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Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

The document discusses angular momentum in spherical coordinates. It begins by defining the spherical coordinate system and expressions for angular momentum components Lx, Ly, Lz in terms of partial derivatives. It then derives expressions for the partial derivatives of r with respect to x, y, z. Next, it solves the eigenvalue equation for the angular momentum operator to obtain the spherical harmonic functions Ylm(θ,φ). It shows that the eigenvalues are m and determines the normalization constant for Ylm. The document also discusses applying the raising/lowering operators L± to relate functions with different m values.

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Soran Kahtan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Dr. Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi

The document discusses angular momentum in spherical coordinates. It begins by defining the spherical coordinate system and expressions for angular momentum components Lx, Ly, Lz in terms of partial derivatives. It then derives expressions for the partial derivatives of r with respect to x, y, z. Next, it solves the eigenvalue equation for the angular momentum operator to obtain the spherical harmonic functions Ylm(θ,φ). It shows that the eigenvalues are m and determines the normalization constant for Ylm. The document also discusses applying the raising/lowering operators L± to relate functions with different m values.

Uploaded by

Soran Kahtan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Dr.

Ali Abdulateef Alzubadi


1

Spherical coordinate
r sin

z r cos

cos

x
x r sin cos
r sin

sin

y
y r sin sin
r sin
z r cos

we know previously that

L L x iL y

and

L x yp z zp y ,

L y zp x xp z ,

L z xp y yp x

The angular momentum in spherical coordinates


x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos

L x yp z z p y

r sin sin i

L y zp x xp z

r cos i

L z xp y yp x

r sin cos i

r cos i
z

r sin cos i
x

r sin sin i
y

where

and

r
2
2
2 1/2

x
x
1/2
1
x 2 y 2 z 2 .2x
2
x
sin cos
r
So:
r
x
sin cos ,
x
r

r
y
sin sin
y
r

r z
cos
z
r
4

we know that

cos

z
r

by derivative both side with respect to x we get:

cos
z


x
x r


z
z x 2 y 2 z 2 1/2 1 z x 2 y 2 z 2 3/2 .2x
sin

x x x 2 y 2 z 2 1/2 x
2

sin

zx
zx

r cos r sin cos cos sin cos


3/2
3
x
r
r3
r
r 2
cos cos

x
r

In the same way by derivative we get

From the diagram

tan

by derivative we get:

tan

tan

tan

y
x

So, the spherical components of angular momentum are:

Consider the eigen function of the angular momentum operator is

Fl m l ,

l ml l

The maximum value of


m is l
and the minimum value of m is -l

Using the definition on L+ we get:


l
L Fl l , e i
i cot
Fl , 0


9

Separation of variables

Fl l , P Q
So



i cot

P Q 0


dP
dQ
Q
i cot P
0
d
d
dP i cot dQ

0
P d
Q d
1

Q P

1
cot

1
1 dP
i dQ

0
cot P d
Q d

constant k
10

The equation

dQ
k
Q d

rearranging:

dQ k
dQ

d
ik d
Q
i
Q
dQ
ik
Q ik d Q e

The equation

dP
1
1 dP
k 0
k cot d
cot P d
P
cos
By integration we get:
ln P k
d
sin

So
So

Fl l , sin e ik
k

11

We know previously that: L z l m m

and L z i

lm

L z Fl l , l Fl l ,

So

l
Fl , l Fl l ,

The evaluated eigen function is : Fl l

(1)

, sin e ik
k

(2)

Sub. Equ (2) into Equ (1) we get:


LHS

k ik
i
Fl , i
sin e i

k Fl l , l Fl l ,

ik Fl l ,

So k l

The wave function Equ. (2) becomes: Fl , C l sin e il


l

12

Determination of C l
Fl l , d 1

Cl

2l
d

sin
sin d
0

C l 2 sin 2 l sin d
2

Let x cos dx sin d


1

C l 2 1 x
2

dx 1

2 l

C l 4 1 x
2

0
1

We know the Beta function is: B a, b x

a 1

1 x

b 1

Cl

2 l !

4
l

2l 1!

Cl

dt

dx 1

2 l

a 1 ! b 1 !

a b 1!

2l 1!
4

1
2l l !
13

To get Fl l 1 we apply L on Fl l and so on.

l 2 l l 2 l Fl l 1
2l Fl l 1

l
L
F
Fl l 1 l
2l

we continue applying

L we get:

l 2 l l 2 3l 2 Fl l 2
4l 2 Fl l 2

L Fl l 1
Fl l 2

2 2l 1 Fl l 2
L
Fl l 1
2 2l 1

14

To write Fl

l 2

in term of Fl where

Fl l 2

Fl

l 1

L Fl l
:

2l

L
Fl l
2l

2 2l 1

L
Fl l 2

1
2 2l 2l 1

Fl l

We can apply L on the above equation to get

Fl l 3

Continue applying

1
2 3 2l 2l 1 2l 2

Fl l

L (s) times, we get:

15

Determination of L Fl l

We know that L e i i cot

and Fl l , C l e il sin l :

L
So Fl l

C l e
Let

So

i l 1

l
cot

sin

d
d
sin l f sin l
f f l sin l 1 cos
d
d
d
cos
sin l
f f l sin l
d
sin
d

sin l
l cot f
d

d
d

sin l
sin l f
l cot f
d
d

16

Using the last previous relation in the Equ.


we get: where f sin l

L l
i l 1
Fl C l e

l
cot


sin

where:
sin l . sin 1 .sin
sin l 1 .

1
1

sin l 1

sin
d cos

17

From the Eq.

d
d

l 1
l 1

1
cot

sin

sin

We get:

L
Applying

So the Eq.
becomes:
1
2l !
s!
2l s !

18

The Condon-Shortley phase convention is not necessary in the definition of the


spherical harmonics, but including it simplifies the treatment of angular moment in
quantum mechanics. In particular, they are a consequence of the ladder operators

19

Determination of Fl m , :
Let m l s s l s

20

21

Example:
From equation

0
Fl , C l sin e il construct Y 0 and Y 11
l

l 1 Y 11 , C 1 sin e i
C1

2
sin
sin d d 1

22

23

24

25

Find Y 11 , and Y 10 ,

Y l m l , Pl m l Q
Y 11 , P11 Q
Lz Y 11 , 1 Y 11 ,
1
P1 Q P11 Q

P11

dQ
P11 Q
d

dQ
i d ln Q i a
Q
So Q A e i

To find the constant A we use the normalization condition


2

i
i
e
.
e
d 1 A

1
2

1 i
So Q
e
2

1
1

P11 e i
2

L Y 11 , 0 the max value of m 1


1
1
i
e i i cot
P

e
0

2

e i
2

i dP11

1
i
cot P1 e 0
e
d

1
dP11
dP
cos d
cot P11 11
d
P1 sin

ln P11 ln sin ln B P11 B sin


To find the constant B we use the normalization condition

2
sin
sin d 1
0

1 cos sin d 1
2

Let x cos dx sin d


1

2l l !

1 x dx 1 2 B 2l 1! 1 B
2

So Y 11 ,

3
sin e i
8

3
4

l=0

l=1

l=2

l=3

29

H.W.:
(1) We define the raising operators as

L L x iL y
(a) Prove that

Lx

L L x iL y

and

L L
2

and

Ly

L L
2i

(b) Use the relations in (a) to compute the expressions

l m L 2x l m
(2)

and

l m Lx L y l m

and

Example:

Solution:

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