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    Survey of LMS, RLS and SMI Algorithm For Smart Antenna System

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    Ku Mar Sa Ndesh
    This document summarizes and compares three adaptive beamforming algorithms - LMS, RLS, and SMI - for smart antenna systems. It provides an overview of each algorithm. LMS is described as the simplest gradient descent method with low complexity but slow convergence. RLS provides faster convergence than LMS by avoiding matrix inversions. SMI has the fastest convergence as it directly inverts the covariance matrix, making it useful when signals rapidly change, though it requires constant interferer positions. Performance is expected to improve with more antenna array elements by producing narrower main lobes and smaller side lobes. The upcoming report will further analyze and compare the performance of these algorithms under different parameters.

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    Survey of LMS, RLS and SMI Algorithm For Smart Antenna System

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    Ku Mar Sa Ndesh
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    This document summarizes and compares three adaptive beamforming algorithms - LMS, RLS, and SMI - for smart antenna systems. It provides an overview of each algorithm. LMS is described as the simplest gradient descent method with low complexity but slow convergence. RLS provides faster convergence than LMS by avoiding matrix inversions. SMI has the fastest convergence as it directly inverts the covariance matrix, making it useful when signals rapidly change, though it requires constant interferer positions. Performance is expected to improve with more antenna array elements by producing narrower main lobes and smaller side lobes. The upcoming report will further analyze and compare the performance of these algorithms under different parameters.

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    This document summarizes and compares three adaptive beamforming algorithms - LMS, RLS, and SMI - for smart antenna systems. It provides an overview of each algorithm. LMS is described as the simplest gradient descent method with low complexity but slow convergence. RLS provides faster convergence than LMS by avoiding matrix inversions. SMI has the fastest convergence as it directly inverts the covariance matrix, making it useful when signals rapidly change, though it requires constant interferer positions. Performance is expected to improve with more antenna array elements by producing narrower main lobes and smaller side lobes. The upcoming report will further analyze and compare the performance of these algorithms under different parameters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    71 views3 pages

    Survey of LMS, RLS and SMI Algorithm For Smart Antenna System

    Uploaded by

    Ku Mar Sa Ndesh
    This document summarizes and compares three adaptive beamforming algorithms - LMS, RLS, and SMI - for smart antenna systems. It provides an overview of each algorithm. LMS is described as the simplest gradient descent method with low complexity but slow convergence. RLS provides faster convergence than LMS by avoiding matrix inversions. SMI has the fastest convergence as it directly inverts the covariance matrix, making it useful when signals rapidly change, though it requires constant interferer positions. Performance is expected to improve with more antenna array elements by producing narrower main lobes and smaller side lobes. The upcoming report will further analyze and compare the performance of these algorithms under different parameters.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Survey of LMS, RLS and SMI Algorithm for

    Smart Antenna System


    Bremachandran Santhanam
    K00367167
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
    Texas A&M University
    Kingsville,Texas
    bremachandran@hotmail.com
    AbstractIn the field of communication, demand for the
    spectrum is increasing very rapidly which force developers to use
    the spectrum as efficiently as possible and smart antenna is one
    the emerging technologies which can fill the requirement. Smart
    antennas as systems of antennas include huge variety of
    techniques that tries to increase the received signal strength,
    suppress the interfering signals, and hence increase the overall
    SNR of the system. Paper includes the analysis and comparison of
    Least Mean Square (LMS), Recursive Least Square (RLS) and
    Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) algorithm on the basis of number
    of antenna elements, spacing between the elements for smart
    antenna and number of samples. Radiation pattern has been
    obtained for the specified adaptive beam forming algorithm by
    providing system with signal of interest (SOl) and Signal Noise of
    Interference (SNOl).

    Keywords: Smart antenna, Adaptive beam forming, SMI, RLS and


    LMS

    I. INTRODUCTION
    Smart antenna is the combination of antenna array and
    signal processing in both space and time. The concept of using
    antenna arrays and adaptive signal processing combined is not
    new to radar and aerospace technology. Until previous decade,
    higher cost of system has prevented their use in commercial
    systems. The inclusion of very fast and low-cost digital signal
    processors has made smart antennas practical available for
    cellular land or satellite mobile communication systems.
    Adaptive Beam Forming is also referred as spatial filtering is a
    technique in which an array of antennas exploited to achieve
    maximum reception in desired direction and rejecting signals
    of same frequency in the other direction. This can be
    accomplished by adjusting weights of each of the antennas
    used in the array. Recently, the application of smart antenna
    arrays has been suggested for mobile communication systems,
    to overcome the problem of limited channel bandwidth,
    satisfying a growing demand for a large number of mobiles on
    communications channel. A smart antenna is a phased or
    adaptive array that adjusts to the environment. That is, for the
    adaptive array, the beam pattern changes as the desired user
    and the interference move, and for the phased array, the beam

    is steered or different beams are selected as the desired user


    moves.
    II. ADAPTIVE BEAM FORMING ALGORITHM
    Among many adaptive algorithms that exist in the open
    literature, the class of approaches which are derived from the
    optimization of radiation pattern. Probably the simplest
    algorithm belonging to this class is the Least Mean Squared
    (LMS) algorithm which has the advantage of low complexity
    and simplicity of implementation. One of the main concerns in
    all practical situations is to develop algorithms which provide
    fast convergence of the adaptive filter coefficients and in the
    same time good filtering performance. There are some
    applications where the adaptive filters were applied with
    success, namely: system identification, inverse modeling,
    prediction and interference (Noise and Echo) cancelling and
    smart antenna. An adaptive algorithm is a set of recursive
    equations used to adjust the weight vector automatically to
    minimize the error signal (n) such that the weight vector
    converges iteratively to the optimum solution wo that
    corresponds to the bottom of the performance surface, i.e. the
    minimum MSE at J min and estimating the radiation pattern for
    given signal of interest [5].Following adaptive algorithm has
    been analyzed in the paper:
    III. LMS ALGORITHM
    LMS algorithm is adaptive and Non-blind algorithm
    because it uses the training or reference signal. It uses the
    gradient based steepest decent method. It follows an iterative
    procedure that makes successive corrections to the weight
    vectoring the direction of the negative of the gradient vector
    which eventually leads to the minimum mean square error.
    LMS algorithm is relatively simple and it does not require
    correlation function calculation and matrix inversions.

    Fig.2 RLS Algorithm

    Fig. 1 Smart Antenna Array System


    In Fig. 1 the outputs of the individual sensors are linearly
    combined after being scaled with corresponding weights
    optimizing the antenna array to have maximum gain in the
    direction of desired signal and nulls in the direction of
    interferers. The linear combination of input vector u(n) and
    weight vector w(n) is the output of uniform linear antenna y(n)
    at any time n is given by
    y(n) = wH (n)u(n)
    where
    w(n) = [ w1+w2.wN ]H
    and
    u(n) = [ u1+u2+.+uN ]
    The error signal is given by the following equation
    e(n) = d(n) - y(n)
    The LMS algorithm avoids matrix inverse operation and uses
    the instantaneous gradient vector J(n) for weight vector up
    gradation.
    From the method of Steepest descent, the weight vector w(n+1)
    at time n + 1 can be written as w(n + 1) = w(n) + [ - J (n)]
    Where J(n)=E[e(n)2 ]is the mean square error
    (MSE) cost function and is the step size parameter which
    control the convergence rate. It describes how fast the LMS
    reaches the steady state. The adaptive step size should be
    within the range specified as 0 < < (6) Where, max is the
    largest Eigen value of correlation matrix R. If is chosen to be
    very small, then convergence becomes slow. If is kept large,
    then convergence becomes fast, but stability becomes a
    problem. Therefore it is better to select within bounded
    conditions as defined in equation

    Figure 2 shows the block diagram of smart


    Antenna system used for RLS algorithm.
    The output of uniform linear antenna y(n) at any time n is
    given
    By y(n) = wH (n)u(n). (1)
    where w(n) is weighted vector and u(n) is input vector.
    The error signal is given by the following equation
    e(n) = d(n) - y(n)
    = d(n) wH(n)u(n) ........(2)
    Where, H= Hermitian transposition
    (transposition of complex conjugate)
    The RLS algorithm can be summarized by the
    following these equation
    (n) = d(n) - y(n).... (16)
    w(n) = w(n-1) + k(n)e*(n)......(17)
    P(n) = -1P(n-1) -1k(n)uH(n)P(n-1)18)
    Where P in the above equation is first initialized to -1 I
    where I is a small positive constant and I is an identity matrix.
    All weights are again initialized to zeroes. K is a vector called
    the gain factor and is the forgetting factor.
    V.SAMPLE MATRIX INVERSION ALGORITHM
    One of the discontinuous adaptive algorithms is sample matrix
    inversion. Its used in discontinuous transmission, however it
    requires the number of interferers and their positions remain
    constant during the duration of the block acquisition. Sample
    matrix inversion have faster conversion rate since it employs
    direct inversion of the covariance matrix. So, its useful to use
    it if the signal rabidly changed.
    Fig.3 shows the generic block diagram of SMI.

    IV. RLS ALGORITHM


    The RLS algorithm is one of the important adaptive beam
    forming algorithms for smart antenna system which provides
    fastest convergence and optimize the LMS algorithm. RLS
    algorithm does not require any matrix inversion calculation as
    the inverse correlation matrix is computed directly. It requires
    reference signal and correlation matrix information [6].

    Figure 3 Sample Matrix Inversion adaptive beamforming


    network
    V. CONCLUSION
    In this paper LMS, RMS and SMI adaptive beam forming
    algorithms are discussed. If number of array elements of the

    antenna was increased, it will lead to the improvement in the


    radiation pattern as main lobe will become narrower in band
    width and side lobes get reduced in amplitude and hence the
    performance of system will increase. In the upcoming final
    report, We are going to compare and discuss about performance
    analysis of LMS, SMI and RLS algorithms on the basis of
    different parameters.

    References
    [1] Constantine A.Balanis, 'Antenna Theory Analysis and Design,'
    3/e 2005.
    [2] Sergey Makarov and Chuck Fung, 'Basic Antenna Theory and
    Application', 2011.
    [3] Curtis, T., 'Digital Beamforming for Sonar Systems,' IEEE
    Proceedings on Pt. F, Vol. 127, pp. 257265, Aug. 1980.

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