Material Science Alfathi

1.
1 OBJECTIVE
To visualize cracks which are not visible to naked eye, using liquid penetrant inspection.
1.2 APPARATUS
Cleaner
Developer
Penetrant
Samples (steel rod, metal sheet cupping test, rod bend tested, welded plate having
beads)
1.3 INTRODUCTION
Liquid penetrant inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking
flaws by bleed out of a collared or fluorescent dye from the flaw.

The technique is based on the ability of a liquid to be drawn into a "clean" surface
breaking flaw by capillary action.

After a period of time called the "dwell," excess surface penetrant is removed and
a developer applied.
This acts as a blotter. It draws the penetrant from the flaw to reveal its presence.
Collared (contrast) penetrants require good white light while fluorescent
penetrants need to be used in darkened conditions with an ultraviolet "black
light".
1.4 BASIC PROCESSING STEPS OF A LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION
1. Surface Preparation: One of the most critical steps of a liquid penetrant inspection is
the surface preparation. The surface must be free of oil, grease, water, or other
contaminants that may prevent penetrant from entering flaws. The sample may also
require etching if mechanical operations such as machining, sanding, or grit blasting
have been performed. These and other mechanical operations can smear metal over
the flaw opening and prevent the penetrant from entering.
2. Penetrant Application: Once the surface has been thoroughly cleaned and dried, the
penetrant material is applied by spraying, brushing, or immersing the part in a
penetrant bath.
3. Penetrant Dwell: The penetrant is left on the surface for a sufficient time to allow as
much penetrant as possible to be drawn from or to seep into a defect. Penetrant dwell
time is the total time that the penetrant is in contact with the part surface. Dwell times
are usually recommended by the penetrant producers or required by the specification
being followed. The times vary depending on the application, penetrant materials
used, the material, the form of the material being inspected, and the type of defect
being inspected for. Minimum dwell times typically range from five to 60 minutes.
Generally, there is no harm in using a longer penetrant dwell time as long as the
penetrant is not allowed to dry. The ideal dwell time is often determined by
experimentation and may be very specific to a particular application.
4. Excess Penetrant Removal: This is the most delicate part of the inspection procedure
because the excess penetrant must be removed from the surface of the sample while
removing as little penetrant as possible from defects. Depending on the penetrant
system used, this step may involve cleaning with a solvent, direct rinsing with
water,or first treating the part with an emulsifier and then rinsing with water.
5. Developer Application: A thin layer of developer is then applied to the sample to

draw penetrant trapped in flaws back to the surface where it will be visible.
Developers come in a variety of forms that may be applied by dusting (dry
powdered), dipping, or spraying (wet developers).
6. Indication Development: The developer is allowed to stand on the part surface for a
period of time sufficient to permit the extraction of the trapped penetrant out of any
surface flaws. This development time is usually a minimum of 10 minutes.
Significantly longer times may be necessary for tight cracks.
7. Inspection: Inspection is then performed under appropriate lighting to detect
indications from any flaws which may be present.
8. Clean Surface: The final step in the process is to thoroughly clean the part surface to
remove the developer from the parts that were found to be acceptable.
1.5 RESULT
1.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
1.defect surface discontinuities on any nonporous materials (metals, plastics, glass, and
ceramics)
2.easy to perform
3.portable (can be accomplished offsite)
4.low cost
5. Automation possible.
6. Easy clean-up of penetrants and
developers.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Only detects discontinuities open to the
surface.
2. No subsurface detection of
discontinuities.
3.possibility of fire or explosion
4. Water-based chemicals may have
deleterious effect on some materials
especially steels.
5. Penetrants may be toxic or hazardous.
6. Penetrants cleaning materials may be
toxic or hazardous.
1.7REFERENCES
Non-destructive Evaluation and Quality Control was published in 1989 as Volume

17 of the 9th Edition Metals handbook 2nd edition.
http://www.ndt.ed.org

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1.

flaws by bleed out of a collared or fluorescent dye from the flaw.

breaking flaw by capillary action.

1.4 BASIC PROCESSING STEPS OF A LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION

5. Developer Application: A thin layer of developer is then applied to the sample to

1.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Non-destructive Evaluation and Quality Control was published in 1989 as Volume

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