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    Chemical Composition: - Temperature Sensitive

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    Michael Wang
    Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in metabolism without being used up themselves. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to in order to undergo chemical changes. Enzyme function is dependent on factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration remaining within optimal ranges to avoid denaturing. The induced fit model describes how the active site changes shape to accommodate different substrates specifically. Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions through negative feedback systems that detect changes and counteract them via effectors to optimize metabolic efficiency and health. The nervous system plays a key role in homeostasis by using sensory receptors, nerves, and control centers to detect stimuli and elicit motor responses that regulate temperature, hydration, and other

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    Chemical Composition: - Temperature Sensitive

    Uploaded by

    Michael Wang
    44 views4 pages
    Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in metabolism without being used up themselves. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to in order to undergo chemical changes. Enzyme function is dependent on factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration remaining within optimal ranges to avoid denaturing. The induced fit model describes how the active site changes shape to accommodate different substrates specifically. Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions through negative feedback systems that detect changes and counteract them via effectors to optimize metabolic efficiency and health. The nervous system plays a key role in homeostasis by using sensory receptors, nerves, and control centers to detect stimuli and elicit motor responses that regulate temperature, hydration, and other

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    Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in metabolism without being used up themselves. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to in order to undergo chemical changes. Enzyme function is dependent on factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration remaining within optimal ranges to avoid denaturing. The induced fit model describes how the active site changes shape to accommodate different substrates specifically. Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions through negative feedback systems that detect changes and counteract them via effectors to optimize metabolic efficiency and health. The nervous system plays a key role in homeostasis by using sensory receptors, nerves, and control centers to detect stimuli and elicit motor responses that regulate temperature, hydration, and other

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    44 views4 pages

    Chemical Composition: - Temperature Sensitive

    Uploaded by

    Michael Wang
    Enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in metabolism without being used up themselves. They have specific active sites that substrates bind to in order to undergo chemical changes. Enzyme function is dependent on factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration remaining within optimal ranges to avoid denaturing. The induced fit model describes how the active site changes shape to accommodate different substrates specifically. Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions through negative feedback systems that detect changes and counteract them via effectors to optimize metabolic efficiency and health. The nervous system plays a key role in homeostasis by using sensory receptors, nerves, and control centers to detect stimuli and elicit motor responses that regulate temperature, hydration, and other

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    Identify the role of enzymes in metabolism , describe the chemical

    composition and use a simple model to describe their specificity on


    substrates
    Enzymes: Protein molecules that act as catalysts i.e. they speed up
    chemical reactions but remain unchanged at the end
    Metabolism: All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism
    Anabolic reactions involve the formation of larger molecules from
    smaller ones (e.g. glucose -> starch). They are endergonic (energy
    required) -> endothermic
    Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of compounds into smaller
    ones (e.g. proteins -> amino acids). They are exergonic (energy
    released) -> exothermic
    Chemical composition
    -Enzymes are globular proteins (composed of long chains of amino
    acids folded into a certain shape)
    -The substrate is the molecule which the enzyme acts upon binds to an
    active site (area where the enzyme catalyses the substrate)
    -Some enzymes have a non-protein group that bonds with the protein
    part (co-factor) and helps form the active site. The presence of the
    cofactor is necessary for the enzyme reaction to work.
    Role of enzymes
    -accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy to maintain
    the rate of biochemical reactions within an organism.
    Enzymes can speed up/ slow down reactions without inducing a change
    in temperature. They do this by lowering the activation energy,
    meaning that no cell tissue is harmed, since heat damages living
    tissue.
    Characteristics of enzymes
    -temperature sensitive
    Enzymes work within very limited temperature range because at high/low
    temperatures causes the hydrogen bonds that maintain the form of the
    enzyme, causing the protein structure and shape to break (denature).
    Changed shape = affected functioning (substrate can no longer fit in
    the active site)
    -pH sensitive
    Enzymes work in a limited pH range. Anything higher/ lower changes the
    shape and functioning slows down/ stops.
    -substrate specific
    Enzyme molecules act on only 1 type of substrate (i.e. itll only catalyse 1
    type of chemical reaction)
    -unchanged
    The shape and form of the enzyme remains unchanged after the reaction
    -reversible

    Induced fit model:


    Advantages
    Simplify a complex biological
    process
    Shows how the shape of the active
    site fits the substrate, emphasising
    enzyme specificity
    Shows a process difficult to
    observe due to its time frame

    Limitations
    Oversimplified conditions e.g.
    temperature, pH and
    concentrations are not given
    Does not show how the bond
    actually breaks, or the nature of
    the bond made
    Time frame not given

    Rate of chemical reactions


    -enzymes are highly efficient and effective (only trace amounts are
    needed for high turnover and catalysing rate)
    -the rate of enzymatic reaction depends upon the concentration of
    substances (i.e. as substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction
    increases too until a maximum rate of reaction)
    increasing the concentration of substrates past this point will not
    affect anything because there is already a maximum concentration
    of enzymes present catalysing
    Identify the pH as a way of describing the acidity of a substance
    pH is a scale which depicts the logarithmic value of H+ ions.
    -the greater the H+ ion concentration, the lower the pH.
    -pH = -log(H+)
    Explain why the maintenance of a constant internal environment is
    important for optimal metabolic efficiency
    -Maintaining a constant internal environment helps ensure proper
    functioning of enzymes
    -> maximise metabolic efficiency and ensure that body is healthy
    -Specifically, temperature:
    Very low temperatures cause the water in cells to freeze and
    expand, thus causing damage to enzymes
    Very high temperatures cause the enzymes to denature, disrupting
    metabolic activity and cell functioning
    -Specifically, metabolites (chemicals which are necessary in the
    progression of chemical reactions)
    Lack of metabolites = slows/ stops chemical reactions -> reduce
    metabolic efficiency
    -Specifically, water and salt concentration (osmotic balance)
    There needs to be enough water concentration because reactants
    need to be dissolved (Without such, limits rate)
    -> This is dependent on the concentration of dissolved substances
    such as salt (hence a balance is necessary)
    -Specifically, toxins (such as carbon dioxide, as a product of chemical
    reactions)

    This can block the activate site of enzymes/ alter optimal


    conditions for enzyme functioning (inhibits the functioning and
    thus, limits metabolic functioning)
    Enzymes exposed to conditions outside a potential range can
    potentially be denatured, thus losing the ability to catalyse and
    ensure proper metabolism
    Describe the homeostasis as the process by which organisms maintain a
    relatively stable internal environment
    Homeostasis is defined as the processes in which organisms ensure
    a constant or almost constant internal state, REGARDLESS of
    external environmental change
    -This is carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems and
    involves a negative feedback system.
    -Without proper homeostasis, individuals can fall ill and die
    Explain that homeostasis consists of two stages
    -detecting changes from the stable state
    -counteracting
    1. Detecting change (sensory cells/ receptors present detects changes
    from optimal conditions of the body. These changes are called
    stimuli)
    2. Counteracting change (effector organs act to reverse the change and
    ensure variables such as temperature and concentration of chemical
    substances are maintained in a narrow range -> near the ideal value/
    set point)
    If the fluctuating from the set point is so large that it exceeds the
    normal range then a negative feedback mechanism (negative
    because it reverses the change) proceeds.
    Outline the role of the nervous system in detecting and responding to
    environmental changes
    Stimulus- response pathway
    1. Sensory receptors around the body detect changes in
    environment (stimuli)
    a. Thermo- receptors in the skin detect extreme heat
    2. Sensory nerves carry messages from the receptors to the spinal
    cord and brain of the central nervous system
    3. Control centre: CNS processes messages and develops response
    mechanisms
    a. Hypothtalamus in brain processes information abut hunger,
    thirst and temp.
    4. Motor nerve cells/ neurons transmit information from the central
    nervous system to effectors

    5. Effects (muscles or glands) bring about a response (change


    within the body) to maintain homeostasis
    a. Sweat produced in glands cools the body

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