Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
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In 1831, Michael Faraday, an English physicist gave one of the

most basic laws of electromagnetism called Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. This law explains the working
principle of most of theelectrical motors, generators, electrical
transformers and inductors . This law shows the relationship
between electric circuit and magnetic field. Faraday performs an
experiment with a magnet and coil. During this experiment, he
found how emf is induced in the coil when flux linked with it
changes. He has also done experiments in electro-chemistry and
electrolysis.
Faraday's Experiment
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUCED EMF AND FLUX
In this experiment, Faraday

takes a magnet and a coil and connects a galvanometer across
the coil. At starting, the magnet is at rest, so there is no
deflection in the galvanometer i.e needle of galvanometer is at
the center or zero position. When the magnet is moved towards
the coil, the needle of galvanometer deflects in one direction.
When the magnet is held stationary at that position, the needle of
galvanometer returns back to zero position. Now when the

magnet is moved away from the coil, there is some deflection in
the needle but in opposite direction and again when the magnet
becomes stationary, at that point with respect to coil, the needle
of the galvanometer returns back to the zero position. Similarly, if
magnet is held stationary and the coil is moved away and towards
the magnet, the galvanometer shows deflection in similar
manner. It is also seen that, the faster the change in the
magnetic field, the greater will be the induced emf or voltage in
the coil.
Position of magnet
Deflection in galvanome
Magnet at rest
No deflection in galv
Magnet moves towards the coil
Deflection in galvano
Magnet is held stationary at same position (near the

coil)
Magnet moves away from the coil
Deflection in galvano
direction
Magnet is held stationary at same position (away from

the coil)
CONCLUSION: From this experiment, Faraday concluded
that whenever there is relative motion between conductor
and a magnetic field, the flux linkage with a coil changes
and this change in flux induces a voltage across a coil.
Michael Faraday formulated two laws on the basis of above
experiments. These laws are called Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction.
Faraday's Laws
Faraday's First Law
Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an
emf to be induced in the coil. This emf induced is called induced
emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the current will also
circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced

current. Method to change magnetic field: 1. By moving a magnet
towards or away from the coil 2. By moving the coil into or out of
the magnetic field. 3. By changing the area of a coil placed in the
magnetic field 4. By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
Faraday's Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to
the rate of change of flux that linkages with the coil. The flux
linkage of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil
and flux associated with the coil.
Faraday Law Formula
Consider a magnet
approaching towards a coil. Here we consider two instants at time
T1 and time T2. Flux linkage with the coil at time, T1 = N1 Wb
Flux linkage with the coil at time, T2 = N2 wb Change in flux
linkage = N(2 - 1) Let this change in flux linkage be, = 2 1 So, the Change in flux linkage = N Now the rate of change of
flux linkage = N / t Take derivative on right hand side we will
get The rate of change of flux linkage = Nd/dt But according to
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, the rate of change of
flux linkage is equal to induced emf.
Considering Lenz's Law.
Where flux in Wb = B.A

B = magnetic field strength
A = area of the coil HOW TO INCREASE EMF INDUCED IN A
COIL
By increasing the number of turns in the coil i.e N- From the
formulae derived above it is easily seen that if number of turns of
coil is increased, the induced emf also gets increased.
By increasing magnetic field strength i.e B surrounding the coilMathematically if magnetic field increases, flux increases and if
flux increases emf induced will also get increased. Theoretically, if
the coil is passed through a stronger magnetic field, there will be
more lines of force for coil to cut and hence there will be more
emf induced.
By increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil
and the magnet - If the relative speed between the coil and
magnet is increased from its previous value, the coil will cut the
lines of flux at a faster rate, so more induced emf would be
produced.
Applications of Faraday Law

Faraday law is one of the most basic and important laws of
electromagnetism . This law finds its application in most of the
electrical machines, industries and medical field etc.
Electrical Transformers It is a static ac device which is used to
either step up or step down voltage or current. It is used in
generating station, transmission and distribution system. The
transformer works on Faraday's law.
Electrical Generators The basic working principle of electrical

generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction. Electric generator
is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Induction Cookers The Induction cooker, is a most fastest way
of cooking. It also works on principle of mutual induction. When
current flows through the coil of copper wire placed below a
cooking container, it produces a changing magnetic field. This
alternating or changing magnetic field induces an emf and hence
the current in the conductive container, and we know that flow of
current always produces heat in it.
Electromagnetic Flow Meters It is used to measure velocity of
blood and certain fluids. When a magnetic field is applied to
electrically insulated pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing,
then according to Faraday's law, an electromotive force is induced
in it. This induced emf is proportional to velocity of fluid flowing .
Form the bases of Electromagnetic Theory Faraday's idea of
lines of force is used in well known Maxwell's equations.
According to Faraday's law, change in magnetic field gives rise to
change in electric field and the converse of this is used in
Maxwell's equations.
Musical Instruments It is also used in musical instruments like
electric guitar, electric violin etc.
Faraday's Law-Video
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Faraday Law of Electromagnetic

In 1831, Michael Faraday, an English physicist gave one of the

In this experiment, Faraday

galvanometer returns back to zero position. Now when the

Magnet moves towards the coil

Magnet is held stationary at same position (near the

Magnet moves away from the coil

Magnet is held stationary at same position (away from

circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced

Faraday Law Formula

Where flux in Wb = B.A

Applications of Faraday Law

Electrical Generators The basic working principle of electrical

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