The Journal of Geography and Geology.

Photon 119 (2015) 202-302

https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/the-journal-of-geography-and-geology
Original Research Article. ISJN: 4396-3839: Impact Index: 5.56

The Journal of Geography and Geology

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Measuring Urban Growth of Pune City Using Shannon Entropy Approach

Mundhe N.N.a*, Jaybhaye R.G.b
a
b

Department of Geography, S. P. College, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Department of Geography, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Maharashtra, India

Mundhe N.N. and Jaybhaye R.G. are conferred with

Claude Elwood Shannon Research Award-2015 in
Geography and Geology
Article history:
Received: 29 January, 2015
Accepted: 05 February, 2015
Available online: 06 May, 2015
Keywords:
Built-up, density, shannon entropy, urban growth, urbanization
Abbreviations:
GIS: Geographical Information System, RS: Remote Sensing,
GPS: Global Poisoning System, CDP: City Development Plan,
PMC: Pune Municipal Corporation, SOI: Survey of India, MSS:
Multi Spectral Scanner, TM: Thematic Mapper, ETM+:
Enhancement Thematic Mapper Plus, OLI/TIRS: Operational
Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor, GLCF: Global Land
Cover Facility, KM: Kilometer, SQ.KM: Square Kilometer,
NW: Northwest, NE: Northeast, SE: Southeast, SW: Southwest
Corresponding Author:
Mundhe N.N.*
Assistant Professor
Email: mundhenitin8 ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com
Jaybhaye R.G.
Professor

Abstract

Rapid urbanization raises many issues like loss of

agricultural land, encroachment of forest and river
area, unauthorized urban sprawl and high land
values etc. The monitoring of urban growth is vital

role of planner, management, governmental and

non-governmental organizations for implementing
policies to optimize the use of natural resources
and accommodate development at the same time
minimizing the impact on the environment. Present
research work emphasizes on measuring urban
growth over a last four decades (1973-2014) by
employing geo-spatial techniques in conjunction
with Shannons entropy. Shannon entropy is a
measure to determine the compactness or
dispersion of built-up land growth in the urban
areas. The growth patterns of urban built-up land
have been studied initially by dividing the study
area into four zones based on four main directions.
The observations have been made with respect to
each zone. Then, the study area has been divided
into multiple ring buffers of 1 km interval from city
centre and the growth patterns have been studied
based on urban built-up density with respect to
each circular buffer in all four zones. The research
findings will have proper understanding of urban
growth pattern, direction and dispersion is required
for effective planning and strategies.
Citation:
Mundhe N.N., Jaybhaye R.G., 2015. Measuring Urban Growth
of Pune City Using Shannon Entropy Approach. The Journal of
Geography and Geology. Photon 119, 202-302.
All Rights Reserved with Photon.
Photon Ignitor: ISJN43963839D774506052015

1. Introduction
Urbanization is the social process referring to
physical growth of urban areas, which result in
population growth, increase of built-up area, high
density of population and it is also a psychological
stage of urban way of life (Mundhe et al., 2014).
India is the second largest country after China in
population and is projected to cross Chinas
population with 1.5 billion people by 2040. The
urban population in India has increased from 62.4
millions in the year 1951 to 377.1 millions in 2011.
It is estimated to grow to around 540 million by the
year 2021. The number of million plus cities

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increased from 5 in 1951 and continued to increase

after this to become 35 in 2001 and currently, it is
53 as per 2011 census and actual area under these
cities are also increasing. To sustain this rapid
urban development should be planned in a
sustainable manner to fulfill all the utility services
like infrastructure, transportation, water supply,
sanitation and drainage etc. urban developers,
planners and administrators should have knowledge
of the present trend of urban growth. Therefore to
understand the pattern and measure urban growth
over period of last 40 years using advanced
techniques like remote sensing and geographical

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information system in conjunction with Shannon

entropy approach.
Shannon entropy is a measure to determine the
compactness or dispersion of built-up environment
in the urban areas. The patterns of urban land use/
land cover refer to the arrangement or spatial
distribution of built-up environment has been
studied initially by dividing the study area into four
rectangular zones based on the direction. Then, the
study area has been divided into multiple ring
buffers of 1 km interval from city centre and the
growth patterns have been studied based on urban
built-up density with respect to each circular buffer
in four main directions. The present findings will
have a high utility in understanding the present and
future urban growth scenario. This will further help
in preparation of effective planning and
management strategies for sustainable urban
growth.
2. Study Area

Pune is the second largest and fast developing city

in Maharashtra and one of the eight mega cities of
India. Pune has emerged as a prominent location
for manufacturing industries, and has now been
recognized as the information technology hub and
education hub of the country. The rapid growth of
the city has transformed from its character as
pensioners city to educational administrative
center and now to a bustling economic center. Pune
city lies between latitudes 18 25'N and 18 37'N
and longitudes between73 44'E and 73 57'E and
cover an area of 250.56 Sq km with a population
of over 3 million composed of 76 general electoral
wards. On the basis of 2011 census, these wards
were converted in 14 administrative wards by Pune
Municipal Corporation (PMC).Pune city is located
at an altitude of 560 m above mean sea level. The
city is bounded by Thane district to the north-west,
Raigad district to the west, Satara district to the
south, Solapur district to the south-east and
Ahmednagar district to the north and north-east
(Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location map of study area

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3. Objectives of Research
The main objectives of the present research work
are to understand the changing pattern of built-up
area and measure urban growth of Pune city using
Shannon entropy approach.
4. Justification of Research
The haphazardly increasing trend of urbanization
creates problems like unauthorized urban sprawl,
loss of agricultural land, very high land values,
traffic
congestion,
environment
pollution,
inadequate water supply, electricity, housing,
drainage-sewage system, quantity of garbage
disposal and other related problems. This is mainly
due to uncontrolled and unplanned population
Table 1: Primary and secondary data details
Segment : Pune City
Toposheets No. 47F/14/1,2,3,4,5 and 6, F/15/NE,
F/15/NW and 47F/15/SE
Satellite Imagery Landsat 1,5, 7 and 8
Google image
Demographic details from primary census abstracts for,
2001 and 2011
All Secondary data
(Demographic, Land use/ Land cover etc.)
Ward map and administrative boundary

The Survey of India topographical maps scale

1:25,000 was used for the current study of the
following features: drainage, water bodies,
contours, roads and rail network and administrative
boundaries. Other data sources are satellite images
of Pune city, various maps collected from
published materials and from related web sites.
5.2 Methodology
The administrative ward boundaries road and
railway network, contour and drainage network
were digitized from the Survey of India (SOI)
topographical maps. The complexity of a dynamic
phenomenon such as urban growth could be
understood with the analysis of land use/ land
cover changes. Land cover and land use analyses
were done by using remote sensing data. In this
study remote sensing data collected from United
State of Geological Survey (USGS) website like
Landsat 1 MSS (January, 1973), Landsat 5 TM
Earth Sat Ortho rectified (December, 1992),
Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-on (November, 2001) and
Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (September, 2014) cloud free
digital data was selected, because during this
period the assessment of built-up and non built-up
area can be easily demarcated. Initially, standard
image processing techniques have been applied for
the analysis of satellite data such as rectification,
enhancement, band extraction, restoration and
classification. The hybrid image classification
technique was employed with for the image
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growth. So, there is need to address issues related

to urban growth for proper urban planning.
The current study was carried out in order to
sustain this rapid urban growth should be planned
in a sustainable manner to fulfill all utility services
and minimizing the impact on the environment.
Urban planners, developers and administrators
should have the knowledge of the present trends in
urban growth for acute policy making.
5. Materials and Methods
5.1 Material requirement and sources
The data collection involved collection of
topographical maps, ward maps, satellite data and
demographic details. The environment of these data
and their source are shown in Table 1.
Sources
Survey of India (SOI), scale 1:25000
Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) earthexplorer.usgs.gov
Internet (Google Earth Pro)
Directorate of census operations, Census of India
City Development Plan (CDP)
(2006-2012)
Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC)

classification using ERDAS imaging software

(Jaybhaye et al., 2013). The classification of land
use / land cover was categorized into two major
classes such as built-up and non built-up area. Field
work is important step ground truth of the results to
understand the land use / land cover change of
study area. This step indicates the visit to the study
area in different time or seasons using Global
Poisoning System (GPS) surveys and digital
photographs. That helped to understand the existing
land use / land cover and the actual changes that
took place in the study area from 1973 to 2014.
Built-up area was extracted from classified images.
This extract was overlaid on the boundary layer.
Further, the built-up area was now clipped from the
newly formed layer. The clipping exercise was
carried out the following basis like zones and
multiple ring buffers of 1 km interval approach.
The patterns of urban built-up have been studied
initially by dividing the study area into four
rectangular zones based on the directions. Then, the
entire study area has been divided into multiple
ring buffers of 1 km interval from city centre and
the growth patterns have been studied based on
urban built-up density with respect to each circular
buffer in four main directions. In the present study,
two basic data layers are needed for calculation of
land densities in each zone. The administrative
wards boundaries formed one layer and built-up
area formed the other layer. Finally, the pattern of

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urban growth in Pune city has been examined with

help of Shannon entropy. In addition to measure
the compactness or dispersion of urban built-up
growth in urban areas with the help of Shannons
entropy approach (Yeh and Li, 2001; Lata et al.,
2001; Li and Yeh, 2004; Shekhar et al., 2004;
Sudhira et al., 2004; Kumar et al., 2007; Bhatta et
al., 2010) was adopted.
The Shannons entropy (En) value can be calculated
using following formula.

En = Pi .log (1/ Pi ) / log (n) ....(Equation 1)

i
Where, En is the relative entropy; Pi is probability
or proportion of built-up in the ith zone it can be
found out through

(Equation 2)
Pi = Xi / Xi ..
i
Where, Xi is the density of land development,
which equals the amount of built-up land divided
by the total amount of land in the ith zone; n is the
total number of zones

Since entropy can be used to measure the

distribution of a geographical phenomenon, the
difference in entropy between two different periods
of time can also be used to indicate the change in
the degree of dispersal of land development or
urban sprawl (Yeh and Li, 2001).
En = (t +1) (t) ..
(Equation 3)
Where, En is the difference of the entropy values
between two time periods; (t+1) is the entropy
value at time period; (t) is the relative entropy
value at time period.
The value of entropy ranges from 0 to log n. Value
of 0 indicates that the distribution is very compact,
while values closer to 1 reveal that the distribution
is much dispersed. The higher the value, the higher
is the dispersion, i.e., sparse development and less
the entropy value, more is the compactness of the
development. If the distribution is very compact
and vertical development of built-up then the
entropy value would be closer to 0 and when the
distribution is much dispersed the value will be
closer to 1.

5.3 Analytical framework

Figure 2: Flowchart of methodology
Papers
Publications
Literature

Need for Study and Relevance

Identification of Problem
Data Collection

Spatial data

Non Spatial data

Landsat Data

Toposheet Data

Image Rectification

Geo-reference

Image Enhancement

Digitization

Demographic Data

Data Attachment

Image Classification
Line Layer
Supervised Classification using
Hybrid Image Classification
Method

Polygon Layer

Contour
Road
Railway

Administrative &
Ward Boundary
Land use
River

LU/ LC Map

Built-up Area Extraction

Overlay All Layers

Measuring Urban Growth Using Shannons

Entropy Approach

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Understand the Changing Pattern of Built-up

Area

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6. Results
To identify the specific and various significant
controlling forces in the study area, a zone-wise
and concentric circle of 1km interval analysis is
attempted at.

rectangular zones with the city center at its focus.

These are named as Northwest NW, Northeast
NE, Southeast SE, and Southwest SW
representing main four directions in last four spatial
resolutions of 30 m. Built- up densities were
calculated by dividing the built up area of each
zone and converted to percentages.

6.1 Measuring urban growth at zone-wise

The entire study area has been divided into four
Figure 3: Zone-wise built-up area of Pune city

Figure 4: Density of built-up area in different zones

Zonewise Built-up Density
80
74.84

70

Built-up Density in %

69.33
65.48
59.60

57.47

60

55.88

48.66

50

60.65

46.89

39.20

40

44.05

31.62

30

26.29

SW Zone
21.22

20

SE Zone

18.09

NE Zone

17.87

10
1973

NW Zone

1992

2001

2014

Year

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Figure 5: Zone-wise built-up density of Pune city (1973-2014)

Table 2: Shannons entropy index of Pune city (zone-wise)

Geographical Area
Built-up Area
Year
(sq.km)
(sq. km)
1973
138.76
28.20
1992
146.00
62.13
2001
243.84
131.07
2014
250.56
163.78

The urban built-up density was calculated in each

zone over period of 1973 - 2014. Figure 4, it
showed that the urban development through time
was almost uniform in Northeast and Southeast
zone. The trend shows the positive change because
increasing the time and built up area will be
increasing with same proportion. The urban builtup density of Pune city is showing the rapid growth
of urbanization. Increase in built-up density among
all zones during the last four decades (Figure 5).
Whereas Southwest zone have been decline in
built-up density during 2001 to 2014 due to
insufficient infrastructure facilities, natural barrier
like hills, dams, forest areas etc. During the year
2001-2014, built up area is growing high in
Southeast zone due to impact of national highway
(NH-9) and new established township project like
magarpatta city, amanora gateway towers etc.
It may be noted that the entropy values have
irregularly increased from 1973 to 2014. The
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Entropy Value

Log (n)

0.9907
0.9824
0.9903
0.9954

0.6021
0.6021
0.6021
0.6021

entropy values obtained are 0.9907 in 1973, 0.9824

in 1992, 0.9903 in 2001 and 0.9954 in 2014 (Figure
6). Shannons entropy for the year 1973 is 0.9907
and log n value of this is 0.6021, which means that
the development of urban built-up is more towards
the dispersion. But it was quite high for the year
2014 and the value of entropy is 0.9954 and the log
n value is 0.6021. Means entropy value was cross
the log n, this large value of entropy indicates the
degree of dispersion of built-up area in the region.
Even then the entropy values in both the cases were
above 0.5, indicating a higher rate of sprawl, the
entropy value for the year 2014 shows a highly
dispersed development from the centre or core of
the city in comparison to 1992, when it was less
dispersed.
The increase in dispersion between 1992 and 2001
is due to new residential areas that were added
during this period. At the same time, there was a
significant increase in the commercial and

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Figure 6: Zone-wise entropy value (1973 2014)

0.9954

0.9907

0.9903

0.9824

1973

1992

2001

Year

industrial activities. A new commercial area has

emerged in Hinjewadi on nation highway no.4. The
development of IT sector in northern parts and
halfed in the southern part of the city mark the
growth of industries during the period.
The entropy value thus increased to 0.9954 in 2014
from 0.9903 in 2001, this means further dispersed
growth of built-up area. It may be recalled that
during the early years of the last decades several
residential and industrial area added in the growth
of Pune city. Residential areas like Yerwada,
Kalyani Nagar, Viman Nagar and Chandan Nagar
were developed by PMC mainly on north eastern
parts of the city along Pune Ahmednagar state
highway no. 27. Industrial area developed by
Hinjewadi on the national highway no. 4 and
Viman Nagar on the state highway no. 27 on the
northern side of the city. The growth of the city
continued in all direction like previous years.
Actually, the patches of land which were vacant or

2014
Entropy Value

open land till 2001 got transformed in to built-up

area by 2014. At this time city grew in almost all
direction but main growth is in the east-west
direction along highways and this pattern of growth
provided on elongated linear and radial shape to the
city.
6.2 Measurement of urban growth at 1km
concentric circle
The zone-wise study is not sufficient to notice the
urban growth, while the concentric circle of 1km
interval approach is more appropriate for
understanding the urban growth as well as its
dispersion. This would help in identifying the
direction of development and also local pockets of
growth. Figure 7 indicates that the urban
development through time was increasing in all
zones. This phenomenon is also true when the
built-up density has been studied in each concentric
circle of 1 km interval approach in every zone
(Figure 8).

Figure 7: Built-up land densities in each zone for 1 km interval

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Figure 8: Concentric circles of 1 km interval built-up area of Pune city

Figure 9: Built-up Density in concentric circles of 1 km interval (1973-2014)

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It has been observed that there is lot of variation in

urban development between the multiple ring
buffers and development is taking place in a linear
fashion. In general, the built-up density trend to
reduce as the distance increases from a citys
center. In all four zones of study area and with
respect to each circle of 1 km interval the decrease
trend has irregular pattern but in North West and
South West the decrease trend has variation more
or less in four decades e.g. North West has more
variation due to corporation development policy
and available facilities.

sparse and haphazard urban growth in the city.

Table 3: Shannon entropy value in concentric circle of 1
km interval

Built-up area is more consistent near transportation

facilities. As distances increases from road the
consistency of built-up area decreases. There is
universal relationship between distance and builtup area. Shannons entropy method was used for
the last four decades in concentric circle of 1 km
interval approach. The entropy values are presented
in Table 3 ranging from 0.7754 to 1.0980, which
denotes that the region is experiencing sprawl in
recent times in all zones. Higher the value, higher
is the dispersion. Less the entropy value, more is
the compactness of the development. Means here
all values are closer to log n. large value of entropy
indicates the development of urban built-up area is

1973

Zone Name
South West
South East
North East
North West

Entropy Value
0.8113
0.7754
0.8916
0.8418

Log (n)
0.9031
1.0414
1.1139
0.9542

1992

Zone Name
South West
South East
North East
North West

Entropy Value
0.9678
1.0312
0.9624
0.8769

Log (n)
0.9031
1.0414
1.1139
1.0792

2001

Zone Name
South West
South East
North East
North West

Entropy Value
1.0210
0.9937
0.9710
0.9704

Log (n)
1.0414
1.0792
1.1139
1.1139

2014

Zone Name
South West
South East
North East
North West

Entropy Value
1.0414
1.0980
0.9888
1.0146

Log (n)
1.0414
1.0792
1.1139
1.1139

Figure 10: Entropy values for different zones (1973 -2014)

1.20

Dispersed Growth

1.10
1.04

Shannons Entropy Value

1.03

1.00

1.01

0.99

1.02

0.97

0.99

0.97

0.96

0.97

0.88

0.89

0.80

0.84
0.81
0.78

0.60

0.40

1973
1992

0.20

2001

Compact Growth
0.00
SW

SE

NE
Zones

The general observation is that there is lot of

variation in urban development between the
multiple ring buffers and development is taking
place in a linear pattern along the high way and
leap frog pattern towards the outskirts of study
area. While the urban growth pattern seems to be of
leap frog type development towards northwest and
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2014

NW
Half Way (0.5)

Threshold (1)

southwest zone due to physical barriers such as hill

ranges. Since they are not suitable either for
residential and industrial purpose they appear
vacant in study region.
Shannons entropy values are calculated for each
zone for all the four decades and are presented in

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Table 3. Interestingly the entropy values of all four

zones are closely to log (n) values indicating high
degree of dispersion. The Southeast zone which is
essentially a residential area has less entropy value
(0.7754) in 1973 recoded a gradual increase
throughout and reached an index value of 1.0980
against 1.0792 (log n) in the year 2014, indicating
the increase in sprawl (Figure 10). A peculiar
situation is observed in the Southeast zone which
recorded a slightly lower index value from 1992 to
2001 and again an increase by 1.0980 in 2014. It
means the distribution of built up in 1992 was more
dispersed that in 2001. Not a lot variation is
observed in the core part of city. The above values
are closer to the maximum limit of log n, thus
indicating the degree of dispersion of built up in the
study area.

whereas urban expansion or urban extension is

non- infill development extending the urban
footprint in an outward direction some time called
urban- fringe development.
The study is mainly concentrated on the built-up
area, since that was considered as prime indicator
of urban development. The built up area of Pune
city has been extracted from classified Landsat
satellite imagery during the last four decades. The
built-up area of Pune city has increased from 28.20
sq. km to 163.78 sq. km during the period 1973
2014.
The total geographical areas during 1973 were
138.76 sq. km with a population of around 0.85
millions, out of which the share of the built-up
areas was 28.20 sq. km and the rest, 110.56 sq. km,
was marked as non-built-up area. The total
geographical area including the non-built-up land
in 2014 shows about 250.56 sq. km with a
population of around 3.1millions, out of which the
built-up land is 163.78 sq. km. Since Pune
Municipal Corporation had grown substantially in
population and area as a centre of industries and
educational institutions. A proposed of 34 new
villages into the PMC limits, it is endorsed and
notified by the state Government, would take the
total area of the PMC to over 500 sq. km.

6.3 Urban expansion

Urban expansion, urban growth and urban sprawl
are sometimes used synonymously by the common
man. Urban expansion over a period of time will
help in understating the nature and growth of this
phenomenon
and
visualizing
the
future
development (Sudhira et al., 2004). Basically three
types of urban development like infill, expansion
and outlying (Wilson et al., 2003). Infill
development is new development within remaining
open spaces in already existing built-up areas
Table 4: Expansion of built-up area of Pune city
Year*

Total Area
Sq.km.

1973
1992
2001
2014

138.76
146.00
243.84
250.56

in

Built-up Area
in Sq.km.

Built-up Area
in %

28.20
62.13
131.07
163.78

20.32
42.55
53.75
65.37

Changes in Built-up
Area
in Sq.km.
33.93
68.94
32.71

Changes in Builtup Area in %

120.32
110.96
24.96

* Year consider for analysis on the basis of availability of satellite data

Figure 11: Trend of built-up area (1973 2014)
65.37

160

163.78

70

60

53.75

Built-up Area in sq. km.

140
50

131.07

120

42.55

100

40

80

30

60

20.32

62.13
20

40
20

Growth of Built-up Area in Percentage

180

10

28.20

0
1973

1992

2001

2014

Year
Built-up Area

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Built-up Area in %

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The boom in built-up area has occurred during

19922001 in which it has expanded from 62.13
sq. km to 131.07 sq. km whereas during 20012014
the expansion was from 131.07 sq. km to 163.78
sq. km. That means where in 9 years the expansion
was 68.94 sq. km in the next 13 years expansion
decreased to 32.71 sq. km (Figure 11). The growth
rate of built-up area is highest during 1973 1992
as 120.32 % followed by 110.96 % during 1992
2001 and 24.96% in 2001-2014. The per annum
growth rate of built-up area has been declining
since its peaking in 2001 to 2014 at 1.92% per
annum. Built-up was overlaid on the administrative

boundaries of 1973, 1992, 2001 and 2014 for

measuring urban expansion of Pune city (Figure
12). The changes, which were observed in the land
use pattern, confirmed the urban expansion along
the fringe areas. The analysis revealed that almost
80% of open land was brought under urban land
use. Most of the vacant lands close to the roads
have converted for residential purpose or are under
construction (Shekhar, 2005). During the period
from 1973 to 2014, the built-up growth rate has
increased than the population growth rate. This
indicates the sparse development in the fringe areas
of the city.

Figure 12: Urban expansion of Pune city (1973 - 2014)

Conclusion
This entropy analysis demonstrates the ability of
GIS and Remote Sensing as a tool in the study of
urban planning. It gives a fairly a good
understanding of changing urban growth pattern in
the different part of city. Measurement of urban
built-up density shows its importance examining
the urban expansion over the different periods. The
zone-wise study is not sufficient to notice the urban
growth, while the concentric circle of 1km interval
approach is more appropriate for understanding the
urban growth pattern as well as its dispersion. The
analysis revealed that the urban growth in Pune city
follow a regular radial pattern. Ribbon pattern of
sprawl is observed along the highways and leapfrog
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pattern towards outskirts of study area due to job

opportunities, cultural and educational facility and
geographical feasibility of the study area.
The entropy values have regularly increased from
1973 to 2014, ranging from 0.7754 to 1.0980,
which is closer to the upper limit of log (n) is
experiencing sprawl in recent times in all zones. A
proper understanding of the urban growth pattern,
direction, and level of dispersion is required for
planning the future developmental projects and as
well as residential and infrastructural development
and management. This study will be very helpful
for local administrative management. Thus, this
technology has the capability to provide the
necessary input and intelligence for preparation of

300

base maps, formulation of planning proposals.

Thus the present study would provide this basic
information and efficiently support the planners in
decision making.
Research Highlights

Recommendation
The studies to be conducted in the future may
determine ward-wise analysis and utility services
proportion to urban growth with the help of high
resolution data.

The highlights of the present study are as follows:

In the present study, Shannons entropy analysis
demonstrates the ability of GIS and Remote
Sensing as a tool in the study of urban planning. It
gives a fairly a good understanding of changing
urban growth pattern in the different part of Pune
city.

Funding and Policy Aspects

The zone-wise study is not sufficient to notice the

urban growth, while the concentric circle of 1km
interval approach is more appropriate for
understanding the urban growth pattern as well as
its dispersion.

The author made a contribution to the preparation

of large database and various maps by understand
the changing pattern of built-up area and measure
urban growth of Pune city

The analysis exposed that almost 80% of open land

was brought under urban land use. Most of the
vacant lands close to the roads have converted for
residential purpose or are under construction.

The present study was conducted without receiving

any financial support.
Authors
Interests

Contributions

and

Competing

The current research work may be comparable to

similar studies on urban development in terms of
its issues and contents.
Acknowledgments

The analysis revealed that the urban growth in

Pune city follow a regular radial pattern. Ribbon
pattern of sprawl is observed along the highways
and leapfrog pattern towards the outskirts of study
area due to employment opportunities, cultural and
educational facility and geographical feasibility of
the study area.

We thank to Department of Geography, S. P.

College, Pune for providing research related
facilities. We are grateful to Pune Municipal
Corporation, Pune for providing secondary data.
The authors thank Dr. Manoj Devne for his
comments and advice. We thank Mr. Ganesh
Dhawale, Mr. Mahendra Korde and Bhalachandra
Dorik for their active participation in field work
and in quantitative analysis. We thank anonymous
referees for their critical review, comments and
suggestions, which helped in improving the
research work.

Limitations

References

The current research work was limited to measure

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The entropy values have regularly increased last

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