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Tutorial-Set Theory PDF

This document provides an overview of set theory concepts including: - A set is a collection of well-defined objects called elements. A subset contains only elements that are also in another set. - Examples of sets include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. - Other concepts covered include proper subsets, equal sets, the empty set, the universal set, singleton sets, set operations like union and intersection, Venn diagrams, cardinality, and the power set. Laws of set theory and practice problems are also presented.

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aryan pareek
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1K views

Tutorial-Set Theory PDF

This document provides an overview of set theory concepts including: - A set is a collection of well-defined objects called elements. A subset contains only elements that are also in another set. - Examples of sets include natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. - Other concepts covered include proper subsets, equal sets, the empty set, the universal set, singleton sets, set operations like union and intersection, Venn diagrams, cardinality, and the power set. Laws of set theory and practice problems are also presented.

Uploaded by

aryan pareek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISCRETE STRUCTURE FOR COMP.

SCI
(CS F222)
Tutorial : Set Theory
Ashutosh Bhatia
Department of CSIS
BITS, Pilani
August, 3, 2016

Sets
Set: is a collection of well defined objects (called the elements of the set).
Sub Set: Let A and B be any two sets. If every element of A is an element of B, then
A is called a subset of B. Symbolically this relation is denoted by A B.
For any set A, AA and A i.e., for any set A, and A are called trivial sub sets.
Some examples of set are
N = the set of natural numbers or positive integers: 1, 2, 3, . . .
Z = the set of all integers: . . . ,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, . . .
Q = the set of rational numbers
R = the set of real numbers
C = the set of complex numbers
Observe that N Z Q R C.
Proper Sub Set: If A B and A 6= B, then A is called a proper sub set of A. This
relationship is denoted by AB.
Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are equal iff A B and B A. Sets are equal if they have
same elements.
Empty Set: A set with no elements is called the empty set and it is denoted by .
Universal Set: The set of all objects under consideration or discussion, and is denoted
by U.
Singleton: A set with only one element is called singleton.
Set Difference: A - B = {x| x | A and x
/ B}
Set Union: A B = {x| x A or x B or both}
1

Set Intersection: A B = {x| x A and x B }


Set Complement: Ac = {x| x
/ A and x U }
Disjoint Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if A B =
Symmetric Difference (Boolean Sum):
A

B = (A B) (B A) = (A B) (A B)

B = {x| x A or x B but not both}

Venn Diagram: It is a pictorial representation of sets in which sets are represented


by enclosed areas in the plane. The universal set U is represented by the interior of a
rectangle, and the other sets are represented by disks lying within the rectangle.
Cardinality of a Set: The number of elements in a set is called the cardinality of that
set. It is denoted by |A|.
Power Set: Let A be any set. Then the set of all subsets of A is called the power set of
A. It is denoted by p (A)
Note: If a set A contains n elements, then its power set P(A) contains 2n elements.
The set operations satisfy the following laws:
Laws of the algebra of sets
Idempotent Laws:
AA=A
Associative Laws:
(A B) C = A
(B C)
Commutative Laws: A B = B A
Distributive Laws:
A (B C) = (A B)
(A C)
Identity Laws
A=A
AU =U
Complement Laws:
A AC = U
UC =
DeMorgans Laws:
(A B)C =AC BC
Each of the above laws has the corresponding dual.

AA=A
(A B) C = A (B C)
AB =BA
A (B C) = (A B)
(A C)
AU =A
A=
A AC =
C = U
(A B)C =AC BC

Practice Problems

1.

Is each of the following a well-defined set?


Give brief reasons for each of your answers.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

2.

collection
collection
collection
collection
collection

U = R;
A = {4,

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

alphanumeric characters.
tall people.
real numbers x for which:
2x - 9 = 16.
integers x for which: 2x - 9 = 16.
good tennis players.

sqrt(2), 2/3, -2.5, -5, 33, sqrt(9),

set notation, write the sets of:

natural numbers in A
integers in A
rational numbers in A
irrational numbers in A

True or false?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

5.

all
all
all
all
all

A
11

B
4

/
B
A

U
A = {even numbers}

Using the

4.

of
of
of
of
of

U = {natural numbers};
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {1, 3, 6, 7, 8}.
State whether each of the following is true or false:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

3.

The
The
The
The
The

= {0}
x {x}
=
{}
{ }

The following sets have been defined using the | notation.


Re-write them by listing some of the elements.
(a) p | p is a state capital city, p is in India
(b) x | x = 2n - 5, x and n are natural numbers
(c) y | 2y2 = 50, y is an integer
(d) z | 3z = n^2, z and n are natural numbers

6.

U = {natural numbers}; A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; B = {1, 3, 6, 7, 8}


State whether each of the following is true or false:
(a) A U
(b) B A
(c) U

7.

U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}; P = {c, f}; Q = {a, c, d, e, f, h}; R = {c, d, h}


(a) Draw a Venn diagram, showing these sets with all the elements
entered into the appropriate regions. If necessary, redraw the
diagram to eliminate any empty regions.
(b) Which of sets P, Q and R are proper subsets of others?
Write your answer(s) using the symbol.
(c) P and R are disjoint sets. True or False?

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