Cell Resp1 Paxson

Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical Energy
Metabolism: all of the

chemical reactions that take
place within an organism
Metabolic pathways alter
molecules in a series of
steps.
Enzymes selectively
accelerate each step.
ATP
2006-2007
Two types of general

metabolism
enzymes are regulated to

maintain a balance of supply
and demand.
Anabolic reactions
Catabolic
reactions give off
energy by
breaking down
complicated
molecules to
simpler
compounds.
Energy Entering the ecosystem
use energy to build

complicated
molecules from
simpler compounds.
The energy released
by catabolic
pathways is used to
drive anabolic
pathways.
All living things need to do Work

To build more complex molecules
Light energy
(anabolic)
To break down into simple
ECOSYSTEM
molecules (catabolic)
**Remember
Autotrophs
vs.
Heterotrophs!
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organic
+ O2
molecules
contractions
Strange examples of work like

ATP
powers most cellular work
Figure 9.2
Active transport
Mechanical work like muscle
electric energy or bioluminescence
Homeostasis in mammals and birds
Heat
energy
Work
Requires that energy-needing reactions
work together with energy-supplying

reactions
Changing glucose into Carbon Dioxide
gives us a LOT of energy, but it requires
work
Activation energy of glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 2870 kJ
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a type of
ATP
ATP powers cellular work
A cell does three main kinds of work:
Mechanical work, beating of cilia, contraction of

muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes
Transport work, pumping substances across
membranes against the direction of spontaneous
movement
Chemical work, driving endergonic reactions
such as the synthesis of polymers from
monomers
The bonds between phosphate groups can
nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous

base adenine, the sugar ribose, and a chain
of three phosphate groups.
be broken by hydrolysis.
So what?
Energy is stored in these bonds.
So?
The breaking of the chemical bond
These reactions are reversible

ATP + H2O ADP + H3PO4 + +/30.5kJ
Converting back and forth is what
releases the energy
ATP + H2O ADP + P +

ENERGY
This releases 30.5kJ/mol of
energy!
provides energy for a cell
Back and forth is VERY quick
We use about 40kg of ATP each day but

only have about 0.005kg in our body at
any point
ATP and work

The reactions that make ATP are linked
Energy Transfers
Ultimately, theyre pretty inefficient
Heat energy always given off as waste
Some process use less energy than the
to energy-creating reactions
ATP is the constant known intermediary

between reactions that make energy and
reactions that require energy
conversion of ATP ADP. This excess

is given off as heat.
Hence, ATP is the energy currency of

the cell
Cell moves and trades

ATPs rather than using
lots of intermediaries
Energy Currency vs. Storage
Cellular respiration
Energy currency acts as the
Is the most prevalent and efficient catabolic

pathway
intermediary between energy

needing and energy giving
reactions (ATP)
Energy storage gives
energy to a reaction
Consumes oxygen and organic molecules

such as glucose
Yields ATP
Sugars are short-term storage

(glucose, sucrose)
Starches and polysaccharides are
long-term storage (glycogen,
starch, triglycerides, etc.)
Harvesting stored energy
Harvesting stored energy

Glucose is the model
Energy is stored in organic molecules
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules food

digest organic molecules to get
raw materials for synthesis
fuels for energy
controlled release of energy
burning fuels in a series of
step-by-step enzyme-controlled reactions
respiration
catabolism of glucose to produce ATP
glucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon

dioxide
C6H12O6 +
6O2
ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat
COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy

by burning fuels in one step
RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)

by burning fuels in many small steps
ATP
enzymes
O2
fuel
(carbohydrates)
ATP
O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP (+ heat)
glucose
CO2 + H2O + heat
2H
1/
2
O2
How do we harvest energy from fuels?
(from food via NADH)
Free energy, G
2 H+ + 2 e
Digest large molecules into smaller ones
Controlled
release of
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
ATP
ATP
break bonds & move electrons from one

molecule to another
as electrons move they carry energy with them
ATP
that energy is stored in another bond,
released as heat or harvested to make ATP

2 e
1/
2
2 H+
O2
loses e-
gains e-
oxidized
oxidation
e
p
H
reduction
Redox Reactions
electrons from one compound to another
6O2
The substance accepting the electron is known as

the oxidizing agent
Reduction: When a substance gains

electrons in a redox reaction
oxidation
H e-
redox
in a redox reaction
C6H12O6 +
reduction
Oxidation: When a substance loses electrons
reduced
e-
Redox reactions: involve the transfer of
electrons cannot move alone in cells

electrons move as part of H atom
move H = move electrons
e-
e-
Moving electrons in living systems
loses e-
reduced
oxidation
(b) Cellular respiration
How do we move electrons in biology?
oxidized
H2O
Figure 9.5 B
gains e-
The substance donating the electron is known as

the reducing agent
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

reduction
Example: Sodium Chloride
Remember: OIL RIG!

Oxidation is Losing
Reduction is Gaining
Some redox reactions
Coupling oxidation & reduction
Do not completely exchange electrons
REDOX reactions in respiration
release energy as breakdown organic molecules
Change the degree of electron sharing in

covalent bonds
break C-C bonds

strip off electrons from C-H bonds by removing H atoms
C6H12O6 CO2 = the fuel has been oxidized
electrons attracted to more electronegative atoms
Products
Reactants
becomes oxidized
CH4
CO
2O2
Energy
in biology, the most electronegative atom?

O2 H2O = oxygen has been reduced
2 H2O
becomes reduced
H
O
O2
couple REDOX reactions &

use the released energy to synthesize ATP
oxidation
H
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Carbon dioxide
Water
C6H12O6 +
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
6O2
Figure 9.3
reduction
Oxidation & reduction

Oxidation
Reduction
adding O
removing H
loss of electrons
releases energy
exergonic
removing O
adding H
gain of electrons
stores energy
endergonic
oxidation
C6H12O6 +
6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

reduction
Moving electrons in respiration

Electron carriers move electrons by
shuttling H atoms around
+
NAD NADH (reduced)
+2 FADH (reduced)
FAD
2
NAD+
nicotinamide
Vitamin B3
niacin
O
O P O
O
phosphates
O
O P O
O
N+
+
adenine
Anaerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis
respiration without O2
in cytosol
6O2
ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat)
O
O P O
O
O
O P O
O
carries electrons as
H
N+
a reduced molecule
The point
is to make
Aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 +
C NH2
reduction
Whats the
point?
4 metabolic stages
respiration using O2
in mitochondria
2. Pyruvate oxidation
(Link Reaction)
3. Krebs cycle
4. Electron transport chain
H O
oxidation
Overview of cellular respiration
C NH2
ribose sugar
reducing power!
NADH
ATP!
ATP
2006-2007
H+
And how do we do that?
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
ATP synthase enzyme
H+ flows through it
conformational
changes
bond Pi to ADP to
make ATP
set up a H+ gradient
allow the H+ to flow
down concentration
gradient through ATP
synthase
ADP + Pi ATP
ADP + P
ATP
H+
But How is the proton (H+) gradient formed?
Glycolysis
Glyco = glucose Lysis = break down
Glycolysis thus splits up glucose
molecules
Occurs in the cytoplasm
This stage occurs in BOTH aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvate (2
ATP are also made)
Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar
Pyruvate is a 3-carbon molecule (there
are two of them)
We are going to OXIDIZE

GLUCOSE into CO2 and ENERGY!
Glycolysis
Energy is needed in the first steps, but
released in the later, so glycolysis is a

net energy-creating pathway
However, its not very efficient
Like much of respiration, powered by
redox reactions
Back to the Glycolytic Pathway

Remember what we have:
A whole bunch of
glucose
Some energy to expend
as input if necessary
We want energy from

this, but we need it in an
efficient manner
Phosphorylation, Part 1
Recall that glucose doesnt react easily
Energy is input to the pathway to
phosphorylate glucose
2 ATP molecules per molecule of
glucose
Turns glucose into
hexose bisphosphate
(Cambridge name)
Triose phosphates LOSE
a hydrogen each to the

carrier molecule NAD
(nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide)
2 NAD are reduced for
each molecule of glucose
Hydrogen ions carried by
NAD are used later in
respiration to make more
ATP
Hexose bisphosphate breaks into two
molecules of triose phosphate
There are intermediaries in this process,
but you dont need to memorize them!
Glycolysis End Products

After all this nonsense, we get the end
product of 2 Pyruvates!
**PGAL becomes pyruvate eventually
Glycolysis Reactants and Products

Reactants
1 glucose
Enzymes are
needed
2 ATP are needed to
start
Products
2 Pyruvates (go to
next step)
4 ATP (2 are gained)

2 NADH (go to
ETC) well worry
about this later!
Overview:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8
Kn6BVGqKd8
A really uncomfortable song:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ef
Glznwfu9U
The Link Reaction

Pyruvate is awesome, but as is it
The Link Reaction
cannot be passed through the pathway

that leads to the most ATP (The Krebs
Cycle and ETC)
Thus, we have to link glycolysis and the
Krebs cycle by transforming pyruvate
ATP
2006-2007
Pyruvate Transport
Passes by ACTIVE transport from the
cytoplasm, through both membranes of
the mitochondria, into the matrix
Pyruvate ?
Pyruvate loses a CO2 (decarboxylation)
and a Hydrogen (dehygrogenation)
Hydrogen again reduces NAD+ to NADH

which floats off for later
Product then combines with

Coenzyme A
Final product of the Link Reaction is

ACETYL COENZYME A
This is also called Acetyl CoA
Coenzyme A
Nucleoside (adenine nucleotide + ribose
This is what comes from pyruvate!
sugar)
Attached to this is a vitamin
Carries acetyl groups to the Krebs cycle

Can also be formed by hydrolising fatty
acid chains, two-carbon acetyl group at a
time
These acetyls combine with Coenzyme A as well

Happens in the mitochondria
Link Reaction Reactants and Products

Reactants
2 pyruvate (from
glycolysis)
2 NAD+ (sort of)

2 Coenzyme A
Products
2 Acetyl CoA (goes

to next step)
2 CO2 (given off as

waste)
2 NADH (for later)

Cell Resp1 Paxson

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Metabolism

Metabolism: all of the

Two types of general

enzymes are regulated to

Energy Entering the ecosystem

use energy to build

All living things need to do Work

To break down into simple

Strange examples of work like

Homeostasis in mammals and birds

work together with energy-supplying

Activation energy of glucose

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a type of

Mechanical work, beating of cilia, contraction of

The bonds between phosphate groups can

nucleotide consisting of the nitrogenous

These reactions are reversible

releases the energy

ATP + H2O ADP + P +

provides energy for a cell

Back and forth is VERY quick

We use about 40kg of ATP each day but

ATP and work

ATP is the constant known intermediary

conversion of ATP ADP. This excess

Hence, ATP is the energy currency of

Cell moves and trades

Energy Currency vs. Storage

Energy currency acts as the

Is the most prevalent and efficient catabolic

intermediary between energy

Consumes oxygen and organic molecules

Sugars are short-term storage

Harvesting stored energy

Harvesting stored energy

Energy is stored in organic molecules

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Heterotrophs eat these organic molecules food

catabolism of glucose to produce ATP

glucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon

ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 + heat

COMBUSTION = making a lot of heat energy

RESPIRATION = making ATP (& some heat)

CO2 + H2O + heat

How do we harvest energy from fuels?

(from food via NADH)

Digest large molecules into smaller ones

break bonds & move electrons from one

that energy is stored in another bond,

released as heat or harvested to make ATP

The substance accepting the electron is known as

Reduction: When a substance gains

Oxidation: When a substance loses electrons

Redox reactions: involve the transfer of

electrons cannot move alone in cells

Moving electrons in living systems

(b) Cellular respiration

How do we move electrons in biology?

The substance donating the electron is known as