CITY AND GUILDS 9210

Level 6
Module - Unit 129 FLUID MECHANICS
OUTCOME 4 - TUTORIAL 1
TURBINES
This module has 4 Learning Outcomes. This is the first tutorial for outcome 4
Outcome 4 Analyse the principles and applications of turbo-machinery
The learner can:

1.
a
b
c
2

Use one dimensional theory to analyse the performance of:

turbines
pumps
fans.

Use flow measurement techniques

a. venturi meters
b. orifice plates
c. nozzles.

3.

Assess axial and centrifugal flow machines.

4.
a
b
c
d

Apply dynamic similarity to turbo-machines in terms of:

flow, head and power coefficients
specific speed
characteristic performance curves
net positive-suction head (NPSH).

5. Analyse turbo-machinery systems in terms of:

a system load line
b pump and turbine operating conditions.

Pre-Requisite Knowledge Requirement

In order to study this module you should already have a good knowledge of fluid mechanics. If
not you should study the tutorials at www.freestudy.co.uk/fluidmechanics2.htm before
commencing this module.
This outcome is split into three tutorials. In this one you will study TURBINES. Pumps are
covered in the next tutorial.
You will find a very good tutorial on this subject at this link. CLICK HERE

(c) D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk

WATER TURBINES
1.

INTRODUCTION

A water turbine is a device for converting water (fluid) power into shaft (mechanical) power. A
pump is a device for converting shaft power into water power.
Two basic categories of machines are the rotary type and the reciprocating type. Reciprocating
motors are quite common in power hydraulics but the rotary principle is universally used for large
power devices such as on hydroelectric systems.
Large pumps are usually of the rotary type but reciprocating pumps are used for smaller
applications.
1.1

THE SPECIFIC SPEED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINES

The power 'P' of any rotary hydraulic machine (pump or motor) depends upon the density '' , the
speed 'N', the characteristic diameter 'D', the head change 'H', the volume flow rate 'Q' and the
gravitational constant 'g'. The general equation is:
P = f(, N, D, H, Q, g)
It is normal to consider gH as one quantity. P = {, N, D, (gH),Q}
There are 6 quantities and 3 dimensions so there are three dimensionless groups 1, 2 and 3.
First form a group with P and ND.
P ND 1a N b Dc

M1L2T 3 M L3 T 1 D1
M ass 1 a
Time 3 b
b3
Length 2 -3a c - 3 c c 5
P
P 11N3D5
1
Power Coefficien t
N 3D5
Next repeat the process between Q and ND
Q ND 2a N b Dc

M 3T 1 M L3 T 1 D1
Time - 1 b b 1

M ass 0 a
Length 3 -3a c c 3
Q
Q 20 N1D3
2
Flow Coefficien t
ND3
Next repeat the process between gH and ND
(g H) ND 3a N b Dc

M 0 L2T 2 M L3 T 1 D1
M ass 0 a
Time - 2 b b 2
Length 2 -3a c c 2
Q
Q 30 N 2 D 2
3 2 2 Head Coefficien t
ND
P
Q g H
Finally the complete equation is

3 5
2
2 2
N D
ND N D

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SPECIFIC SPEED Ns
The specific speed is a parameter used for pumps and turbines to determine the best design to
match a given pumped system. The formula may be derived from consideration of the pump
geometry or by dimensional analysis. The latter will be used here.
P
Q g H

3 5
N D
ND2 N 2 D 2
The three dimensionless numbers represent the Power coefficient, the flow coefficient and the
Head coefficient respectively. Now consider a family of geometrically similar machines operating
at dynamically similar conditions. For this to be the case the coefficients must have the same
values for each size. Let the 3 coefficients be 1, 2 and 3 such that

P
N 3 D 5

1
3

Q
Q

D
3
ND
N 2

1
2

1
3

1 2
Q3 N 3
1

( H) 2

1
KQ 3

1
32
1 1
23 g 2

3
2

1 g

N 3
1
( H) 2

constant

1
KQ 3

N 1 1

K 2Q2

NQ 2

( H) 4

g H
D 2
N 3
1
Q3

1
H 2

g H
Q
2
Equating
N
N 2
3

1
( H) 2

g H
N 2D2

1
2

3
( H) 4

1 1
23 N 3

2
N3

1
2

constant

Ns

NQ 2
3

( H) 4

Ns is a dimensionless parameter that and the units used are normally rev/min for speed, m3/s for
flow rate and metres for head. Other units are often used and care should be taken when quoting
Ns values.
It follows that for a given speed, the specific speed is large for large flows and low heads and
small for small flows and large heads. The important value is the one that corresponds to the
conditions that produce the greatest efficiency. The diagram illustrates how the design affects the
specific speed.

Figure 1
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2.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TURBINES.

WATER POWER
This is the fluid power supplied to the machine in the form of pressure and volume.
Expressed in terms of pressure head the formula is
W.P. = mgH
M is the mass flow rate in kg/s and H is the pressure head difference over the turbine in metres.
Remember that p = gH
Expressed in terms of pressure the formula is

W.P. = Qp

Q is the volume flow rate in m3/s. p is the pressure drop over the turbine in N/m2 or Pascals.
SHAFT POWER
This is the mechanical, power output of the turbine shaft. The well known formula is
S.P. = 2NT
Where T is the torque in Nm and N is the speed of rotation in rev/s
DIAGRAM POWER
This is the power produced by the force of the water acting on the rotor. It is reduced by losses
before appearing as shaft power. The formula for D.P. depends upon the design of the turbine and
involves analysis of the velocity vector diagrams.
HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY
This is the efficiency with which water power is converted into diagram power and is given by
hyd= D.P./W.P.
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
This is the efficiency with which the diagram power is converted into shaft power. The difference
is the mechanical power loss.
mech= S.P./D.P.
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
This is the efficiency relating fluid power input to shaft power output.
o/a= S.P./W.P.
It is worth noting at this point that when we come to examine pumps, all the above expressions
are inverted because the energy flow is reversed in direction.
The water power is converted into shaft power by the force produced when the vanes deflect the
direction of the water. There are two basic principles in the process, IMPULSE and REACTION.

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IMPULSE occurs when the direction of the fluid is changed with no pressure change. It follows
that the magnitude of the velocity remains unchanged.
REACTION occurs when the water is accelerated or decelerated over the vanes. A force is
needed to do this and the reaction to this force acts on the vanes.
Impulsive and reaction forces are determined by examining the
changes in velocity (magnitude and direction) when the water flows
over the vane. The following is a typical analysis.
The vane is part of a rotor and rotates about some centre point.
Depending on the geometrical layout, the inlet and outlet may or may
not be moving at the same velocity and on the same circle. In order
to do a general study, consider the case where the inlet and outlet
rotate on two different diameters and hence have different velocities.
Fig.2
u1 is the velocity of the blade at inlet and u2 is the velocity of the blade at outlet. Both have
tangential directions.1 is the relative velocity at inlet and 2 is the relative velocity at outlet.
The water on the blade has two velocity components. It is moving tangentially at velocity u and
over the surface at velocity . The absolute velocity of the water is the vector sum of these two
and is denoted v. At any point on the vane v = + u
At inlet, this rule does not apply unless the direction of v 1 is made such that the vector addition is
true. At any other angle, the velocities
will not add up and the result is chaos
with energy being lost as the water finds
its way onto the vane surface. The
perfect entry is called "SHOCKLESS
ENTRY" and the entry angle 1 must be
correct. This angle is only correct for a
given value of v1.
Fig.3
INLET DIAGRAM
For a given or fixed value of u1 and v1, shockless entry will occur only if the vane angle 1 is
correct or the delivery angle 1 is correct. In order to solve momentum forces on the vane and
deduce the flow rates, we are interested in two
components of v1. These are the components in
the direction of the vane movement denoted vw
(meaning velocity of whirl) and the direction at
right angles to it vR (meaning radial velocity but it
is not always radial in direction depending on the
wheel design). The suffix (1) indicates the entry
point. A typical vector triangle is shown.
Fig.4

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OUTLET DIAGRAM
At outlet, the absolute velocity of the water has to be the vector resultant of u and and the
direction is unconstrained so it must come off the wheel at the angle resulting. Suffix (2) refers to
the outlet point. A typical vector triangle is shown.

Fig. 5
DIAGRAM POWER
Diagram power is the theoretical power of the wheel based on momentum changes in the fluid.
The force on the vane due to the change in velocity of the fluid is F = mv and these forces are
vector quantities. m is the mass flow rate. The force that propels the wheel is the force developed
in the direction of movement (whirl direction). In order to deduce this force, we should only
consider the velocity changes in the whirl direction (direction of rotation) vw. The power of the
force is always the product of force and velocity. The velocity of the force is the velocity of the
vane (u). If this velocity is different at inlet and outlet it can be shown that the resulting power is
given by
D.P. = m vw = m (u1vw1 u2 vw2)

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3.

PELTON WHEEL

Fig. 6 Pelton Wheel with Case Removed

Pelton wheels are mainly used with high pressure heads such as in mountain hydroelectric
schemes. The diagram shows a layout for a Pelton wheel with two nozzles.

Fig.7 Schematic Diagram of Pelton Wheel with Two Nozzles

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3.1

GENERAL THEORY

The Pelton Wheel is an impulse turbine. The fluid power is converted into kinetic energy in the
nozzles. The total pressure drop occurs in the nozzle. The resulting jet of water is directed
tangentially at buckets on the wheel producing impulsive force on them. The buckets are small
compared to the wheel and so they have a single velocity
u = ND
D is the mean diameter of rotation for the buckets.
The theoretical velocity issuing from the nozzle is given by
1/2
1/2
v1= (2gH) or v1= (2p/)
Allowing for friction in the nozzle this becomes
1/2
1/2
v1= Cv(2gH) or v1= Cv(2p/)
H is the gauge pressure head behind the nozzle, p the gauge pressure and c v the coefficient of
velocity and this is usually close to unity.
The mass flow rate from the nozzle is
m = Cc Av1 = CcACv(2gH)

1/2

= Cd A(2gH)

1/2

Cc is the coefficient of contraction (normally unity because the nozzles are designed not to have a
contraction).
Cd is the coefficient of discharge and Cd = CcCv
In order to produce no axial force on the wheel, the flow is divided equally by the shape of the
bucket. This produces a zero net change in momentum in the axial direction.

Fig.8
Layout of Pelton Wheel with One Nozzle

Fig. 9
Cross Section through Bucket

The water is deflected over each half of the bucket by an

angle of degrees. Since the change in momentum is the
same for both halves of the flow, we need only consider
the vector diagram for one half. The initial velocity is v1
and the bucket velocity u1 is in the same direction. The
relative velocity of the water at inlet (in the middle) is 1
and is also in the same direction so the vector diagram is a
straight line.
Fig. 10

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If the water is not slowed down as it passes over the bucket surface, the relative velocity 2 will
be the same as 1. In reality friction slows it down slightly and we define a blade friction
coefficient as
k = 2/1
The exact angle at which the water leaves the sides of
the bucket depends upon the other velocities but as
always the vectors must add up so that
v2= u + 2
Note that u2 = u1 = u since the bucket has a uniform
velocity everywhere.
The vector diagram at exit is as shown.
Fig. 11
It is normal to use 1 and u as common to both
diagrams and combine them as shown.
Since u2 = u1 = u the diagram power becomes

D.P. = muvw

Examining the combined vector diagram shows

that vw = 1- 2cos
Fig. 12
Hence

D.P.= mu(1 - 2cos) but 2 = k1

D.P.= mu1(1 - kcos) but 1 = v1-u
D.P.= mu(v1-u)( 1- kcos)

WORKED EXAMPLE No. 1

A Pelton wheel is supplied with 1.2 kg/s of water at 20 m/s. The buckets rotate on a mean
diameter of 250 mm at 800 rev/min. The deflection angle is 165o and friction is negligible.
Determine the diagram power. Draw the vector diagram to scale and determine vw.
SOLUTION
u = ND/60 = x 800 x 0.25/60 = 10.47 m/s
D.P = mu(v1-u)( 1- kcos)
D.P = 1.2 x 10.47 x (20 - 10.47)(1 - cos 165) = 235 Watts
You should now draw the vector diagram to scale and show that vw= 18.5 m/s

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3.2

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER

If the equation for diagram power is used to

plot D.P against u, the graph is as shown
below.
Clearly the power is zero when the buckets are
stationary and zero when the buckets move so
fast that the water cannot catch up with them
and strike them. In between is a velocity which
gives maximum power. This may be found
from max and min theory.
Fig. 13

dD.P. dmu v1 u 1 kcos

dD.P. d m uv1 u 2 1 kcos

du
du
du
du
dD.P.
mv1 2u 1 kcos
du
For a maximum value
mv1 2u 1 kcos 0 Hence for maximum power v1 2u
3.3

SPECIFIC SPEED Ns FOR PELTON WHEELS

You may have already covered the theory for specific speed in dimensional analysis but for those
who have not, here is a brief review.
Specific speed is a parameter which enables a designer to select the best pump or turbine for a
given system. It enables the most efficient matching of the machine to the head and flow rate
1/2
-3/4
available. One definition of specific speed for a turbine is :
Ns = NQ (H)
3
N is the speed in rev/min, Q is the volume flow rate in m /s and H is the available head in metres.
The equation may be developed for a Pelton Wheel as follows.
u = ND/60 = K1ND D = mean wheel diameter
N = u/(K1D)
1/2
u = bucket velocity vj = K2H
H = head behind the nozzle
vj = nozzle velocity
Now for a fixed speed wheel, u = K3vj Hence

K3v j
K 1D

1
H2

K 3K 2
K 1D

1
H2

K4
D

d 2
Q A jv j
v j d nozzle diameter
4

d 2
Q
K 2 H 2 K 5d 2 H 2
4
d
Ns k
Substituting all in the formula for Ns we get
D
The value of k has to be deduced from the data of the wheel and nozzle. Note that Ns is
1

sometimes defined in terms of water power as N s

NP 2
1
2

gH 4
5

This is just an alternative formula and the same result can be easily obtained other ways. You will
need the substitution
P = QgH

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10

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1

1. The buckets of a Pelton wheel revolve on a mean diameter of 1.5 m at 1500 rev/min. The jet
velocity is 1.8 times the bucket velocity. Calculate the water flow rate required to produce a
power output of 2MW. The mechanical efficiency is 80% and the blade friction coefficient is
0.97. The deflection angle is 165o.
(Ans. 116.3 kg/s)

2. Calculate the diagram power for a Pelton Wheel 2m mean diameter revolving at 3000 rev/min
with a deflection angle of 170o under the action of two nozzles , each supplying 10 kg/s of
water with a velocity twice the bucket velocity. The blade friction coefficient is 0.98.
(Ans. 3.88 MW)
If the coefficient of velocity is 0.97, calculate the pressure behind the nozzles.
(Ans 209.8 MPa)

3. A Pelton Wheel is 1.7 m mean diameter and runs at maximum power. It is supplied from two
nozzles. The gauge pressure head behind each nozzle is 180 metres of water. Other data for the
wheel is :
Coefficient of Discharge Cd = 0.99
Coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.995
Deflection angle = 165o.
Blade friction coefficient = 0.98
Mechanical efficiency = 87%

Nozzle diameters = 30 mm

Calculate the following.

i. The jet velocity (59.13 m/s)
ii. The mass flow rate (41.586 kg/s)
iii The water power (73.432 kW)
iv. The diagram power (70.759 kW)
v. The diagram efficiency (96.36%)
vi. The overall efficiency (83.8%)
vii. The wheel speed in rev/min (332 rev/min)

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11

1/2

1/2

5/4

4. Explain the significance and use of 'specific speed' Ns = NP /{ (gH) }

Explain why in the case of a Pelton wheel with several nozzles, P is the power per nozzle.
Explain why a Francis Wheel is likely to be preferred to a Pelton wheel when site conditions
suggest that either could be used.
Calculate the specific speed of a Pelton Wheel given the following.
d = nozzle diameter.
D = Wheel diameter.
u = optimum blade speed = 0.46 v1
v1= jet speed.
= 88%
Cv = coefficient of velocity = 0.98
Answer Ns = 11.9 d/D
5. Explain the usefulness of specific speed in the selection of pumps and turbines.
A turbine is to run at 150 rev/min under a head difference of 22 m and an expected flow rate of
3
85 m /s.
3

A scale model is made and tested with a flow rate of 0.1 m /s and a head difference of 5 m.
Determine the scale and speed of the model in order to obtain valid results.
When tested at the speed calculated, the power was 4.5 kW. Predict the power and efficiency
of the full size turbine.
Answers 0.05 scale 16.17 MW and 88%.

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12

4.

KAPLAN TURBINE
The Kaplan turbine is a pure reaction turbine. The main
point concerning this is that all the flow energy and
pressure is expended over the rotor and not in the
supply nozzles. The picture shows the rotor of a large
Kaplan turbine. They are most suited to low pressure
heads and large flow rates such as on dams and tidal
barrage schemes.
The diagram below shows the layout of a large
hydroelectric generator in a dam.

Fig.14 Picture and schematic of a Kaplan Turbine

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13

5.

FRANCIS WHEEL

The Francis wheel is an example of a mixed impulse and reaction turbine. They are adaptable to
varying heads and flows and may be run in reverse as a pump such as on a pumped storage
scheme. The diagram shows the layout of a vertical axis Francis wheel.

Fig.15
The Francis Wheel is an inward flow device with the water entering
around the periphery and moving to the centre before exhausting. The
rotor is contained in a casing that spreads the flow and pressure evenly
around the periphery.
The impulse part comes about because guide vanes are used to produce
an initial velocity v1 that is directed at the rotor.
Pressure drop occurs in the guide vanes and the velocity is
v1 = k (H) where H is the head drop in the guide vanes.
Fig.16
The angle of the guide vanes is adjustable so that the inlet angle 1 is correct for shockless entry.
The shape of the rotor is such that the
vanes are taller at the centre than at
the ends. This gives control over the
radial velocity component and
usually this is constant from inlet to
outlet. The volume flow rate is
usually expressed in terms of radial
velocity and circumferential area.

Fig.17

vR = radial velocity
A = circumferential area = D h k
Q = vR D h k h = height of the vane.
k is a factor which allows for the area taken up by the thickness of the vanes on the circumference.
If vR is constant then since Q is the same at all circumferences,
D1h1=D2h2.

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14

VECTOR DIAGRAMS

Fig. 18
The diagram shows how the vector diagrams are constructed for the inlet and outlet. Remember
the rule is that the vectors add up so that u + v =
If u is drawn horizontal as shown, then Vw is the horizontal component of v and vR is the radial
component (vertical).
MORE DETAILED EXAMINATION OF VECTOR DIAGRAM
Applying the sine rule to the inlet triangle we find
v1
u1

sin(180 1 ) sin180 1 180 1

v1
u1

sin(1 ) sin 1 1
Also

v1

v r1
............(2)
sin 1

equate (1) and (2)

v1

u1sin 1
.................(1)
sin 1 1

v r1 v w1tan1................(3)
u1sin 1
v r1

sin 1 1 sin 1

u1sin 1 sin 1
u sin 1 sin 1
...........(4)
equate (3) and (4) v w1 1
.............(5)
sin 1 1
sin 1 1 tan1
If all the angles are known, then vw1 may be found as a fraction of u1.
v r1

DIAGRAM POWER
Because u is different at inlet and outlet we express the diagram power as :
D.P. = m (uvw)= m (u1vw1 u2vw2)
The kinetic energy represented by v2 is energy lost in the exhausted water. For maximum
efficiency, this should be reduced to a minimum and this occurs when the water leaves radially
with no whirl so that vw2 = 0. This is produced by designing the exit angle to suit the speed of the
wheel. The water would leave down the centre hole with some swirl in it. The direction of the
swirl depends upon the direction of v2 but if the flow leaves radially, there is no swirl and less
kinetic energy. Ideally then,
D.P. = m u1 vw1
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15

WATER POWER
The water power supplied to the wheel is mgH where H is the head difference between inlet
and outlet.
HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY
The maximum value with no swirl at exit is

hyd = D.P./W.P. = u1v w1/gH

OVERALL EFFICIENCY
o/a= Shaft Power/Water Power
o/a = 2NT/mgH
LOSSES
The hydraulic losses are the difference between the water power and diagram power.
Loss = mgH - mu1vw1= mghL
hL = H u1vw1/g
H - hL = u1vw1/g

WORKED EXAMPLE No. 2

The following data is for a Francis Wheel.
Radial velocity is constant
No whirl at exit.
Flow rate
0.189 m3/s
D1= 0.6 m
D2=0.4 m
k =0.85
h1=50 mm
1=110o
N=562 rev/min
Head difference from inlet to outlet is 32 m. Entry is shockless. Calculate
i. the guide vane angle
ii. the diagram power
iii. the hydraulic efficiency
iv. the outlet vane angle
v. the blade height at outlet.
SOLUTION
u1= ND1 = 17.655 m/s vr1= Q/(D1h1k)= 0.189/( x 0.6 x 0.05 x 0.85) = 2.35 m/s

Fig. 19
vw1 and 1 may be found by scaling or by trigonometry.
vw1=16.47m/s
1=8.12o u2=ND2 = 11.77 m/s
2= tan-1 (2.35/11.77) = 11.29o
D.P. = m u1vw1=189 (17.655 x 16.47) = 54 957 Watts
W.P.= mgH = 189 x 9.81 x 32 = 59 331 Watts
hyd = 54 957/59 331 = 92.6%
since vr1 = vr2 then D1h1 = D2 h2
h2 = 0.6 x 0.05/0.4 = 0.075 m

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16

WORKED EXAMPLE No. 3

The runner (rotor) of a Francis turbine has a blade configuration as shown. The outer diameter is 0.4 m
and the inner diameter is 0.25 m. The vanes are 65 mm high at inlet and 100 mm at outlet. The supply
head is 20 m and the losses in the guide vanes and runner are equivalent to 0.4 m. The water exhausts
from the middle at atmospheric pressure. Entry is shockless and there is no whirl at exit. Neglecting
the blade thickness, determine :
i. the speed of rotation.
ii.
the flow rate.
iii.
the output power given a mechanical efficiency of 88%.
iv.
the overall efficiency.
v.
the outlet vane angle.

Fig.20
SOLUTION

v w1

u1sin 1 sin 1
sin 1 1 tan1

v w1

u1sin(120)sin(20)
0.826u1
sin(100)tan(20)

Fig.21
The inlet vector diagram is as shown. Values can be found by drawing to scale.
Since all angles are known but no flow rate, find vw1 in terms of u1
H - hL = u1vw1/g
20 - 0.4 = 19.6 = u1vw1/g
19.6 = 0.826 u12/g
u1 =15.26 m/s
u1 = ND1/60
N = 15.26 x 60/(x0.4) = 728.5 rev/min
u sin 1 sin 1 15.26 sin 120sin 20
vr1 1

4.589m/s
sin 1 1
sin 1001

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17

Q = vr1 x D1h1 = 12.6 x x 0.4 x 0.065 = 0.375 m3/s

= 375 kg/s
vw1 = 0.826 u1 = 12.6 m/s
Diagram Power = m u1 vw1 = 375 x 15.26 x 12.6 = 72.1 kW
Output power = 0.88 x 72.1 = 63.45 kW
OUTLET TRIANGLE
u2 = ND2/60 = x 728.5 x 0.25/60 = 9.54m/s
Q = vr2 x D2h2
0.375 = vr2 x x 0.25 x 0.1
vr2 = 4.775 m/s = v2 if no whirl.
tan 2 = 4.775/9.54 = 0.5
2 =26.6o.

Fig. 22

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18

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 2

1. The following data is for a Francis Wheel
Radial velocity is constant
No whirl at exit.
Flow rate=0.4 m3/s
D1=0.4 m
D2=0.15 m
k =0.95
1=90o
N=1000 rev/min
Head at inlet = 56 m
head at entry to rotor = 26 m
head at exit = 0 m
Entry is shockless.
Calculate
i. the inlet velocity v1 (24.26 m/s)
ii. the guide vane angle (30.3o)
iii. the vane height at inlet and outlet (27.3 mm, 72.9 mm)
iv. the diagram power (175.4 MW)
v. the hydraulic efficiency (80%)
2. A radial flow turbine has a rotor 400 mm diameter and runs at 600 rev/min. The vanes are 30 mm
high at the outer edge. The vanes are inclined at 42 o to the tangent to the inner edge. The flow rate
is 0.5 m3/s and leaves the rotor radially. Determine
i. the inlet velocity as it leaves the guide vanes. (19.81 m/s)
o
ii. the inlet vane angle. (80.8 )
iii. the power developed. (92.5 kW)

(c) D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk

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3. The runner (rotor) of a Francis turbine has a blade configuration as shown. The outer diameter
is 0.45 m and the inner diameter is 0.3 m. The vanes are 62.5 mm high at inlet and 100 mm at
outlet. The supply head is 18 m and the losses in the guide vanes and runner are equivalent to
0.36 m. The water exhausts from the middle at atmospheric pressure. Entry is shockless and
there is no whirl at exit. Neglecting the blade thickness, determine :
i. The speed of rotation. (1691 rev/min)
ii. The flow rate. (1.056 m3/s)
iii. The output power given a mechanical efficiency of 90%. (182.2 MW)
iv. The overall efficiency. (88.2%)
v. The outlet vane angle. (22.97o)

Fig. 23

(c) D.J.Dunn www.freestudy.co.uk

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