LESSON 3

Conditional/Unconditional
Statements
Loops
Repetition Structure
Learning Objectives:
At

the end of the chapter, the students are expected to:

Understand the importance of relational, equality and

logical operators used in the flow of control

Explain the different repetition structure.

Discuss the conditional statements and the unconditional

transfer statements.

FLOW OF CONTROL
Statements in a program are normally executed one after another.
This is called sequential flow of control. Often it is desirable
to alter the sequential flow of control to provide for a choice
of action, or repetition of action. By means of if, if-else, and
switch statement, a selection among alternative actions are made.
By means of while, for and do statements, interactive actions can
be taken.
The relational, equality, and logical operators are heavily
used in flow of control construct.
1. Operators
RELATIONAL, EQUALITY, AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
The following table contains the operators that are most often
used to affect flow of control:
1.1 Relational Operators
<

less than

>

greater than

<=

less than or equal to

>=

greater than or equal to

1.2 Equality Operators

= =

equal

!=

not equal

1.3 Logical Operators

!

(unary) negation

&&

logical and

||

logical or

Relational,
precedence

Equality,
and

and

Logical

associativity

that

operators
determine

have

rules

precisely

of
how

expressions involving these operators are evaluated.

Operators

Associativity

+ (unary) (unary) ++ -- !

right to left

left to right

<

<=

= =

!=

left to right
>

>=

left to right
left to right

&&

left to right

||

left to right

+=

-=

*=

/=

etc

right to left

The ! operator is unary. All other relational, equality, and

logical operators are binary. They operate on expressions and
yield either the int value 0 or the int value of 1. The reason
for this is that in C language false is represented by the value
zero and true is represented by any nonzero value. The value for
false can be any zero value; or can be a or 0.0 or the null
character \0 or the NULL pointer value. The value true can be
any nonzero value.

Example
a < b is either true or false. In C, the expression will yield
the int value 1 if it is true and the int value 0 if it is false.
1.1.1 Relational Operators and Expressions

The relational operators

<

>

<=

>=

are all binary. Each take two expressions as operands and yield
either the int value 0 or the int value 1.

Relational expression expr < expr

Expr > expr
expr <= expr
expr >= expr
Examples
A < 3;
a > b
-1.3 >= (2.0 * X + 3.3)

1.2.1 Equality Operators and Expressions

The equality operators = = and != are binary operators acting on
expressions. They yield either int value 0 or the int value 1.
The usual arithmetic conversions are applied to expressions that
are the operands of the equality operators.
equality expression:

expr == expr
expr != expr

Examples
C == A;
K != .2;
x + y == 3* z- 7;

1.3.1 Logical Operators and Expressions

The logical operator ! is unary, and the logical operators && and
||

are

binary.

All

of

these

operators,

when

applied

to

expressions, yield either the int value 0 or the int value 1.

Logical negation can be applied to an expression of arithmetic or
pointer type. If an expression has value zero, then its negation
will yield the int value 0.
logical_negation_expression = !expr;
Examples
!a;
!(x + 6.88);
!(a>b) ;
The binary logical operators && and || also act on expressions
and yield either the int value 0 or the int value 1. The syntax
for a logical expression is given by:
Logical_expression

logical_negation_expression;
logical_or_expression;
logical_and _expression;

logical_or_expression

expr || expr;

logical_and_expression

expr && expr;

Examples
a && b;
a || b;
!(a>b) &&x
2. The COMPOUND STATEMENT

A compound statement is a series of declarations and statements

surrounded by braces.

Syntax:
compound_statement { { declaration } { statement } }

The chief use of the compound statement is to group statements

into an executable unit. When declarations come at the beginning
of a compound statement, the compound statement is called block.
In C, wherever it is syntactically correct to place statement, it
is also syntactically correct to place a compound statement. A
compound statement is itself a statement. An important use of the
compound statement is to achieve the desired flow of control in
if, if-else, while, for, and switch statements.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a=1, b, c;
{ b=2;
c=3;
}
getch();}
3. THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
3.1 The if statement
The general form of an if statement is:
if (expr)
statement;
Action:

If expr is nonzero (true), then statement is executed; otherwise

statement is skipped control passes to the next statement.
Example
if (grade >= 90)
printf(Congratulations !!!);
printf (Your grade is %d\n,grade);
Usually,

the

expression

in

an

if

statement

is

relational,

logical, equality expression an expression from any domain is

permissible.
Where appropriate, compound statement should be used to group a
series of statements under the control of a singe if expression.
The

code

can

be

written

to

be

more

efficient

and

more

understandable by using a single if statement with a compound

statement for its body.
Example
if ( a < b)
{
ave=a;
printf(a is smaller than b\n);
}

3.2 The if-else statement

The general form is:
if (expr)
statement1
else
statement2
If expr is nonzero, then statement1 is executed and statement2 is
skipped;

if

expr

is

zero,

then

statement1

is

skipped

and

statement2 is executed. In both cases control then passes to the

next statement.

Example
if (a>b)
{ b++;
printf( Value is smaller %d\n, b);
}
else
printf(You got a bigger value %d\n, a);
An if-else statement can be used as the statement part of another
if statement, this is what you call nested if.

Example
if(x == 50)
if(y >= 120)
{ sum = x + y;
printf(the sum of x and y is %d, sum);
}
else
{ diff = x y;
printf(the difference between x and y is %d, diff);
}
else
printf(Next time);
3.3 THE switch STATEMENT
The switch is a multiway conditional statement generalizing the
if-else statement.

Syntax:
switch(expression)

case constant expression: statement; break;

case constant expression:
statement:
break:
case constant expression:
statement;
break;
[default
statement;]

}
Action:
The switch expression maybe any expression which evaluates
to an int, conditional, char or double value. The case list lust
consists of constants whose type matches that of the

switch

expression. Note that the case list cannot include variables or

expressions. After the statements for a case, a keyword break
maybe used. The break keyword means that at the point, execution
should

jump

to

the

end

of

the

switch

statement.

The

switch

statement is terminated by curly bracket ( } ). Note the optional

switch constant default. This switch constant can be used to
specify

an

action

to

be

taken

if

the

value

of

the

expression does not match any of the listed values.

Example
Assign a letter grade based on the number value 0-10
switch (QUIZ) {
case
10:
case
9:
printf(A);
break;
case
8:
printf(B);
break;
case
7:
printf(C):
break;

switch

case
case
case
case
case
case
case
default:
switch

6:
printf(D);
break;
5:
4:
3:
2:
1:
0:
printf(F); break;
printf(Input out of Range);

end of

Sample Program:
This program will prompt the user to input an
integer number which will determine the corresponding month in
words.
Sample Run:
Please enter a number:
November

11

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{ clrscr();
int number;
printf(Please enter a number: );
scanf(%d,&number);
switch(number) {
case 1: printf(January\n);
break;
case 2: printf(February\n);
break;
case 3: printf(March\n);
break;
case 4: printf(April\n);
break;
case 5: printf(May\n);
break;
case 6: printf(June\n);
break;
case 7: printf(July\n);
break;
case 8: printf(August\n);
break;
case 9: printf(September\n);
break;

case 10: printf(October\n);

break;
case 11: printf(November\n);
break;
case 12: printf(December\n);
break;
default: printf(Invalid entry!);
getch();
}

4. Unconditional Transfer Statement

THE break AND continue STATEMENTS
Two special statements:

break(); and continue;

4.1 The break statement

The break statement has two uses:
1. To terminate a CASE in the switch statement
2. To force termination of a loop, bypassing inside the loop, the
loop is immediately terminated and program control resumes at the
next statement following the loop.

Example
while(1) {
scanf(%lf,&x);
if(x < 0.0)
break;
printf(%f\n,sqrt(x));}

4.2 The continue statement

The continue statement causes the current iteration of the
loop to stop and causes the next iteration of the loop to begin

immediately. The continue statement may only occur inside for,

while, and do loops.

Example
do{
scanf(%d,&num);
if (x < 0 )
continue;
printf(%d,x);
} while (x != 100);

5. LOOPS
Repetition of action is one reason we rely on computers.
When there are large amount of data, it is very convenient to
have

control

mechanism

that

repeatedly

execute

specific

statements. In C, the while, for, and, do statements provide for

repetitive actions.
5.1 THE while STATEMENT
Syntax:
while(expr)
statement;
next statement;
Action:
First the expr is evaluated. If it is nonzero(true), then
statement is executed and control is passed back at the beginning
of the while loop. The effect of this is that the body of the
while loop, namely statement is executed repeatedly until expr is
zero (false). At that point control passes the next statement.
It is possible to inadvertently specify an expression that
never becomes zero, and unless other means of escaping the while

loop are introduced, the program is stuck in an infinite loop.

Care should be taken to avoid this difficulty.

Example
While(number != 0)
{ scanf (%d,&number);
sum += number;
}
printf( the sum of all numbers is %d,sum);

5.2 THE for STATEMENT

Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment)
statement;
Action:

The for statement allows many variants, but there are three main
parts;
1. initialization is usually an assignment statement that is
used to set the loop control variable.
2. condition is a relational expression that determines when
the loop will exit.
3. increment defines how the loop control variable will change
each time the loop is repeated.
These three major sections must be separated by semicolon. The
for loop continues to execute as long as the condition is TRUE.

Once the condition becomes FALSE, program execution resumes on

the statement following the for loop.

Example
for(x=100;x!=65;x+=5)
{
z=sqrt(x);
printf(The square root of %d is %f,x,z);
}
An important point above for loop is that conditional test is
always performed at the top of the loop. This means that the code
inside the loop may not be executed at all if the condition is
FALSE to begin with.

5.2.1 for LOOP VARIATIONS

5.2.1 One of the most common variations is achieved by using the

COMMA operator to allow 2 or more variables to control the loop.

Example:
for(x=0,y=0; x+y < 10; x++)
{
scanf(%d, &y);
sum = x + y;
}
printf(The sum of x and y is %d, sum);

5.2.1.1 Nested for loop

Syntax:
for(initialization1; condition1; increment1)
{
for(initialization2;condition2;increment2)
{
statement;

statement;
}
}
5.3 THE do STATEMENT
Syntax:
do {
Statement;
} while(expr);
next statement;
Action:
First statement is executed and expr is evaluated. If the value
of

expr

is

beginning

of

nonzero(TRUE),
the

do

then

statement

control
and

then

passes
the

back

process

to

the

repeats

itself. When expr is zero (FALSE), then control passes to next

statement.
Example
do {
scanf(%d,&num);
sum += num;
}
while (num > 100);
printf(Then sum is %d, sum);
Sample program:
This program prompts the user to enter series of integer numbers
which will be terminated when 0 is entered and will display the
sum of all the integer values entered.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{ int a, sum;
clrscr();
printf(Enter series of integers, until 0\n);
printf(Is entered:\n\n);
sum=0;

do {
printf(enter the number: );
scanf(%d, &a);
sum=sum + a;
} while (a!=0);
printf(\nThe sum is %d,sum);
getch();
}
Sample run:
Enter series of integers, until 0 is entered:
Enter the number: 7
Enter the number: 3
Enter the number: 9
Enter the number: 0
The sum is 19
EXERCISE NO. 3
NAME ______________________________
YEAR AND SECTION __________________

DATE _______________
SCORE ______________

1. Give the syntax and explain the following C

statements/functions/symbols:
if-else
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
switch
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
break
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
continue

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2.
A. Give the syntax and explain for loop:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
B. Give the syntax and explain the while loop:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
C. Give the syntax and explain the do loop:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
SAMPLE EXERCISES NO. 3
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a compound statement?
2. True or false. The else statement

in the if.. else

statement

is required.
3. True or false. All conditional expressions should be enclosed
in parenthesis.
4. Correct the syntax error:
if x>25.0{
y=x
else
y=z;; }

5. What value is assigned to num using if statement when var1 is

80?
if (var1 > 35)
num=20.0;
else
if (var1>50
num=40.0;
else
if(var1>80)
num = 60.0;

6. What will be the output of the following program segment?

(a)

x=7; y=8;
if(x<=y)
if(x==y)
x++;
else
y++;
printf(%d%d\,x,y);

(b)

k=3; j=5;
if (k<4)
if (j>2)
if (k-j=3)
k=k+J
else
k=k-j;
printf(%d\n,k);

7. What output line(s) are displayed by the statements that

follow when mark is T?
When mark is A? When mark is B? When mark is C?

points =0;
switch (mark) {
case A:
points =4;
exit();
case B:
points =3;
break;
case C:
points =2;
continue;
case E:
case I:
case W:
points =0;
}
if (points>0)
printf (Passed, points earned =%d\n, points);
else
printf (Failed, no points earned\n);
(b)
x=7;y=8
if (x<=y)
{if(x=y)
x++;}
8. Explain the difference between the statements on the left and
the statements on the right. For each group of statements, give
the final value of x if the initial value of x is 1

if (x>0)
x=x+1;
else if (x>=1)
x=x+2;

if (x>0)
x=x+1;
if (x>=)
x=x+2;

9. Differentiate the use of break and continue.

10. What is the use of else in a switch statement? Is this

optional or required?
11.

Write

program

segment

for

the

following

using

(a)

if

statement and (b) switch ..case statement: If the value of the

integer variable ME is less than 2 and greater than 0, assign the
value of ME to integer variable YOU. If the value of ME is 5,
multiply

variables

THEY

and

THEM

and

assign

the

results

to

variable YOU. If the value of ME is 2, increment YOU by 1. If the

value of ME is 7, decrement YOU by 4. Any other value of ME would
display the value of YOU.
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
12. Write a program segment for the following using case. If the
value of the character variable CHAR_VAR is A or a, add 1 to
integer variable JETT. If the value of CHAR_VAR is B or b,
subtract Y from Z giving the value to JETT. If the value of
CHAR_VAR is C or c, subtract Z from Y giving the value to
JETT. Any other value would result to an error message INVALID
ENTRY.
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
13. The following program is partially complete:
a=5;
x:
c++;
if(c==1)
{ a=a*a;
goto x;}
else
if (c==2)
{ a = a + a;
goto x;}
else

Complete the program to produce the following output:

The value of a is 25.
The value of a is 10.
The value of a is 0.
14. What is the output of the following program segments:
(a)

for(i=1; i<=5;
printf(%2d, i);

i++)

(b)
ctr = 0;
do
{ ctr = ctr + 1;
if ((ctr % 2) != 0)
continue
else
printf(%2d, ctr);
}while ( ctr !=10 );
(c)
x = 10; y = 10;
while (x != y) {
printf(%5d %5d\n,x,y);
x--; y ++; }

15. PROGRAMMING. Write a program for the following problem.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-1
Write a program that will determine whether a person is a child,
a teen-ager or an adult using age as input. Assume that a child
is from 0 to 12 years old, a teen-ager is from 13 to 19 and adult
is from 20 years old and above. Return C from child, T for
teen-ager and A for adult.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-2

Pizza parlors offers different pizza sizes in terms of diameters.
For example, Dominos has three options: 10 inches, 12 inches, 14
inches diameter. Extravaganza pizza costing 178 pesos, 259 pesos
and 314 pesos respectively. Write a program that will input the
diameter of the pizza, and its price. Determine the (a) area of
the pizza and (b) the price by the divided area. Find out which
of the three options above (for Dominos) is the least expensive
in terms of price per square inch of pizza. Note that the area of
a circle is equivalent to PI* (diameter / 2)2.
PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-3
Write a program that would input 3 integers and would output them
in descending order.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-4

An applicant will be accepted to the Jedi Knight Academy if he is
at least 200 cm tall; age is between 21 and 25 inclusive, and a
citizen

of

the

Planet

Endor.

However,

if

the

applicant

is

recommendee of Jedi Master Obi Wan, he is accepted automatically

regardless of his height, age and citizenship. Write a program

that would input the applicants height, age, citizenship code
(1- citizen 0-not citizen) and recommendees code (1- recommended
0- not recommended) and then output whether the applicant is
accepted or rejected.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-5

Assume a range of integer values starting from N1 and ending at
N2. Assume also an integer say M. Write a program that will print
and display all the numbers from N1 to N2 which are divisible by
M. You are also required display the count of such numbers. For
example, if N1 = 4, N2 = 12 and M = 4, the output will be: 4, 8,
12. The value 3 will also be displayed indicating that there are
3 numbers which are divisible by 4.
PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-6
A Video Rental gives a fine to their customers who return the
CDs of tape later than the due date. Input the number of days
late and display the fine.
Days
< = 2
<= 4
<= 5
>= 7

Fine
10.00
15.00
20.00
Equal to the amount of rent
(CD = 50.00 / VHS = 35.00 )

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 3-7

Write a program that will input non-negative integer and would

display the prime factors of the given integer.
Example:
Enter non-negative number: 15
Prime factors are: 1 3 5

CASE STUDY 1
Write a program that accepts a positive integer and gives its
prime factorization, that expresses the integer as a product of
primes.
CASE STUDY 2
N factorial can be defined as the product of all integers from 1
to N and it is denoted by the symbol N!. 0! (zero factorial) is
defined as 1. Write a program that will input N and would display
N factorial. (Determine first if N is a nonnegative integer).
CASE STUDY 3
Write a program that will input non-negative integer and call a
function DWARF to determine if the integer is DWARF or NOT. An
integer is said to be DWARF if the sum of its factors is greater
than the half of the number.
Example:
Input number: 6
Factors are: 1 2 3
Sum of its factor: 1 +2+3 =6
Half of the number : 6 /2 = 3
6 is DWARF

Input number: 9
Factors are 1,3
Sum of its factors : 1 + 3 = 4
Half of number : 9 / 2 = 4.5
9 is NOT DWARF