Lmx31X Precision Voltage-To-Frequency Converters: 1 Features 3 Description

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LM231, LM331
SNOSBI2C JUNE 1999 REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015
LMx31x Precision Voltage-to-Frequency Converters

1 Features
3 Description
The LMx31 family of voltage-to-frequency converters

are ideally suited for use in simple low-cost circuits
for analog-to-digital conversion, precision frequencyto-voltage conversion, long-term integration, linear
frequency modulation or demodulation, and many
other functions. The output when used as a voltageto-frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency
precisely proportional to the applied input voltage.
Thus, it provides all the inherent advantages of the
voltage-to-frequency conversion techniques, and is
easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency
converter applications.
Ensured Linearity 0.01% Maximum

Improved Performance in Existing Voltage-toFrequency Conversion Applications
Split or Single-Supply Operation
Operates on Single 5-V Supply
Pulse Output Compatible With All Logic Forms
Excellent Temperature Stability: 50 ppm/C
Maximum
Low Power Consumption: 15 mW Typical at 5 V
Wide Dynamic Range, 100 dB Minimum at 10-kHz
Full Scale Frequency
Wide Range of Full Scale Frequency:
1 Hz to 100 kHz
Low-Cost
2 Applications
Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER
LM231
LM331
PACKAGE
PDIP (8)
BODY SIZE (NOM)

9.81 mm 6.35 mm
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at

the end of the data sheet.
Voltage to Frequency Conversions

Frequency to Voltage Conversions
Remote-Sensor Monitoring
Tachometers
Schematic Diagram
An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this data sheet addresses availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical applications,
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
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Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Features ..................................................................
Applications ...........................................................
Description .............................................................
Revision History.....................................................
Description continued ...........................................
Pin Configuration and Functions .........................
Specifications.........................................................
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
4
4
5
5
5
6
7
Absolute Maximum Ratings ......................................

ESD Ratings..............................................................
Recommended Operating Conditions.......................
Thermal Information ..................................................
Electrical Characteristics...........................................
Dissipation Ratings ...................................................
Typical Characteristics ..............................................
Detailed Description .............................................. 9

8.1 Overview ................................................................... 9
8.2 Functional Block Diagram ......................................... 9
8.3 Feature Description................................................. 10

8.4 Device Functional Modes........................................ 10
Application and Implementation ........................ 11

9.1 Application Information............................................ 11
9.2 Typical Applications ................................................ 12
9.3 System Examples .................................................. 15
10 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 18

11 Layout................................................................... 18
11.1 Layout Guidelines ................................................. 18
11.2 Layout Example .................................................... 18
12 Device and Documentation Support ................. 19

12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Related Links ........................................................

Community Resources..........................................
Trademarks ...........................................................
Electrostatic Discharge Caution ............................
Glossary ................................................................
19
19
19
19
19
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable

Information ........................................................... 19
4 Revision History
NOTE: Page numbers for previous revisions may differ from page numbers in the current version.
Changes from Revision B (March 2013) to Revision C
Added Pin Configuration and Functions section, ESD Ratings table, Feature Description section, Device Functional
Modes, Application and Implementation section, Power Supply Recommendations section, Layout section, Device
and Documentation Support section, and Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information section .............................. 1
Changes from Revision A (March 2013) to Revision B
Page
Page
Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format ............................................................................................................. 1
Submit Documentation Feedback
Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331
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5 Description continued
Further, the LMx31A attain a new high level of accuracy versus temperature which could only be attained with
expensive voltage-to-frequency modules. Additionally the LMx31 are ideally suited for use in digital systems at
low power supply voltages and can provide low-cost analog-to-digital conversion in microprocessor-controlled
systems. And, the frequency from a battery-powered voltage-to-frequency converter can be easily channeled
through a simple photo isolator to provide isolation against high common-mode levels.
The LMx31 uses a new temperature-compensated band-gap reference circuit, to provide excellent accuracy over
the full operating temperature range, at power supplies as low as 4 V. The precision timer circuit has low bias
currents without degrading the quick response necessary for 100-kHz voltage-to-frequency conversion. And the
output are capable of driving 3 TTL loads, or a high-voltage output up to 40 V, yet is short-circuit-proof against
VCC.
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6 Pin Configuration and Functions

P Package
8-Pin PDIP
Top View
Pin Functions
PIN
NAME
NO.
IOUT
IREF
FOUT
I/O
DESCRIPTION
Current Output
Reference Current
Frequency Output. This output is an open-collector output and requires a pullup resistor.
GND
Ground
RC
R-C filter input
THRESH
Threshold input
COMPIN
Comparator Input
VS
Supply Voltage
7 Specifications
7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings (1) (2) (3)
MIN
MAX
UNIT
40
+VS
260
Supply Voltage, VS
Output Short Circuit to Ground
Continuous
Output Short Circuit to VCC
Continuous
0.2
Input Voltage
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)
(1)
(2)
(3)
PDIP
Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings
only, which do not imply functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended
Operating Conditions. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
All voltages are measured with respect to GND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the TI Sales Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
7.2 ESD Ratings

V(ESD)
(1)
(2)
Electrostatic discharge
Human body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 (1) (2)
VALUE
UNIT
500
JEDEC document JEP155 states that 500-V HBM allows safe manufacturing with a standard ESD control process.
Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5-k resistor.
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7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions

Operating Ambient
Temperature
MIN
MAX
LM231, LM231A
25
85
LM331, LM331A
70
40
Supply Voltage, VS (1)

(1)
UNIT
All voltages are measured with respect to GND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
7.4 Thermal Information

LM312, LM331
THERMAL METRIC (1)
P (PDIP)
UNIT
8 PINS
RJA
(1)
Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance
100
C/W
For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the Semiconductor and IC Package Thermal Metrics application
report, SPRA953.
7.5 Electrical Characteristics

All specifications apply in the circuit of Figure 16, with 4.0 V VS 40 V, TA = 25C, unless otherwise specified.
PARAMETER
VFC Non-Linearity
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
4.5 V VS 20 V
0.003
0.01
% FullScale
TMIN TA TMAX
0.006
0.02
% FullScale
VS = 15 V, f = 10 Hz to 11 kHz
0.024
0.14
%FullScale
0.95
1.05
kHz/V
0.9
1.1
kHz/V
TMIN TA TMAX
4.5 V VS 20 V
30
150
ppm/C
20
50
ppm/C
4.5 V VS 10 V
0.01
0.1
%/V
10 V VS 40 V
0.006
0.06
%/V
(1)
VFC Non-Linearity in Circuit of Figure 14

Conversion Accuracy
Scale Factor (Gain)
Temperature Stability
of Gain
LM231, LM231A
VIN = 10 V, RS = 14 k
LM331, LM331A
LMx31
LMx31A
Change of Gain with VS

Rated Full-Scale Frequency
VIN = 10 V
Gain Stability vs. Time (1000 Hours)
TMIN TA TMAX
Over Range (Beyond Full-Scale) Frequency
VIN = 11 V
10.0
kHz
% FullScale
0.02
10%
INPUT COMPARATOR
Offset Voltage
LM231/LM331
TMIN TA TMAX
LM231A/LM331A
TMIN TA TMAX
Bias Current
Offset Current
Common-Mode Range
TMIN TA TMAX
10
mV
14
mV
10
mV
80
300
nA
100
nA
VCC 2
0.2
TIMER
Timer Threshold Voltage, Pin 5
Input Bias Current, Pin 5
0.667 VS
0.7 VS
All Devices
0V VPIN 5 9.9 V
10
100
nA
LM231/LM331
VPIN
= 10 V
200
1000
nA
LM231A/LM331A
VPIN
5 = 10 V
200
500
nA
0.22
0.5
VSAT PIN 5 (Reset)

(1)
0.63 VS
VS = 15 V
I = 5 mA
Non-linearity is defined as the deviation of fOUT from VIN (10 kHz/10 VDC) when the circuit has been trimmed for zero error at 10 Hz
and at 10 kHz, over the frequency range 1 Hz to 11 kHz. For the timing capacitor, CT, use NPO ceramic, Teflon, or polystyrene.
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Electrical Characteristics (continued)

All specifications apply in the circuit of Figure 16, with 4.0 V VS 40 V, TA = 25C, unless otherwise specified.
PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
126
135
144
116
136
156
0.2
0.02
10
nA
50
nA
CURRENT SOURCE (PIN 1)

LM231, LM231A
Output Current
0V VPIN 1 10 V
Change with Voltage

Current Source OFF
Leakage
RS = 14 k, VPIN 1 = 0
LM331, LM331A
LM231, LM231A,
LM331, LM331A
All Devices
TA = TMAX
Operating Range of Current (Typical)
(10 to 500)
REFERENCE VOLTAGE (PIN 2)

LM231, LM231A
1.76
1.89
2.02
LM331, LM331A
1.7
1.89
2.08
Stability vs. Temperature
60
Stability vs. Time, 1000 Hours
VDC
VDC
ppm/C
0.1%
LOGIC OUTPUT (PIN 3)

I = 5 mA
VSAT
0.15
0.5
0.1
0.4
0.05
mA
VS = 40 V
2.5
mA
VS = 5 V
1.5
mA
mA
I = 3.2 mA (2 TTL Loads),

TMIN TA TMAX
OFF Leakage
SUPPLY CURRENT
LM231, LM231A
LM331, LM331A
VS = 5 V
VS = 40 V
7.6 Dissipation Ratings

Package Dissipation at 25C (1)
(1)
VALUE
UNIT
1.25
The absolute maximum junction temperature (TJmax) for this device is 150C. The maximum allowable power dissipation is dictated by
TJmax, the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (JA), and the ambient temperature TA, and can be calculated using the formula
PDmax = (TJmax - TA) / JA. The values for maximum power dissipation will be reached only when the device is operated in a severe
fault condition (e.g., when input or output pins are driven beyond the power supply voltages, or the power supply polarity is reversed).
Obviously, such conditions should always be avoided.
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7.7 Typical Characteristics

(All electrical characteristics apply for the circuit of Figure 16, unless otherwise noted.)
Figure 1. Non-Linearity Error as Precision V-to-F Converter

(Figure 16)
Figure 2. Non-Linearity Error
Figure 3. Non-Linearity Error vs. Power Supply Voltage
Figure 4. Frequency vs. Temperature
Figure 5. VREF vs. Temperature
Figure 6. Output Frequency vs. VSUPPLY
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Typical Characteristics (continued)

(All electrical characteristics apply for the circuit of Figure 16, unless otherwise noted.)
Figure 7. 100 kHz Non-Linearity Error (Figure 17)
Figure 8. Non-Linearity Error (Figure 14)
Figure 9. Input Current (Pins 6,7) vs. Temperature
Figure 10. Power Drain vs. VSUPPLY
Figure 11. Output Saturation Voltage vs. IOUT (Pin 3)
Figure 12. Non-Linearity Error, Precision F-to-V Converter

(Figure 19)
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8 Detailed Description
8.1 Overview
8.1.1 Detail of Operation, Functional Block Diagram
The Functional Block Diagram shows a band gap reference which provides a stable 1.9-VDC output. This 1.9 VDC
is well regulated over a VS range of 3.9 V to 40 V. It also has a flat, low temperature coefficient, and typically
changes less than % over a 100C temperature change.
The current pump circuit forces the voltage at pin 2 to be at 1.9 V, and causes a current i = 1.90 V/RS to flow.
For RS=14 k, i=135 A. The precision current reflector provides a current equal to i to the current switch. The
current switch switches the current to pin 1 or to ground, depending upon the state of the R-S flip-flop.
The timing function consists of an R-S flip-flop and a timer comparator connected to the external RtCt network.
When the input comparator detects a voltage at pin 7 higher than pin 6, it sets the R-S flip-flop which turns ON
the current switch and the output driver transistor. When the voltage at pin 5 rises to VCC, the timer comparator
causes the R-S flip-flop to reset. The reset transistor is then turned ON and the current switch is turned OFF.
However, if the input comparator still detects the voltage on pin 7 as higher than pin 6 when pin 5 crosses
VCC, the flip-flop will not be reset, and the current at pin 1 will continue to flow, trying to make the voltage at pin 6
higher than pin 7. This condition will usually apply under start-up conditions or in the case of an overload voltage
at signal input. During this sort of overload the output frequency will be 0. As soon as the signal is restored to the
working range, the output frequency will be resumed.
8.2 Functional Block Diagram
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8.3 Feature Description

The LMx31 operate over a wide voltage range of 4 V to 40 V.
The voltage at pin 2 is regulated at 1.90 VDC for all values of i between 10 A to 500 A. It can be used as a
voltage reference for other components, but take care to ensure that current is not taken from it which could
reduce the accuracy of the converter.
8.4 Device Functional Modes

The output driver transistor acts to saturate pin 3 with an ON resistance of about 50 . In case of overvoltage,
the output current is actively limited to less than 50 mA.
If the voltage on pin 7 is higher than pin 6 when pin 5 crosses VCC, the LMx31 internal flip-flop will not be
reset, and the current at pin 1 will continue to flow, trying to make the voltage at pin 6 higher than pin 7. This
condition will usually apply under start-up conditions or in the case of an overload voltage at signal input. During
this sort of overload the output frequency will be 0. As soon as the signal is restored to the working range, the
output frequency will be resumed.
10
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9 Application and Implementation

NOTE
Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component
specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TIs customers are
responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should
validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.
9.1 Application Information

9.1.1 Simplified Voltage-to-Frequency Converter
The operation of these blocks is best understood by going through the operating cycle of the basic V-to-F
converter, Figure 13, which consists of the simplified block diagram of the LMx31 and the various resistors and
capacitors connected to it.
The voltage comparator compares a positive input voltage, V1, at pin 7 to the voltage, Vx, at pin 6. If V1 is
greater, the comparator will trigger the 1-shot timer. The output of the timer will turn ON both the frequency
output transistor and the switched current source for a period t = 1.1 RtCt. During this period, the current i will
flow out of the switched current source and provide a fixed amount of charge, Q = i t, into the capacitor, CL.
This will normally charge Vx up to a higher level than V1. At the end of the timing period, the current i will turn
OFF, and the timer will reset itself.
Now there is no current flowing from pin 1, and the capacitor CL will be gradually discharged by RL until Vx falls
to the level of V1. Then the comparator will trigger the timer and start another cycle.
The current flowing into CL is exactly IAVE = i (1.1RtCt) f, and the current flowing out of CL is exactly Vx/RL
VIN/RL. If VIN is doubled, the frequency will double to maintain this balance. Even a simple V-to-F converter can
provide a frequency precisely proportional to its input voltage over a wide range of frequencies.
9.1.2 Principles of Operation
The LMx31 are monolithic circuits designed for accuracy and versatile operation when applied as voltage-tofrequency (V-to-F) converters or as frequency-to-voltage (F-to-V) converters. A simplified block diagram of the
LMx31 is shown in Figure 13 and consists of a switched current source, input comparator, and 1-shot timer.
Figure 13. Simplified Block Diagram of Stand-Alone

Voltage-to-Frequency Converter and
External Components
11
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9.2 Typical Applications

9.2.1 Basic Voltage-to-Frequency Converter
The simple stand-alone V-to-F converter shown in Figure 14 includes all the basic circuitry of Figure 13 plus a
few components for improved performance.
*Use stable components with low temperature coefficients. See Application Information.
**0.1 F or 1 F, See Typical Applications.
Figure 14. Simple Stand-Alone V-to-F Converter

with 0.03% Typical Linearity (f = 10 Hz to 11 kHz)
9.2.1.1 Design Requirements
For this example, the system requirements are 0.05% linearity over an output frequency range of 10 Hz to 4 kHz
with an input voltage range of 25 mV to 12.5 V. The available supply voltage is 15.0 V.
9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure
A capacitor CIN is added from pin 7 to ground to act as a filter for VIN, use of a 0.1 F is appropriate for this
application. A value of 0.01 F to 0.1 F will be adequate in most cases; however, in cases where better filtering
is required, a 1-F capacitor can be used. When the RC time constants are matched at pin 6 and pin 7, a voltage
step at VIN will cause a step change in fOUT. If CIN is much less than CL, a step at VIN may cause fOUT to stop
momentarily.
Next, we cancel the comparator bias current by setting RIN to 100 k to match RL. This will help to minimize any
frequency offset.
For best results, all the components should be stable low-temperature-coefficient components, such as metal-film
resistors. The capacitor should have low dielectric absorption; depending on the temperature characteristics
desired, NPO ceramic, polystyrene, Teflon or polypropylene are best suited.
The resistance RS at pin 2 is made up of a 12-k fixed resistor plus a 5-k (cermet, preferably) gain adjust
rheostat. The function of this adjustment is to trim out the gain tolerance of the LMx31, and the tolerance of Rt,
RL and Ct.
12
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Typical Applications (continued)

A 47- resistor in series with the 1-F capacitor (CL) provides hysteresis, which helps the input comparator
provide the excellent linearity.
This results in the transfer function of OUT = (VIN / 2.09 V) (RS / RL) (1 / RtCt).
9.2.1.3 Application Curve
Figure 15. Output Non-Linearity Error vs. Frequency
13
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Typical Applications (continued)

9.2.2 Precision V-To-F Converter
In this circuit, integration is performed by using a conventional operational amplifier and feedback capacitor, CF.
When the integrator's output crosses the nominal threshold level at pin 6 of the LMx31, the timing cycle is
initiated.
The average current fed into the summing point of the op-amp (pin 2) is i (1.1 RtCt) f which is perfectly
balanced with VIN/RIN. In this circuit, the voltage offset of the LMx31 input comparator does not affect the offset
or accuracy of the V-to-F converter as it does in the stand-alone V-to-F converter; nor does the LM231/331 bias
current or offset current. Instead, the offset voltage and offset current of the operational amplifier are the only
limits on how small the signal can be accurately converted. Since op-amps with voltage offset well below 1 mV
and offset currents well below 2 nA are available at low cost, this circuit is recommended for best accuracy for
small signals. This circuit also responds immediately to any change of input signal (which a stand-alone circuit
does not) so that the output frequency will be an accurate representation of VIN, as quickly as the spacing of the
2 output pulses can be measured.
In the precision mode, excellent linearity is obtained because the current source (pin 1) is always at ground
potential and that voltage does not vary with VIN or fOUT. (In the stand-alone V-to-F converter, a major cause of
non-linearity is the output impedance at pin 1 which causes i to change as a function of VIN).
The circuit of Figure 17 operates in the same way as Figure 16, but with the necessary changes for high-speed
operation.
*Use stable components with low temperature coefficients.

**This resistor can be 5 k or 10 k for VS = 8 V to 22 V, but must be 10 k for VS = 4.5 V to 8 V.
***Use low offset voltage and low offset current op-amps for A1: recommended type LF411A
Figure 16. Standard Test Circuit and Applications Circuit, Precision Voltage-to-Frequency Converter
14
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9.3 System Examples

9.3.1 F-to-V Converters
In these applications, a pulse input at fIN is differentiated by a C-R network and the negative-going edge at pin 6
causes the input comparator to trigger the timer circuit. Just as with a V-to-F converter, the average current
flowing out of pin 1 is IAVERAGE = i (1.1 RtCt) f.
In the simple circuit of Figure 18, this current is filtered in the network RL = 100 k and 1 F. The ripple will be
less than 10-mV peak, but the response will be slow, with a 0.1 second time constant, and settling of 0.7 second
to 0.1% accuracy.
In the precision circuit, an operational amplifier provides a buffered output and also acts as a 2-pole filter. The
ripple will be less than 5-mV peak for all frequencies above 1 kHz, and the response time will be much quicker
than in Figure 18. However, for input frequencies below 200 Hz, this circuit will have worse ripple than Figure 18.
The engineering of the filter time-constants to get adequate response and small enough ripple simply requires a
study of the compromises to be made. Inherently, V-to-F converter response can be fast, but F-to-V response
can not.
10 kHz Full-Scale, 0.06% Non-Linearity

100 kHz Full-Scale, 0.03% Non-Linearity

**This resistor can be 5 k or 10 k for VS=8V to 22V, but must be
10 k for VS=4.5V to 8V.
***Use low offset voltage and low offset current op-amps for A1:
recommended types LF411A or LF356.
Figure 17. Precision Voltage-to-Frequency

Converter
Figure 18. Simple Frequency-to-Voltage Converter
15
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System Examples (continued)
*L14F-1, L14G-1 or L14H-1, photo transistor (General Electric Co.)

or similar
10 kHz Full-Scale With 2-Pole Filter, 0.01% Non-Linearity
Maximum
Figure 19. Precision Frequency-to-Voltage

Converter,
Figure 20. Light Intensity to Frequency Converter
Figure 21. Temperature to Frequency Converter
Figure 22. Long-Term Digital Integrator Using VFC
Figure 23. Basic Analog-to-Digital Converter Using

Voltage-to-Frequency Converter
Figure 24. Analog-to-Digital Converter With

Microprocessor
16
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System Examples (continued)
Figure 25. Remote Voltage-to-Frequency Converter

With 2-Wire Transmitter and Receiver
Figure 26. Voltage-to-Frequency Converter With

Square-Wave Output Using 2 Flip-Flop

Isolators

Isolators

Isolators

Isolators
17
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10 Power Supply Recommendations

The LMx31 can operate over a wide supply voltage range of 4 V to 40 V. For proper operation, the supply pin
should be bypassing to ground with a low-ESR, 1-F capacitor. It is acceptable to use X7R capacitors for this.
For systems using higher supply voltages, ensure that the voltage rating for the bypass caps is sufficient.
11 Layout
11.1 Layout Guidelines
Bypass capacitors must be placed as close as possible to the supply pin. As the LM331 is a through-hole device,
it is acceptable to place the bypass capacitor on the bottom layer.
If an input capacitor to ground is used to clean the input signal, the capacitor should be placed close to the
supply pin.
Use of a ground plane is recommended to provide a low-impedance ground across the circuit.
GND
11.2 Layout Example
2
GND
1
COMP-OUT
8
VS
O
M
P-
O
U
2
IREF
7
VINF
3
FOUT
6
COMP-OUT
4
GND
5
RC_TIME
1
VINF
1
COMP-OUT
2
LOAD
1
RC_TIME
2
GND
Figure 31. Layout Example
18
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12 Device and Documentation Support

12.1 Related Links
The table below lists quick access links. Categories include technical documents, support and community
resources, tools and software, and quick access to sample or buy.
Table 1. Related Links
PARTS
PRODUCT FOLDER
SAMPLE & BUY
TECHNICAL
DOCUMENTS
TOOLS &
SOFTWARE
SUPPORT &
COMMUNITY
LM231
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
LM331
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
12.2 Community Resources

The following links connect to TI community resources. Linked contents are provided "AS IS" by the respective
contributors. They do not constitute TI specifications and do not necessarily reflect TI's views; see TI's Terms of
Use.
TI E2E Online Community TI's Engineer-to-Engineer (E2E) Community. Created to foster collaboration
among engineers. At e2e.ti.com, you can ask questions, share knowledge, explore ideas and help
solve problems with fellow engineers.
Design Support TI's Design Support Quickly find helpful E2E forums along with design support tools and
contact information for technical support.
12.3 Trademarks
E2E is a trademark of Texas Instruments.
Teflon is a registered trademark of E.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
12.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution

These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
12.5 Glossary
SLYZ022 TI Glossary.
This glossary lists and explains terms, acronyms, and definitions.
13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

The following pages include mechanical, packaging, and orderable information. This information is the most
current data available for the designated devices. This data is subject to change without notice and revision of
this document. For browser-based versions of this data sheet, refer to the left-hand navigation.
19
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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8-Aug-2015
PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device
Status
(1)
Package Type Package Pins Package

Drawing
Qty
Eco Plan
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp
(2)
(6)
(3)
Op Temp (C)
Device Marking
(4/5)
LM231AN/NOPB
ACTIVE
PDIP
40
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-NA-UNLIM
-25 to 85
LM
231AN
LM231N/NOPB
ACTIVE
PDIP
40
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-NA-UNLIM
-25 to 85
LM
231N
LM331AN/NOPB
ACTIVE
PDIP
40
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-NA-UNLIM
LM331N/NOPB
ACTIVE
PDIP
40
Green (RoHS
& no Sb/Br)
CU SN
Level-1-NA-UNLIM
0 to 70
LM
331N
RC4151NB
OBSOLETE
PDIP
TBD
Call TI
Call TI
0 to 70
LM
331N
RV4151NB
OBSOLETE
PDIP
TBD
Call TI
Call TI
-25 to 85
LM
231N
LM
331AN
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:

ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
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lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
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(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
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(5)
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Addendum-Page 1
Samples
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
www.ti.com
8-Aug-2015
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
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Addendum-Page 2
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Lmx31X Precision Voltage-To-Frequency Converters: 1 Features 3 Description

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LMx31x Precision Voltage-to-Frequency Converters

The LMx31 family of voltage-to-frequency converters

Ensured Linearity 0.01% Maximum

BODY SIZE (NOM)

(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at

Voltage to Frequency Conversions

Absolute Maximum Ratings ......................................

Detailed Description .............................................. 9

8.3 Feature Description................................................. 10

Application and Implementation ........................ 11

10 Power Supply Recommendations ..................... 18

12 Device and Documentation Support ................. 19

Related Links ........................................................

13 Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable

Changes from Revision A (March 2013) to Revision B

Changed layout of National Data Sheet to TI format ............................................................................................................. 1

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Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331

SNOSBI2C JUNE 1999 REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015

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Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331

6 Pin Configuration and Functions

R-C filter input

Output Short Circuit to VCC

7.2 ESD Ratings

Human body model (HBM), per ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS-001 (1) (2)

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Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331

SNOSBI2C JUNE 1999 REVISED SEPTEMBER 2015

7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions

Supply Voltage, VS (1)

7.4 Thermal Information

Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance

7.5 Electrical Characteristics

VFC Non-Linearity in Circuit of Figure 14

Change of Gain with VS

Gain Stability vs. Time (1000 Hours)

Over Range (Beyond Full-Scale) Frequency

VSAT PIN 5 (Reset)

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Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331

Electrical Characteristics (continued)

CURRENT SOURCE (PIN 1)

Change with Voltage

Operating Range of Current (Typical)

REFERENCE VOLTAGE (PIN 2)

Stability vs. Temperature

Stability vs. Time, 1000 Hours

LOGIC OUTPUT (PIN 3)

I = 3.2 mA (2 TTL Loads),

7.6 Dissipation Ratings

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Copyright 19992015, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: LM231 LM331