Calculus

Trigonometry Notes
[Basic Trigonometry]
(T1.) Pythagorean’s Theorem: For any right triangle whose sides
c
are a, b and c , where c is the hypotenuse, then a 2 + b2 = c 2 b

a
1
(T2.) Area of a triangle: A = bh (T3.) Radian-measurement: ! radians = 180!
2
!
(T4.) The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180

(T5.) 45! - 45! - 90! Special right triangle (T6.) 30! - 60! - 90! Special right triangle

45!
2 2 60!
1 1

30!
45!
3
1

[Definitions of Trigonometric Ratio]

opp y hyp r hyp

(R1.) sin ! = = (R2.) csc ! = = opp
hyp r opp y
!
adj x hyp r
(R3.) cos ! = = (R4.) sec ! = = adj
hyp r adj x
opp y adj x
(R5.) tan ! = = (R6.) cot ! = = (x, y)
adj x opp y r
y
!
*Note: r = x + y2 2
x
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[Common Trigonometric Identities]

sin ! cos ! 1
(I1.) tan ! = (I2.) cot ! = =
cos ! sin ! tan !
1 1
(I3.) csc ! = (I4.) sec ! =
sin ! cos !
(I5.) sin 2 ! + cos 2 ! = 1 (I6.) tan 2 ! +1= sec 2 !
(I7.) sin(! + ") = sin !cos " + cos!sin " (I8.) sin(! ! ") = sin !cos " ! cos!sin "

(I9.) cos(! + ") = cos!cos " ! sin !sin " (I10.) cos(! ! ") = cos!cos " + sin !sin "

(I11.) sin(!!) = !sin ! (I12.) cos(!!) = cos !

(I13.) sin(! + ") = !sin ! (I14.) cos(! + ") = !cos !
(I15.) sin(2!) = 2 sin ! cos ! (I16.) cos(2!) = cos 2 ! !sin 2 !
(I16*) cos(2!) = 2 cos 2 ! !1 (I16**) cos(2!) = 1! 2 sin 2 !
" ! % 1( cos ! " ! % 1+ cos !
(I17.) sin 2 $ ' = (I18.) cos 2 $ ' =
# 2& 2 # 2& 2
"! % "! %
(I19.) sin $$ !"''' = cos " (I20.) cos $$ !"''' = sin "
$# 2 '& $# 2 '&
(I21.) sin(! + 2") = sin ! (I22.) cos(! + 2") = cos !
tan ! + tan "
(I23.) tan(! + ") = tan ! (I24.) tan(! + ") =
1! tan ! tan "
A
sin A sin B sin C
[Law of Sine] = = c
a b c
b
[Law of Cosine] c 2 = a 2 + b2 ! 2abcos C
1 B
[Area of this Triangle] Area = bc sin A a
2 C
a+b+c
[Heron’s Formula] Area = s(s ! a)(s ! b)(s ! c) , where s =
2
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[Graphs of Trigonometric Functions]
(G1.) y = sin x
Identity: sin x = cos( !2 " x)
Odd Function Property: sin(!x) = ! sin x
Domain: !" < x < "
Range: !1 " y " 1

Period: 2!
Domain to have inverse: ! "2 # x # "2

(G2.) y = cos x
Identity: cos x = sin( !2 " x)
Even Function Property: cos(!x) = cos x
Domain: !" < x < "
Range: !1 " y " 1

Period: 2!
Domain to have inverse: 0! x !"

(G3.) y = tan x
sin x
Identity: tan x =
cos x
Odd Function Property: tan(!x) = ! tan x
Domain: x !! except x ! "2 + k" , integer k
Range: !" < y < "
Period: !
Domain to have inverse: ! "2 < x < "2

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(G4.) y = csc x
1
Identity: csc x =
sin x
Domain: x !! except x ! k"
Range: y ! "1 # y $ 1

Period: 2!
Domain to have inverse:
! "2 # x < 0 $ 0 < x # "2

(G5.) y = sec x
1
Identity: sec x =
cos x
Domain: x !! except x ! "2 + k"
Range: y ! "1 # y $ 1
Period: 2!
Domain to have inverse:
0 ! x < "2 # "
2 < x !"

(G6.) y = cot x
cos x 1
Identity: cot x = =
sin x tan x
Domain: x !! except x ! k"
Range: !" < y < "
Period: !
Domain to have inverse: 0< x <!

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[General Graph of Sine and Cosine]

y = A sin ( B ( x ! C )) + D or y = A cos ( B ( x ! C )) + D
2!
(1.) Amplitute: A (2.) Period:
B
(3.) Phase (Horizontal) Shift: C units right (4.) Vertical Shift: D units up

(Ex1.) Given the graph of y = 2 sin ( ( x ! )) + 3 , here we have A = 2,

3
2
"
2 B = 23 , C = !2 , D = 3

Amplitute: A = 2 = 2 Period= 2!
B = 2!
3 = 4!
3
2

! !
Phase Shift: 2 (i.e. 2 units to the right) Vertical Shift: 3 (i.e. 3 units up)

(Ex2.) Given the graph of y = !3cos ( "2 x + "2 ) ! 2

*Rewrite y = !3cos ( "2 ( x + 1)) ! 2 , so we have A = !3, B = "2 , C = !1, D = !2

Amplitute: A = !3 = 3 Period: 2!
B = 2!
! =4
2

Phase Shift: !1 (i.e. 1 unit to the left) Vertical Shift: !2 (i.e. 2 units down)

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[General Graph of Tangent]

y = A tan ( B ( x ! C )) + D
!
Amplitute: None Period:
B
Phase (Horizontal) Shift: C units to the right Vertical Shift: D units up

*Note: 1.) Since y = tan x has no min/max value, so y = tan x does not have an amplitute
2.) The period of the y = tan x is ! , because
sin(x + ! ) " sin x sin x
tan ( x + ! ) = = = = tan x
cos(x + ! ) " cos x cos x

(Ex3.) Given the graph of y = tan ( !3 ( x " 1)) + 2 , here we have A = 1, B = !3 , C = 1, D = 2

Amplitute: None Period: !

B = !
! =3
3

Phase Shift: 1 (i.e. 1 unit to the right) Vertical Shift: 2 (i.e. 2 units UP)

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[Graphs of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions]

(G7.) y = arcsin x = sin !1 x

Property: sin !1 ( sin x ) = x if ! "2 # x # "2

Property: ( )
sin sin !1 x = x if !1 " x " 1

Odd Function Property: sin !1 (!x) = ! sin !1 x

Domain: !1 " x " 1
Range: ! "2 # y # "2
1
Warning: sin !1 x "
sin x
(G8.) y = arccos x = cos !1 x
Property: cos !1 ( cos x ) = x if 0 ! x ! "

Property: ( )
cos cos !1 x = x if !1 " x " 1

Identity: cos !1 x = "2 ! sin !1 x

Domain: !1 " x " 1
Range: 0 ! y ! "

1
Warning: cos !1 x "
cos x
(G9.) y = arctan x = tan !1 x
Property: tan !1 ( tan x ) = x if ! "2 < x < "2

Property: ( )
tan tan !1 x = x if !" < x < "

Odd Function Property: tan !1 (!x) = ! tan !1 x

Domain: !" < x < "
Range: ! "2 < y < "2
sin !1 x
!1
Warning: tan x "
cos !1 x
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(G10.) y = arccsc x = csc !1 x
Identity: csc !1 x = sin !1 ( 1x )

Odd Function Property: csc !1 (!x) = ! csc !1 x

Domain: x ! "1 # x $ 1
Range: ! "2 # y < 0 $ 0 < y # "2
1
Warning: csc !1 x "
sin !1 x

(G11.) y = arcsec x = sec !1 x

Identity: sec !1 x = cos !1 ( 1x )

Identity: sec !1 x = "2 ! csc !1 x

Domain: x ! "1 # x $ 1
Range: 0 ! y < "2 # "
2 < y!"
1
Warning: sec !1 x "
cos !1 x

(G12.) y = arccot x = cot !1 x

# tan !1 ( 1x ) if x > 0
!1 %
Identity: cot x = $ "2 if x = 0
% tan !1 1 + " if x < 0
& (x)
Identity: cot !1 x = "2 ! tan !1 x
Domain: !" < x < "
Range: 0 < y < !

1
Warning: cot !1 x "
tan !1 x
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