Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

Dr.
Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

1
Spherical coordinate
r sin
z r cos
cos
x
x r sin cos
r sin
sin
y
y r sin sin
r sin
z r cos
we know previously that
L L x iL y
and
L x yp z zp y ,
L y zp x xp z ,
L z xp y yp x
The angular momentum in spherical coordinates

x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos
L x yp z z p y
r sin sin i
L y zp x xp z
r cos i
L z xp y yp x
r sin cos i
r cos i
z
r sin cos i
x
r sin sin i
y
where
and
r
2
2
2 1/2
x
x
1/2
1
x 2 y 2 z 2 .2x
2
x
sin cos
r
So:
r
x
sin cos ,
x
r
r
y
sin sin
y
r
r z
cos
z
r
4
we know that
cos
z
r
by derivative both side with respect to x we get:
cos
z

x
x r

z
z x 2 y 2 z 2 1/2 1 z x 2 y 2 z 2 3/2 .2x
sin
x x x 2 y 2 z 2 1/2 x
2
sin
zx
zx
r cos r sin cos cos sin cos

3/2
3
x
r
r3
r
r 2
cos cos
x
r
In the same way by derivative we get
From the diagram
tan
by derivative we get:
tan
tan
tan
y
x
So, the spherical components of angular momentum are:
Consider the eigen function of the angular momentum operator is
Fl m l ,
l ml l
The maximum value of

m is l
and the minimum value of m is -l
Using the definition on L+ we get:

l
L Fl l , e i
i cot
Fl , 0

9
Separation of variables
Fl l , P Q
So

i cot
P Q 0

dP
dQ
Q
i cot P
0
d
d
dP i cot dQ
0
P d
Q d
1
Q P
1
cot
1
1 dP
i dQ
0
cot P d
Q d
constant k
10
The equation
dQ
k
Q d
rearranging:
dQ k
dQ
d
ik d
Q
i
Q
dQ
ik
Q ik d Q e
The equation
dP
1
1 dP
k 0
k cot d
cot P d
P
cos
By integration we get:
ln P k
d
sin
So
So
Fl l , sin e ik
k
11
We know previously that: L z l m m
and L z i
lm
L z Fl l , l Fl l ,
So
l
Fl , l Fl l ,
The evaluated eigen function is : Fl l
(1)
, sin e ik
k
(2)
Sub. Equ (2) into Equ (1) we get:

LHS
k ik
i
Fl , i
sin e i
k Fl l , l Fl l ,
ik Fl l ,
So k l
The wave function Equ. (2) becomes: Fl , C l sin e il

l
12
Determination of C l
Fl l , d 1
Cl
2l
d
sin
sin d
0
C l 2 sin 2 l sin d
2
Let x cos dx sin d

1
C l 2 1 x
2
dx 1
2 l
C l 4 1 x
2
0
1
We know the Beta function is: B a, b x
a 1
1 x
b 1
Cl
2 l !
4
l
2l 1!
Cl
dt
dx 1
2 l
a 1 ! b 1 !
a b 1!
2l 1!
4
1
2l l !
13
To get Fl l 1 we apply L on Fl l and so on.
l 2 l l 2 l Fl l 1
2l Fl l 1
l
L
F
Fl l 1 l
2l
we continue applying
L we get:
l 2 l l 2 3l 2 Fl l 2
4l 2 Fl l 2
L Fl l 1
Fl l 2
2 2l 1 Fl l 2
L
Fl l 1
2 2l 1
14
To write Fl
l 2
in term of Fl where
Fl l 2
Fl
l 1
L Fl l
:
2l
L
Fl l
2l
2 2l 1
L
Fl l 2

1
2 2l 2l 1
Fl l
We can apply L on the above equation to get
Fl l 3
Continue applying
1
2 3 2l 2l 1 2l 2
Fl l
L (s) times, we get:
15
Determination of L Fl l

We know that L e i i cot

and Fl l , C l e il sin l :
L
So Fl l

C l e
Let
So
i l 1
l
cot
sin

d
d
sin l f sin l
f f l sin l 1 cos
d
d
d
cos
sin l
f f l sin l
d
sin
d
sin l
l cot f
d
d
d
sin l
sin l f
l cot f
d
d
16
Using the last previous relation in the Equ.

we get: where f sin l
L l
i l 1
Fl C l e

l
cot

sin
where:
sin l . sin 1 .sin
sin l 1 .
1
1
sin l 1
sin
d cos
17
From the Eq.
d
d
l 1
l 1
1
cot
sin
sin
We get:
L
Applying

So the Eq.
becomes:
1
2l !
s!
2l s !
18
The Condon-Shortley phase convention is not necessary in the definition of the

spherical harmonics, but including it simplifies the treatment of angular moment in
quantum mechanics. In particular, they are a consequence of the ladder operators
19
Determination of Fl m , :
Let m l s s l s
20
21
Example:
From equation
0
Fl , C l sin e il construct Y 0 and Y 11
l
l 1 Y 11 , C 1 sin e i
C1
2
sin
sin d d 1
22
23
24
25
Find Y 11 , and Y 10 ,
Y l m l , Pl m l Q
Y 11 , P11 Q
Lz Y 11 , 1 Y 11 ,
1
P1 Q P11 Q
P11
dQ
P11 Q
d
dQ
i d ln Q i a
Q
So Q A e i
To find the constant A we use the normalization condition

2
i
i
e
.
e
d 1 A
1
2
1 i
So Q
e
2
1
1
P11 e i
2
L Y 11 , 0 the max value of m 1

1
1
i
e i i cot
P
e
0
2

e i
2
i dP11
1
i
cot P1 e 0
e
d
1
dP11
dP
cos d
cot P11 11
d
P1 sin
ln P11 ln sin ln B P11 B sin

To find the constant B we use the normalization condition
2
sin
sin d 1
0
1 cos sin d 1
2
Let x cos dx sin d

1
2l l !
1 x dx 1 2 B 2l 1! 1 B
2
So Y 11 ,
3
sin e i
8
3
4
l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
29
H.W.:
(1) We define the raising operators as
L L x iL y
(a) Prove that
Lx
L L x iL y
and
L L
2
and
Ly
L L
2i
(b) Use the relations in (a) to compute the expressions
l m L 2x l m
(2)
and
l m Lx L y l m
and
Example:
Solution:

Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

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Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

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Dr.

Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

we know previously that

The angular momentum in spherical coordinates

by derivative both side with respect to x we get:

r cos r sin cos cos sin cos

In the same way by derivative we get

From the diagram

So, the spherical components of angular momentum are:

Consider the eigen function of the angular momentum operator is

The maximum value of

Using the definition on L+ we get:

We know previously that: L z l m m

The evaluated eigen function is : Fl l

Sub. Equ (2) into Equ (1) we get:

The wave function Equ. (2) becomes: Fl , C l sin e il

Let x cos dx sin d

We know the Beta function is: B a, b x

To get Fl l 1 we apply L on Fl l and so on.

We can apply L on the above equation to get

L (s) times, we get:

Using the last previous relation in the Equ.

From the Eq.

The Condon-Shortley phase convention is not necessary in the definition of the

To find the constant A we use the normalization condition

L Y 11 , 0 the max value of m 1

ln P11 ln sin ln B P11 B sin

Let x cos dx sin d

(b) Use the relations in (a) to compute the expressions

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