Lec01 1

EEE202 – Electric Circuits II
Instructor:
Prof. Dr. İsmail AVCIBAŞ
ismail.avcibas@ostimteknik.edu.tr
Course Outline
Basic Concepts.
Units, Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, Conservation of Energy, Circuit Elements,
Networks vs. Circuits, Ohm’s Law, .
Voltage and Current Laws.
Circuit Terminology, Kirchhoff’s Current Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, The Single-
Loop Circuit, Conservation of Energy, The Single-Node-Pair Circuit, Series Circuits,
Parallel Circuits, Voltage Division, Current Division.
Nodal and Mesh Analysis.
Nodal (or “Node-Voltage”) Analysis, Nodal Analysis with Supernodes, Mesh
(Current) Analysis, Mesh Analysis with Supermeshes, Equivalent Practical Sources.
Linearity & Superposition.
Linearity, Superposition, Superposition: Voltage Sources, Superposition: Current
Sources, Practical Voltage Sources, Practical Current Sources.
Thevenin & Norton Equivalents.
Thevenin Equivalent, Power from a Practical Source, Maximum Power Transfer .
The Operational Amplifier.
The Operational Amplifier, Inverting Amplifier, Noninverting Amplifier, Voltage
Follower, Summing Amplifier, Difference Amplifier, Op-Amp Cascades, Op-Amp
Parameters, Common Mode Rejection, Saturation, An instrumentation amplifier.
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Course Outline
Capacitors and Inductors.
Capacitance, Capacitor Current & Voltage, Capacitor Characteristics, Inductance,
Inductor Current & Voltage, Inductor Characteristics, Inductor Energy Storage, DC
Capacitor Circuits, DC Inductor Circuits.
Basic RL and RC Circuits.
The Source-Free RL Circuit, The Source-Free RC Circuit, Unit-Step Definition, Driven RL
Circuit, Driven RC Circuit.
RLC Circuits.
Parallel RLC Circuit, Series RLC Circuit, RLC Solution: Over-damped, RLC Solution:
Critically Damped, RLC Solution: Under-damped, The Complete Response Of The RLC
Circuit.
AC Analysis.
Complex numbers, phasors, impedance, admittance, Sinusoidal steady-state; Ohm’s
Law, KVL, KCL for AC circuits, Sinusoidal steady-state: Thevenin, superposition,
examples.
AC Power Analysis
Three-Phase Circuits
The Frequency Response.
Frequency response: transfer function, logarithms, Bode plots.
Frequency response: resonance, passive & active filter design
Laplace Transform.
Laplace: introduction to transforms, inverse transform.
Laplace: theorems, solving differential equations
s-Domain analysis
s-Domain analysis: transfer functions, poles, zeroes.
s-Domain analysis: nodal, mesh, additional techniques
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Suggested Texts
Electric Circuits 10th Edition
by Nilsson, Riedel
Engineering Circuit Analysis

by William Hayt, Jack Kemmerly, Steven Durbin
Basic engineering circuit analysis

by J. David Irwin, R. Mark Nelms
Introductory Circuit Analysis

by Robert L. Boylestad
…
5
Grading
Method Quantity (%)

Homework/Problem Solving 4 0
Project Grading 1 10
Midterm Exam 1 30
Final Exam 1 60
Attendance & participation 70%
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Sinusoidal Steady–State
Analysis
The Sinusoidal Source and Response

The Phasor
Impedances of Passive Elements
Circuit Analysis Techniques in the
Frequency Domain
The Transformer
Phasor Diagrams
The Sinusoidal Source and
Response
1. Definitions
2. Characteristics of sinusoidal
response
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Definition
 A source producing a voltage varying

sinusoidally with time: v(t)= Vm cos(ωt + φ).
Vm: Amplitude.
φ: Phase angle,
determines the
value at t = 0.
ω: Angular frequency, related to period T via ω = 2π/T.

The argument ωt changes 2π radians (360°) in one period.
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More on phase angle
 Change of phase angle shifts the curve along
the time axis without changing the shape
(amplitude, angular frequency).
 Positive phase (φ >0), ⇒ the curve is shifted
to the left by φ /ω in time, and vice versa.
Vm cos(ωt+φ)
Vm cos(ωt)
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Example: RL circuit (1)
 Consider an RL circuit with zero initial current

i(t = 0+ ) = 0 and driven by a sinusoidal voltage
source vs (t) = Vm cos(ωt + φ ) :
d
 By KVL: L i + Ri = Vm cos(ωt + φ).
dt
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 The complete solution to the ODE and initial

condition is (verified by substitution):
i(t) = itr (t) + iss (t),
Vm cos(φ − θ ) Transient response,

itr (t) ≡ − e −( R L)t vanishes as t → ∞.
R2 + ω2L2
Vm
iss (t) ≡ cos(ωt + φ − θ ) Steady-state response,
R 2 + ω2L2 lasts even t → ∞.
θ = tan −1 (ωL R ).
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Characteristics of steady-state response
 iss(t) of this example exhibits the following

characteristics of steady-state response:
Vm
iss (t) ≡ cos(ωt + φ − θ )
R2 + ω2L2
1. It remains sinusoidal of the same frequency as
the driving source if the circuit is linear (with
constant R, L, C values).
2. The amplitude differs from that of the source.
3. The phase angle differs from that of the source.
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Our Purpose is
 Directly finding the steady-state response

without solving the differential equation.
 According to the characteristics of steady-state
response, the task is reduced to finding two real
numbers, i.e. amplitude and phase angle, of the
response. The waveform and frequency of the
response are already known.
 Transient response matters in switching.
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The Phasor
1. Complex Numbers
2. Definitions
3. Solve steady-state response by phasor
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Definition
 The phasor is a constant complex number

that carries the amplitude and phase angle
information of a sinusoidal function.
 The concept of phasor is rooted in Euler’s
identity, which relates the (complex)
exponential function to the trigonometric
functions: e± jθ = cosθ ± j sinθ .
{ } { }
⇒ cosθ = Re ejθ , sinθ = Im ejθ .
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Phasor representation
 A sinusoidal function can be represented by the

real part of a phasor times the “complex carrier”.
 A phasor can be represented in two forms:

1. Polar form (good for ×, ÷):
Vm
V ≡ Vm e = Vm∠φ,
jφ
Imag.
2. Rectangular form (good for +, -): φ
V ≡ Vm cosφ + jVm sinφ. real
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Phasor transformation
 A phasor can be regarded as the “phasor
transform” of a sinusoidal function from the time
domain to the frequency domain:
V = P{Vm cos(ωt + φ) }= Vm e jφ .
time domain freq. domain
 The “inverse phasor transform” of a phasor is a

sinusoidal function in the time domain:
{
P -1{V}= Re Ve jωt }=V m cos(ωt + φ).
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Time derivative ↔ Multiplication of constant
d
Vm cos(ωt + φ ) = −ωVm sin(ωt + φ )
Time dt
domain: = ωVm cos(ωt + φ + 90),
d2
V
2 m
cos(ωt + φ ) = −ω 2
V m cos(ωt + φ).
dt
d 
P  Vm cos(ωt + φ)  = ωVm e j (φ +90 )
Frequency  dt 
domain: = ω(Vm e jφ
)e j90
= jωV,
 d2 
P  2 Vm cos(ωt + φ )  = ( jω) 2 V = −ω2V.
 dt 
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How to calculate steady-state solution by phasor?
 Step 1: Assume that the solution is of the form:
Re{(Ae jβ )ejωt }
 Step 2: Substitute the proposed solution into the

differential equation. The common time-varying
factor ejωt of all terms will cancel out, resulting in
two algebraic equations to solve for the two
unknown constants {A, β}.
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 Q: Given vs (t) = Vm cos(ωt + φ), calculate iss(t).
Assume
iss (t) = I m cos(ωt + β ).
d
⇒L iss (t) + Riss (t)
dt
= Vm cos(ωt + φ),
⇒ L [I m cos(ωt + β )]+ R[I m cos(ωt + β )]= Vm cos(ωt + φ ),

d
dt
⇒ −ωLIm sin(ωt + β ) + RIm cos(ωt + β ) = Vm cos(ωt + φ),
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EEE202 – Electric Circuits II

Engineering Circuit Analysis

Basic engineering circuit analysis

Introductory Circuit Analysis

Method Quantity (%)

Attendance & participation 70%

The Sinusoidal Source and Response

 A source producing a voltage varying

ω: Angular frequency, related to period T via ω = 2π/T.

 Consider an RL circuit with zero initial current

 The complete solution to the ODE and initial

Vm cos(φ − θ ) Transient response,

 iss(t) of this example exhibits the following

 Directly finding the steady-state response

 The phasor is a constant complex number

 A sinusoidal function can be represented by the

 A phasor can be represented in two forms:

 The “inverse phasor transform” of a phasor is a

 Step 1: Assume that the solution is of the form:

 Step 2: Substitute the proposed solution into the

 Q: Given vs (t) = Vm cos(ωt + φ), calculate iss(t).

⇒ L [I m cos(ωt + β )]+ R[I m cos(ωt + β )]= Vm cos(ωt + φ ),

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