Overview of Leadership Theory

PM Dr.
Abdul Hadi
Dr Syed Shatir A. Syed-Hassan
CEng MIChemE
Prof Ir Dr Jailani Salihon
BSc (Hons), PhD, MIEM, P.Eng.
Leadership and Professional Ethics

for Engineers
Overview of
Leadership Theory
Nouman founded Bayyinah in 2006, after serving as

the professor of Arabic at Nassau Community
College.[3][4] His current residence is in Dallas, Texas.
He also lectures internationally on the matters of
Tafsir and learning Arabic to understand the
Quran.[5] He has been named one of the 500 most
influential Muslims in the world by the Royal Islamic
Strategic Studies Centre of Jordan.
His early education in Arabic started in Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia and continued in Pakistan. His serious Arabic
training began in 1999 in the United States.
Nouman Ali Khan: Leadership in Islam
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLhRAsykPhc

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1. LEADERSHIP IN ISLAM (JS)
Dr Tariq Al-Suwaidan was trained in the classical Islamic

sciences in his youth and lived and studied in the United
States from the age of 17 and remained for 20 years,
graduating from high school, and receiving a B.S. in
petroleum and natural gas engineering from Penn State
University in 1975 and an M.Sc. and Ph.D. in 1990
in petroleum engineering from the University of
Tulsa.[2][3][4]
Dr Tariq Suwaidan: The Future of Our Religion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8KKM_GWlH8
Dr Tariq Suwaidan: Leadership from an Islamic Perspective
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WXcj4ZiJOU

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DR TARIQ AL-SUWAIDAN
Consider for a moment your

own impressions of the word
leadership. Based on your
experiences with leaders in
your lifetime, what is
leadership?

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2.CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
(SSASH)
Scholars have struggled with this question for

many decades and have written a great deal
about the nature of leadership.
In leadership literature, more than 100
definitions of leadership have been identified.
A number of concepts are recognised by most
people as accurately reflecting what it is to be
a leader.

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What is Leadership?
Leadership as the group processes leader at

the center, driving change and activity of the
group
Leadership from a personality perspective (a
great men theory) leadership is a
combination of special traits or characteristics
that some individual possess.
Leadership as an act or behaviour the things
that leaders do to bring about change in a
group

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Ways of Conceptualising
Leadership
Power relationship between leaders and

followers
Leadership as an instrument of goal
achievement
Leadership from a skills perspective

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Ways of Conceptualising
Leadership
Leadership is a process
Leadership involves influence
Leadership occurs in groups
Leadership involve common goals

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Components Central to
the Phenomenon of
Leadership
Leadership is a process whereby an

individual influences a group of
individuals to achieve a common
goals

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Leadership Definition
Traits perspective
certain individual have
special innate or inborn
characteristics/qualities
unique physical factors
(e.g. height)
personality features (e.g.
energetic, charismatic)
The trait viewpoints

suggest that the
leadership resides in
selected people

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Trait versus Process

Leadership
The process viewpoint

suggests that leadership
is a phenomenon that
reside in the context of
the interaction between
leaders and followers
Leadership can be
observed in leader
behaviours, and can be
learned.

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Trait versus Process

Leadership
Assigned versus Emergent

Leadership
Leadership based on
occupying a position
within an organization
Team leaders
Plant managers
Department heads
Directors
Emergent
An individual perceived by
others as the most influential
member of a group or
organization regardless of the
individuals title
Emerges over time through
communication behaviors
Verbal involvement
Being informed
Seek others opinions
Initiating new ideas

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Assigned
Power is part of the influence process.

Power is the capacity or potential to
influence.
People have power when they have the
ability to affect others beliefs, attitudes
and courses of action.

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Leadership and Power
French and Raven (1995) identified 5

common and important bases of power
Referent
Expert
Legitimate
Reward
Coercive

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Referent Power: based on the followers

identification and liking for the leader. For
example: A teacher who is adored by
students has referent power.
Expert Power: based on followers
perception of the leaders competence.
For example: A Professor who is
knowledgeable in specific scientific areas
has expert power.

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Legitimate Power: associated with having

status or formal job authority. For example a
judge who administers sentences in the
courtroom exhibits legitimate power.
Reward Power: derived from having the
capacity to provide rewards to others. For
example: A supervisor who gives rewards to
employees who work hard is using reward
power.

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Coercive Power: derived from having the

capacity to penalise or punish others. For
example: A coach who drops players from
his team due to a disciplinary problem.

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Position Power
Personal Power
Position power is derived from a rank in an

organization system.
Position power includes legitimate, reward
and coercive power.

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Two major types of power in organizations
Personal power is the influence capacity a

leader derives from being seen by
followers as likeable and knowledgeable.
Personal power includes referent and
expert power.

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Leadership and Management
Involves influence
Entails working with people
Concerned with effective goal
accomplishment

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Overlapping between leadership and

management:
Leaders advocate change and new approaches,

managers advocate stability and status quo
Leaders are concerned with understanding
peoples beliefs and gaining their commitment
managers carry out responsibilities, exercise
authority and worry about how things get
accomplished

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Differences between leadership and

management:
John Kotter (1990): leadership and

management are two distinct yet
complimentary systems of action in
organization.
Leadership is about coping with change,
whilst management is about coping with
complexity.

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Developing a vision for the organisation
Aligning people with that vision through
communication
Motivating people to action through
empowerment and through basic needs
fulfillment
Leadership process creates uncertainty

and change in the organisation.

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The leadership process involves:

Planning and budgeting
Organising and staffing
Controlling and problem solving
The management process reduces

uncertainty and stabilises the
organisation.

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Management process involves:

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To be effective, organisations need to

nourish both competent management and
skilled leadership

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Sincere
Trustworthy
Truthful
Just
A leader can pretend to be sincere,
but cannot pretend to be trustworthy,
truthful in speech and just. Sooner or
later it will be known that sincerity is
not part of his character.

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4 LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS

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PM Dr.

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Nouman founded Bayyinah in 2006, after serving as

Leadership and Professional Ethics

1. LEADERSHIP IN ISLAM (JS)

Dr Tariq Al-Suwaidan was trained in the classical Islamic

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Consider for a moment your

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Scholars have struggled with this question for

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership as the group processes leader at

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Power relationship between leaders and

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership is a process whereby an

Leadership and Professional Ethics

The trait viewpoints

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Trait versus Process

The process viewpoint

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Trait versus Process

Assigned versus Emergent

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Power is part of the influence process.

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

French and Raven (1995) identified 5

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

Referent Power: based on the followers

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

Legitimate Power: associated with having

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

Coercive Power: derived from having the

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

Leadership and Power

Position power is derived from a rank in an

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Two major types of power in organizations

Personal power is the influence capacity a

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Power

Leadership and Management

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Overlapping between leadership and

Leadership and Management

Leaders advocate change and new approaches,

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Differences between leadership and

John Kotter (1990): leadership and

Leadership and Professional Ethics

Leadership and Management