 30sin400t determine the capacitive
reactance and write the expression for the current.

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AC series circuit
• When working with ac circuits we no longer work with only resistance
but also with capacitive and inductive reactance.
Impedance
• Impedance is a term used to collectively determine how the resistance,
capacitance, and inductance impede the current in ac circuit.
• The symbol for impedance is the letter Z and the unit is the ohm (Ω).

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CONT…
• Because impedance may be made up of any combination of resistance
and reactance, it is written as a vector quantity Z,
• The polar form impedance is written as:

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 CONT…

• Resistive impedance ZR is a vector having a magnitude of R along the

positive real axis, Inductive impedance ZL is a vector having a magnitude of
XL along the positive imaginary axis, while the capacitive impedance Zc is a
vector having a magnitude of Xc along the negative imaginary axis.
• Mathematically, each of the vector impedance is written as follows

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 R-L circuit
• RL circuit is the combination of resistive and inductive load.

• In RL circuit the total impedance Z is

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 CONT…

• Example 1. A 4Ω resistor and a 9.55mH inductor are connected in series

with 240V, 50 Hz AC source. Calculate (a) inductive reactance (b) the
impedance, (c) the total current, and (d) draw impedance and phasor
diagram.
R-C circuit

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CONT…
• Example 1. A resistor of 25Ω is connected in series with a capacitor of
45µF. calculate (a) the impedance, (b) the current taken from a
240V,50Hz supply. Find also the phase angle between the supply
voltage and the current

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Series RLC circuit

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 CONT…

• Example 1. A 5Ω resistor, 120mH inductor and 100µF capacitor are

connected in series to a 300V, 50Hz AC supply. Calculate (a) the current
flowing, (b) the phase difference between the supply voltage and current,(c)
the voltage across the circuit elements, and (d) draw the phasor and
impedance diagram.
•

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CONT…

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