Tyre Study - Final Report - Msia Dep

National Solid Waste Management Department
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
A STUDY ON
SCRAP TYRES MANAGEMENT FOR
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
FINAL REPORT
September 2011
Prepared by:
CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN BHD (130904-U)

st
No. 41, 1 Floor, Jalan USJ 10/1D, UEP Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel: 03-56370163
Fax: 03-56370385
Email: consult@chemsain.com
A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia
Final Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
Background and Statement of Needs ............................................................. 1
Steering Committee and Study Team ............................................................. 2
Steering Committee ......................................................................................... 2
Study Team ..................................................................................................... 2
2.1
OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 4
Objectives of The Study .................................................................................. 4
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.1.1
3.1.1.2
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.4.1
3.1.4.2
3.1.4.3
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.6.1
3.1.6.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.3
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8
SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA; STATUS QUO .................... 5

Institutional Analysis ........................................................................................ 5
Government Agencies in Tyres and Scrap Tyres Management ...................... 9
Federal Level ................................................................................................... 9
State and Local Level .................................................................................... 12
Scrap Tyre Definitions ................................................................................... 17
Tyre Associations .......................................................................................... 19
Tyres Businesses .......................................................................................... 20
Tyre Manufacturers/ Importers ...................................................................... 20
Tyre Retreaders ............................................................................................. 20
Tyre Dealers (Workshops) ............................................................................. 21
Scrap Tyres Collectors and Traders .............................................................. 21
Scrap Tyres Treatment and Disposal ............................................................ 21
Scrap Tyre Treatment Facilities ..................................................................... 21
Scrap Tyre Disposal Facilities ....................................................................... 23
Inventory ........................................................................................................ 24
Inventories of Scrap Tyres - Methodology ..................................................... 24
Inventories of Scrap Tyres ............................................................................. 27
Data from Department of Road and Transport (DOT) ................................... 27
Estimation of Used Tyre Generation .............................................................. 28
Projection of Scrap Tyre Generated .............................................................. 34
Inventories of Scrap Tyres - Mass Flow Models ............................................ 36
Qualitative Findings, Feedbacks and Ground Observations ......................... 38
Limitations and Assumptions for Mass Flow Model ....................................... 54
Flow Analysis of Scrap Tyres (from tyre shops to disposal sites) .................. 55
Treatment and Recycling Options ................................................................. 61
Components of a Tyre ................................................................................... 61
End-of-Life Tyre (ELT) ................................................................................... 63
The Recycling and Treatment System for ELT .............................................. 64
Economic Evaluation of Technology Methodology ........................................ 65
The Recycling System Under Evaluation ...................................................... 66
Incineration of Used Tyres for Energy Production ......................................... 67
Shredding and Granulation ............................................................................ 88
Planning Analyses of Recycling Plants .......................................................... 95
TOC - 1
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.4.1
3.4.4.2
3.4.4.3
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
3.6
Final Report
Incentive System ........................................................................................... 97

Perspectives in Scrap Tyre Management Incentives ..................................... 99
The Sarawak Used Tyre Economic Instrument ........................................... 100
Options in Economic Instrument International Experiences ..................... 102
Incentive Model for Peninsula Malaysia ...................................................... 117
Operators for Scrap Tyres Collection and Treatment .................................. 124
Size of Levy on Scrap Tyres ........................................................................ 125
Regulating the Proposed Levy ..................................................................... 127
Brief Description of Legislation Requirement .............................................. 130
Administrative and Organization Structure .................................................. 130
Laws and Regulations ................................................................................. 134
Action Plan and Implementation Schedule .................................................. 136
TOC - 2
Final Report
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
The Team Members for the Study on Scrap Tyre Management in

Peninsula Malaysia .............................................................................................3
Table 2:
List of Primary Stakeholders and Their Primary Functions or Roles ...................6
Table 3:
The Institutional Capacity of Malaysian Governmental Agencies in the

Management of Scrap Tyres .............................................................................14
Table 4:
Proposed Sampling Size for Tyre Industries .....................................................27
Table 5:
Estimated Annual and Daily Tonnage for Used Tyre Generation for
2010 ..................................................................................................................30
Table 6:
Estimation of Annual and Daily Tonnage for Scrap Tyres Generation by

Categories (Motorcycles, Cars, Trucks) for the Whole Peninsular
Malaysia ............................................................................................................31
Table 7:
Estimation of Annual and Daily Tonnage for Scrap Tyres Generation by

State for the Whole Peninsular Malaysia ..........................................................33
Table 8:
Projection of Number of Registered Vehicle from 2011 - 2015 .........................34
Table 9:
Projection of Annual and Daily Tonnage of Scrap Tyres (2011 2015) ...........35
Table 10:
Total Number of Survey Samples .....................................................................38
Table 11:
Total Number of Interviewees According to State .............................................39
Table 12:
List of Local Authorities Interviewed ..................................................................39
Table 13:
Total Number of Scrap Tyres Collectors Interviewed........................................46
Table 14:
Type of Treatment Facilities Visited ..................................................................48
Table 15:
List of Landfill and Transfer Station Visited .......................................................53
Table 16:
Components of a Tyre, Legends and Definitions26 ...........................................62
Table 17:
Percentage of Main Components of Car and Truck Tyres ................................62
Table 18:
Weightage of Different Type of Tyres ...............................................................63
Table 19:
ELTs Treatment and Recycling Technology ....................................................65
Table 20:
Calorific Value and Emission Rate of Tyres in Comparison to Other

Types of Fuel30 ..................................................................................................68
Table 21:
List of Power Plants in the US That Use Tyre Derived Fuel (TDF) ...................69
Table 22:
Coal-Fired Power Plants in Peninsular Malaysia ..............................................73
Table 23:
Examples of Successful TDF Application in Cement Kilns in Foreign

Countries ...........................................................................................................76
Table 24:
Cement Kilns Operational in Peninsular Malaysia37 ..........................................80
Table 25:
Products of Scrap Tyre Pyrolysis ......................................................................82
TOC - 3
Final Report
Table 26:
Economic Analysis of Pyrolytic Products from Scrap Tyres39 ...........................86
Table 27:
Investment Cost for a Pyrolysis Plant40 .............................................................87
Table 28:
Uses of Crumb Tyres of Different Mesh Sizes ..................................................93
Table 29:
Economic Evaluations of Various Technology Options in Tyre

Recycling, Reprocessing...................................................................................96
Table 30:
Projected Annual Variation of Scrap Tyres Generation in the

Peninsular Malaysia ..........................................................................................98
Table 31:
Options for Tax on New Tyres in Sarawak (EPU, 2001) .................................101
Table 32:
End of Life Tyre Management Models ............................................................104
Table 33:
Summary of Scrap Tyre Management in Different Countries of the

World ...............................................................................................................115
Table 34:
Type of Systems Adopted for Managing Scrap Tyres in Various

Countries .........................................................................................................118
Table 35:
Economic Evaluations of Various Technology Options in Tyre

Recycling, Reprocessing.................................................................................125
Table 36:
Evaluation of Scrap Tyre Tax Levels in Sarawak: NPV & IRR67 .....................126
Table 37:
Correlation Between Sarawak Scrap Tyre Management Study and

Estimation Made for the Peninsular Malaysia .................................................127
Table 38:
Action Plan for the Implementation of the Proposed Scrap Tyre

Management System ......................................................................................137
Table 39:
Proposed Time Schedule for the Implementation of the Proposed

Scrap Tyre Management System....................................................................138
TOC - 4
Final Report
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
Institutional Analysis of Scrap Tyre Management in Malaysia :

Government Agencies........................................................................................ 7
Figure 2:
Material Flow of Scrap Tyres and Stakeholders Diagram ...................................8
Figure 3:
Methodology for Estimation of the Generation of Tyre by Year ....................... 25
Figure 4:
Zoning of Scrap Tyre Survey Areas ................................................................. 26
Figure 5:
Number of Vehicles by Year in the Peninsular Malaysia ..................................28
Figure 6:
Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) by Different

Categories in Peninsular Malaysia ................................................................... 32
Figure 7:
Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) in Peninsular

Malaysia ........................................................................................................... 32
Figure 8:
Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) in Peninsular

Malaysia by State ..............................................................................................33
Figure 9:
Total Projection for Number of Registered Vehicles in Peninsular

Malaysia (2011-2015) ...................................................................................... 34
Figure 10:
Total Projection of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/Year) in

Peninsular Malaysia (2011-2015) .................................................................... 36
Figure 11:
Proposed Developmental Methodologies for Mass Flow

Development .....................................................................................................37
Figure 12:
JKR Depot .........................................................................................................41
Figure 13:
Used Tyre at JKR Depot ...................................................................................41
Figure 14:
Summary of Frequency of Tyre Change .......................................................... 41
Figure 15:
Summary of Used / Scrap Tyre Management ...................................................41
Figure 16:
Scrap Tyres Brought Back by the Customers for the Purpose of

Landscaping ..................................................................................................... 42
Figure 17:
Interviewing a Customer in a Tyre Shop .......................................................... 42
Figure 18:
Type of Vehicles Serviced in the Tyre Shop / Workshop / Depot .................... 43
Figure 19:
Method of Storage of Scrap Tyre ..................................................................... 43
Figure 20:
Frequency of the Scrap Tyre Collection ........................................................... 44
Figure 21:
Type of Collection of Scrap Tyre ...................................................................... 44
Figure 22:
Management of Scrap Tyre After Collection .................................................... 45
Figure 23:
Interviewing the Worker in the Tyre Shop ........................................................ 45
Figure 24:
Interviewing the Owner in the Tyre Shop ......................................................... 45
Figure 25:
Type of Used Tyre Collected.............................................................................47
TOC - 5
Final Report
Figure 26:
Type of Vehicle Used for Collection ................................................................. 47
Figure 27:
Retreadable Tyres Collected by the Collector (Penang) .................................. 48
Figure 28:
Location of Treatment Facilities ....................................................................... 49
Figure 29:
Tyre Recycle Premise 1 (TR1) Scrap Tyre Recycling Process ........................ 50
Figure 30:
Photo from the Visit to TR2 .............................................................................. 51
Figure 31:
Visits to Various TR Stations............................................................................ 52
Figure 32:
Use of Scrap Tyres at Car Racing Track ......................................................... 54
Figure 33:
Flow chart for Motorcycle Tyre ......................................................................... 56
Figure 34:
Flow Chart for Medium Scale Tyre................................................................... 57
Figure 35:
Flow Chart for Large Scale Tyre .......................................................................58
Figure 36:
Overall Mass Flow of Scrap Tyres in he Peninsular Malaysia ..........................60
Figure 37:
Components of a Tyre25 ....................................................................................61
Figure 38:
Typical Technology Use in Power Plant for Incinerating Tyres .........................70
Figure 39:
Typical Chip Size of TDF in Different Cement Kiln System ............................. 75
Figure 40:
Trend of Cement Plants in the U.S. Using TDF (1988 2004) & The
Number of Cement Manufacturing Plants Currently Using TDF in the
US .................................................................................................................... 76
Figure 41:
Flow Chart Sjowing the Pyrolysis Process38 .....................................................82
Figure 42:
Annual Variation in Tyre Crumbs Mesh Size and Price Range41 ......................89
Figure 43:
Picture of Different Shredded Tyre Sizes42 ...................................................... 89
Figure 44:
Flow Path of Tyre Shredding and Granulation Procdess ..................................92
Figure 45:
The Administration and Organizational Structure of Scrap Tyre

Management in Malaysia ................................................................................130
Figure 46:
Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia:

Management Authority ....................................................................................131
Figure 47:
Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia: Cash Flow

Pattern.............................................................................................................132
Figure 48:
Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia: Overall .................. 133
TOC - 6
Final Report
APPENDICES
Appendix
Descriptions
Approval Letter for the Study by NSWMD
Authorization Letter for the Study by NSWMD
Organization Chart of the Consultant Team
Detailed Study Implementation Plan for the Study
List of Existing Reports and Inventories on Scrap Tyres Currently

Available in Peninsular Malaysia
List of Relevant Stakeholders (Organisations and Institutions) to be

Involved in the Scrap Tyre Inventory Activities
List of Existing Scrap Tyre Treatment Plants and Other Parties Prepared
to Establish New Recycling Plants for Scrap Tyres
Tyre Retreaders in Peninsular Malaysia
Data from Department of Road and Transport (DOT)
Example of Survey Form
Summary from the Survey Conducted for Treatment Facilities
Summary from the Survey Conducted
Summary Total no. of Samples Collected by State
TOC - 7
Final Report
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations
Descriptions
<
Less than
>
More than
Act 127
Environmental Quality Act, 1974
Act 672
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007
Act 673
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation Act

2007
AFTA
Asean Free Trade Area
AP
Import License administered by MITI
Customs
The Royal Malaysian Customs Department of Malaysia
DANIDA
Danish International Development Agency
DOE
Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia
DOT
Department of Transport, Malaysia
EIA
Environmental Impacts Assessment
ELT
End of life tyre
FMM
Federation of Malaysian Manufacturer
GIS
Geo-spatial Information System
GTFS
Green Technology Financing Scheme
JPJ
Department of Road Transport (Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan)
KeTTHA
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Malaysia
Kg
kilogram
km
kilometer
LGM
Malaysian Rubber Board (Lembaga Getah Malaysia)
MRB
Malaysian Rubber Board
MATRDS
Malaysian Association of Tyre Retreaders and Dealers Society
MDK
Kampar District Council
MDP
Pekan District Council
MHLG
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
MIDA
Malaysian Industrial Development Authority
MITI
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
MPK
Kangar Municipal Council
MPK
Kuantan Municipal Council
MPKB
Kota Bharu Municipal Council
TOC - 8
Final Report
Abbreviations
Descriptions
MPPP
Pulau Pinang Municipal Council
MPV
Multi-Purpose Vehicle
NSWMD
National Solid Waste Management Department, Malaysia
PPSPPA
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation

(Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal dan Pembersihan Awam)
PWD
Public Works Department, Malaysia
RM
Ringgit Malaysia
SIRIM
Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
SUV
Sport Utility Vehicle
SWMC
Solid Waste Management Component
SWPCMC
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation
Tonnes Metric
TDF
Tyre derived fuel
TDP
Tyre derived product
TOR
Terms of Reference for Scrap Tyre Study in Peninsula Malaysia
TR
Tyre Recycler
TOC - 9
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background and Statement of Needs
Final Report
The scheduled implementation of Act 672, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Act 2007 (referred to as The Act hereafter) on 1st September 20111, shall
herald a new beginning in Malaysia, in the provision of a holistic regulatory and operational
framework for the management of solid waste. The Act shall provide the Government a
platform to set up specific waste logistics, management and incentive systems to encourage
not only a systematic and waste management best practices, but also the reuse, recycling
and recovery of waste materials.
The Act adopts a comprehensive approach in ensuring that there are means and regulatory
provisions for the proper and legal management of all varying types and classification of
wastes in Malaysia. This also includes the management of special solid waste which is
described in the Act as;
...any kind of controlled solid waste as may be prescribed which
(a) is or may be dangerous to public health; or
(b) is difficult to treat, keep or dispose of,
that special provisions are required to deal with it.
Scrap tyres (using the term that was used in the Terms of Reference (TOR) document for
this study) are one of those types of solid wastes that can be classified as special solid
waste, as scrap tyres are not included in any way specifically by the Act or any other
regulatory provisions on solid waste.
A study on scrap tyre management, the Terms of Reference (TOR) of which is attached as
Appendix A in this report, was commissioned by the National Solid Waste Management
Department (NSWMD), Ministry of Housing and Local Government Malaysia. The study
seeks to set the baseline, framework and basis for future management of scrap tyres.
Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd. is the consultant appointed by NSWMD vide their
acceptance letter dated 4th January 2011 referenced KPKT/NSWMD/(S)800/2/2/1(59). The
approval letter is attached to this report in Appendix B.
The study on scrap tyre management in the Peninsula Malaysia (the Study) commenced on
7th March 2011 carried out over 4 calendar months from the date of commencement until 7th
July 2011.
nd
BERNAMA, 2 July 2011. At the time of printing, the Act has been officially implemented.
1.2
Steering Committee and Study Team
1.2.1
Steering Committee
Final Report
A Steering Committee of the Study has been set up by the National Solid Waste
Management Department, Ministry of Housing and Local Government and chaired by the
Director General of NSWMD.
The members of the steering committee are as follows;
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
1.2.2
The National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD)

The Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWPCMC)
The Department of Environment (DOE)
The Department of Transport (DOT)
The Royal Malaysian Customs Department (RMC)
The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
Study Team
The study team comprised of the following:

Consultant
Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd.
Address
47 Wisma Ko Perkasa, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching

Sarawak Malaysia
Tel :082 422736 Fax: 082 415506
The team members of the study team are tabulated in Table 1 below:
Final Report
Table 1 : The team members for the study on scrap tyre management in Peninsula
Malaysia
Professional
Sub-Professional
Contribution
Personnel
Project Director / Waste Treatment

Technology
Mohammad Bin Siphon
Project Coordinator
Edward Yap
Environmental Management Planning
Ir Brian Chong
Legal & Institutional
Lina Chan
Economic Analyst
Edward Yap
Data Inventory - Production & Reuse
Henry Sebastian
Data Inventory Treatment & Disposal
Foong Poh Hing
Mapping / GIS
Bernard Chong
Leader production & Reuse
Zurida Razak
Leader Recycling & Disposal
Mazura Murat
Asst. Production & Reuse
Nazari Zakaria
Asst. Recycling & Disposal
Mohd Azul Hisham Makri
Draughtsman/GIS
Rosman Muhammad
Clerical / Secretarial
Nurul Aishah Zon
The organization chart of the consultant team is shown in Appendix C of this report.
OBJECTIVES
2.1
Objectives of The Study
Final Report
Main Objective
The main overall objective of this study is to provide the Malaysian Government with
sufficient background information and recommendations for a decision to establish a
collection and treatment system for scrap tyres for Peninsular Malaysia.
Specific Objectives
Within this overall objective, the more specific objectives are as follow:
(i)
To update the existing inventory of scrap tyre generation in peninsular Malaysia
(ii)
To determine the legal and administrative system required to direct the flow of scrap
tyres towards approved recycling facilities and to identify and propose such systems for
directing the flow
(iii)
To explore the options for scrap tyres recycling in Peninsular Malaysia, to specify the
advantages and disadvantages of the different recycling systems and to propose future
recycling option(s)
(iv)
To analyse the market for products from recycled scrap tyres from different recycling
systems
(v)
To analyse the need for adding an economic incentive system to the legal and
administrative systems to direct the flow of scrap tyres towards the approved recycling
and propose such system as required
(vi)
To evaluate the impacts of issuing exclusive license for collection of scrap tyres on the
market and proposed system
(vii) To propose the legal framework for the implementation of the system
(viii) To propose action plans to be carried out by all related organisations
Final Report
SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA; STATUS

QUO
Enabling options in sustainable scrap tyres management in Malaysia need to consider a

holistic approach that takes into account the stakeholders involved in both formal and
informal market. In the absence of this holistic approach, a working scrap tyre management
system may be challenged or fail eventually due to the interrupted linkages between the
stakeholders.
Stakeholders in scrap tyre management can generally be categorized into the following
groups:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Governmental agencies
Tyre manufacturers
Tyre industry associations
Tyre businesses service and repair centres
Scrap tyre collectors, transporters and traders
Scrap tyre treatment and disposal companies or organizations
There are three primary influential factors in scrap tyre management in Malaysia.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Availability of scrap tyres

Profitable economic instruments
Availability of capable institutions
Scrap tyre management in Malaysia today is generally ad-hoc, driven by economic

incentives derived from specific commercial demands in the form of downstream products
generated from the processing of the scrap tyres. The existing regulatory framework does
not generally address the management of scrap tyres objectively except where scrap tyres
are imported from foreign sources.
Scrap tyres reprocessing products are in the form of carbon blacks, secondary diesel fuel
and waste metals. Scrap tyres calorific values potential however are mainly pursued by few
in the cement industries, notably the large ones. Availability of scrap tyres from local sources
is inconsistent and influenced by informal logistics (collection, transportation and distances
covered) that are in turn responds towards the prevailing market values of scrap tyres
downstream products.
3.1
Institutional Analysis2
Institutional analysis refers to the capacity determination of the various stakeholder

organizations and institutions that are involved in the management of scrap tyres inventory.
The analysis provides a detailed review and examination of the responsibilities, capabilities,
2
Activity 2 of TOR document
Final Report
facilities, strength and weaknesses, funding and present level co-operation and information
exchange between the principal organizations, (in the case of government agencies)
between the federal and state agencies currently involved in scrap tyres management in
Malaysia. Acquisition of data for the institutional analyses was through a combination of site
visits, interviews and discussions, email correspondences and desktop reviews. An overview
and description of the roles of the various stakeholders are given below in Table 2.
Table 2 : List of primary stakeholders and their primary functions or roles
No.
Stakeholders
Function / Role
1.
Government Agencies
Institutional management of new and scrap tyres
2.
Tyre Manufacturer
Manufacturing plants that produces new tyres
3.
Tyre Importer
A person / company that bring in tyres from foreign country

for use, sale, or re-export
4.
Tyre Distributor
Wholesaler who has exclusive rights to tyre market, within a

given territory, selling and representing tyre goods of a
particular tyre manufacturer or company
5.
Tyre Workshop
Provide various tyre services and the producers of scrap

tyres as it is normal for customers to leave their
waste tyres in the workshop after they have replaced their
new tyres for the old ones. They might have their own
transport to dispose of the scrap tyre or assign private tyre
collectors
6.
Scrap tyre Collectors
Collect and transport waste tyres from workshops to

recycling centres / retreaders / cement kilns
7.
Tyre Retreader
Specialised in retreading of scrap tyres
8.
Recycling Centres
-Recycling of waste tyres

-Production of reclaimed rubber
e.g. Shredding and granulation, recovery of rubber crumb /
tiles
- Pyrolysis waste tyre recycling facility
- Carbon black manufacturing
9.
Cement Kilns
Cement industry uses waste tyres as supplementary fuel

e.g. La Farge Cement Berhad
10.
Landfills / Dumpsites (legal)
A controlled tipping dump area or a sanitary landfill that

accepts waste tyres for disposal. A tipping fee is normal
charged for waste tyres, depending on the landfill
The institutional relationships between the various stakeholders of tyres and scrap tyre
management in Malaysia is fairly differentiated except within the jurisdictions of the various
government departments where there are presently a handful of government agencies that
constitute part of the tyres and scrap tyres management chain. These are illustrated in
Figure 1 below while Figure 2 shows the relationship between the various stakeholders in
Final Report
tyres and scrap tyres management in Malaysia and the general flow of the two in the
Malaysian market.
Department of National Solid

Waste Management
(NSWMD)
Solid Waste and Public
Cleansing Management
Corporation (SWPCMC)
(LGM)
Department of Environment
Malaysia
(DOE)
Federal Government
Scrap Tyres Management

(Institutional Capacity)
Ministry of Trade and Industry

(MITI)
Malaysian Industrial
Development Authority
(MIDA)
Royal Malaysian Customs
Department
(Customs)
Ministry of Energy, Green

Technology and Water
(KeTTHA)
State Governments
Local Authorities
Figure 1 : Institutional Analysis of Scrap Tyre Management in Malaysia : Government

Agencies
Final Report
Government
Agencies:
NewTyres
Manufacturers/Importers
RetreadedTyre
Importers
New Tyres
Distributors
MHLG
PPSPPA
DOE
MITI
MIDA
JPJ
Royal Malaysia Customs
Department
Tyre
Workshops*
Used Tyres
Consumers
(Passenger/Commercial Vehicles)
Retreaded Tyres
UsedTyre
Collectors
Retreadable Tyres
Scrap Tyres
Tyre
Retreaders
Landfills/
Dumpsites
(legal/illegal)
RecyclingCentres/
CementKilns
UsedTyre
Traders
RetreadedTyres
forExport
RetreadableTyre
Importers
RetreadableTyre
forExport
New Tyres
Retreadable Tyres
Used Tyres
Retreaded Tyres
Scrap Tyres
* Include workshops for commercial sectors. (e.g. bus companies)
Figure1. Material Flow of Tyres
Figure 2: Material Flow of Scrap Tyres and Stakeholders Diagram
3.1.1
Final Report
Government Agencies in Tyres and Scrap Tyres Management
3.1.1.1 Federal Level

A. National Solid Waste Management Department (NSWMD)
NSWMD is the primary regulatory agency on solid waste management in Malaysia. Under
the Act, NSWMD has the various regulatory provisions in the management of any solid
waste including controlled solid waste.
(i)
To issue licenses
(ii)
To impose charges, fees or levy
(iii)
To enforce regulatory provisions
(iv)
To reduce and recover controlled solid waste
.
Scrap tyre has not been defined specifically in Act 627 but is likely to be categorized as
special solid wastes, collectively characterized by their difficultness in treatment, upkeep
and storage or disposal that special provisions are required to deal with it.
By virtue of the various provisions in The Act, NSWMD does have the necessary capacity in
setting up relevant policies, regulations and guidelines for scrap tyres management in
Peninsula Malaysia.
B. Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWPCMC)
SWPCMC is the lead agency in the implementation of an integrated solid waste
management in Malaysia. The Corporation was established under the Solid Waste and
Public Cleansing Management Corporation Act 2007 (Act 673).The Corporation functions as
the implementer of the systems and potentially they can be delegated the power to demand,
collect and retain the controlled solid waste charges, fees or levy in respect of solid waste
management services provided.
The Corporation has the following functions in relation to future scrap tyre management:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
To recommend policies, plans and strategies, including schemes in respect of solid

waste management services and public cleansing management services to Federal
Government.
To formulate and implement funding and cooperation programmes for the proper and
effective performance of the functions of the Corporation.
To promote and stimulate the growth of the solid waste management and public
cleansing management services by various means including arranging for the
conduct of researches, assessments, studies and advisory services.
Final Report
SWPCMC has set up offices in every States of the Peninsular Malaysia and can potentially
play an important role to administer, implement and enforce the policies, regulations and
guidelines for scrap tyres management. In addition, SWPCMC have sufficient workforce to
implement the regulation on scrap tyre management in future. However, pending the
enforcement of Act 627, at this moment the role of SWPCMC on scrap tyre is still limited.
C. Malaysian Rubber Board (LGM)
In ensuring a smooth and orderly development and progress of the rubber industry, the
Malaysian Rubber Board issues licenses to monitor all business activities in the rubber
industry.
Scrap tyre collectors are subjected to the use of a permit entitled Authorization Letter to Buy
Scrap/ Waste Rubber Products issued by the Malaysian Rubber Board. This permit is also
required by the scrap tyre treatment facilities. For instance, scrap tyre recyclers, reclaimed
rubber producers and scrap tyre pyrolysis industry subjected to this permit.
Apart from that, these scrap tyre treatment facilities are also required to apply Licence Type
C; Licence To Buy Rubber for The Manufacturer of Rubber Products3. The requirement for
the application of License C is a minimum Paid-up Capital of RM20,000 depending on the
factory size and product manufactured. In addition, proposed projects will be referred to the
District Office/ Local Town Council/ Local Council, Health Department, Fire and Rescue
Department and Department of Environment4 for deliberation and approval.
D. Department of Environment (DOE)
The Departments main role is to prevent, control and abate pollution through the
enforcement of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 (ECA 1974) (Act 127) and its 34
subsidiary legislation made thereunder. Under the EQA 1974, DOE is granted the power:
(i)
To be the licensing authority of prescribed premises and activities.
(ii)
To prohibit any form of open burning includes the burning of scrap tyres.
(iii)
To prohibit use of any material and equipment or industrial plant within the areas
specified in the order which capable of causing pollution.
(iv)
To the establishment of environmental fund which operated as a Trust Account within

the Federal Consolidated Fund for the purpose of recovering and dumping of waste.
(v)
To compound any offences under this Act.
Communication with Mr. Jamal from the Registration and Licensing Unit and Mr. Kamarulzaman from the Enforcement Unit of
th
Malaysian Rubber Board (LGM) on 25 April 2010.
4
http://www.lgm.gov.my/LicenseCess/LicencesCessPage.aspx. Guidelines for Rubber Licenses, Malaysian Rubber Board.
10
Final Report
DOE is responsible for the approval of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on

Prescribed Activities (Waste Disposal and Sewerage). The regulation of prescribed activities
includes the operation and maintenance of scrap tyres recycling and pyrolysis plants under
the regulation of Environmental Quality Act, 1974. In addition, related factory permits
involving air stack, fuel burning equipment and so forth is also under the purview of DOE.
E. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
MITI plans, formulates and implements policies on industrial development, international
trade and investment to enhance national productivity and competitiveness in the
manufacturing sector.
MITI issues licenses for import/ export of items listed in the custom prohibition of import/
export orders under the Customs Act 1967. The importation of used tyres is subject to the
application of import license (AP) to be issued by MITI under the following tariff codes:
(i) 4012.11.000 (Retreaded tyres: motor cars),
(ii) 4012.12.000 (Retreaded tyres: buses or lorries),
(iii) 4012.19.900 (Retreaded tyres: others),
(iv) 4012.20.100 (Used pneumatic tyres: motor cars),
(v) 4012.20.200 (Used pneumatic tyres: buses or lorries)
(vi) 4012.20.990 (Used pneumatic tyres: others)
Additional tariff codes of concern that may be applicable to the management of scarp tyres
are as follows (in terms of import and export).
(i) 4003.00.000 (Reclaimed rubber in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip
(ii) 4004.00
(Waste, parings and scrap of rubber (other than hard rubber) and powders
and granules obtained therefrom.
Starting 1 July 2010, only retreaders that comply with SIRIMs MS224 certification are
considered for AP. The importation of scrap tyres for the purpose of other than retreading
activities is totally prohibited. Used tyres importers must abide by all existing laws of
Malaysia. AP issued carries a validity period of 3 months from the date of issue5.
F. Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA)
MIDA assists companies which intend to invest in the manufacturing and services sectors
(e.g. tyre manufacturer), as well as facilitates the implementation of their projects.
MIDA administers tax incentives for environmentally friendly projects. Such existing
incentives include for example pioneer status, investment tax allowance, import and service
tax exemptions for imported equipment and so forth.
5
Meeting with Mr. Fahrulrazy Othman, Assistant Director of Woods and Rubber Unit from Ministry of International Trade and
th
Industry (MITI) on 20 April 2011.
11
Final Report
Besides, MIDA offers incentive for companies undertaking waste recycling activities that are
high value added and use high technologies by being eligible for Pioneer Status or
Investment Tax Allowance. MIDA also provides information on the opportunities for
investments, as well as facilitating companies which are looking for joint venture partners.
G. Royal Malaysian Customs Department
Royal Malaysian Custom Department collects taxes and provides custom facilitation to the
trade (new tyres/ scrap tyres) and industrial sector and to improve compliance with national
legislation in order to protect national economic, social and security interest.
Royal Malaysian Customs Department collects data on exported/ imported tyres and used
tyres as well as the prevention of importation of illegal tyres and scrap tyres. Used or scrap
tyres/casing imports into the country are subjected to 30% import duty, plus 10 per cent
sales tax, regardless of source. In comparison, new tyres imported from Asean Free Trade
Area (AFTA) countries are subjected to five per cent import duty, plus 10 per cent sales tax.
New tyres imported from non-Afta countries are subjected to 40 per cent import duty and 10
per cent sales tax.6
H. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA)
KeTTHA sets the direction for the energy industry, green technologies and the water industry
in line with national development goals.
KeTTHA provides Green Technology Financing Scheme (GTFS), a special financing
scheme (soft loan) introduced by the government to promote and support the development
of Green Technology in Malaysia. It was announced by the Prime Minister in the Budget
2010 presentation with a total financing scheme amounting to RM1.5 billion. The key
incentives includes bank guarantee by the Government through the Credit Guarantee
Corporation of Malaysia as well as bearing 2% of the total financing interest or profit.
The types of projects eligible for GTFS include potential scrap tyre treatment and recycling.
Among certified GTFS projects are scrap tyre pyrolysis and recycling projects7.
3.1.1.2 State and Local Level
A. State Governments
The State Governments legislate on land matters. They are responsible for the land use
planning and utilization of land-based resources.
The facilities for scrap tyres management, if built on State lands, shall require approvals from
the State Governments.
6
Bernama, Malaysian National News Agency, Kuala Lumpur; 3th September 2010.
Green Technology Financing Scheme Official Website. http://www.gtfs.my/gtfs/list_certified?page=2 (accessed 20 April 2011)
12
Final Report
Furthermore, the local authorities or local government (described below) is also under the
purview of the respective State Government.
For Sabah and Sarawak however where Act 672 and Act 673 are not applicable, the
respective State Governments enact their own policies and regulatory provisions in the
administration of solid waste matters in the two states.
B. Local Authorities
The Local Government (referred to as Local authority) is empowered under the Local
Government Act 1976.
Local authority has the power to collect taxes, to create by-laws and rules and to grant
licenses and permits for any trade (tyre businesses) in its area of jurisdiction, in addition to
providing basic amenities, collecting and managing waste and garbage as well as planning
and developing the area under its jurisdiction. The role of a solid waste manager is expected
to be taken over by the federal government through NSWMD where SWPCMC, upon the
enforcement of the Act 672 mentioned above shall be the implementing agency.
Inspection of tyre shops and workshops are also carried out by the local authorities and
health inspectors.
The summary of institutional assessment of governmental agencies with respect to scrap
tyres management is presented in the following Table 3.
13
Final Report
Table 3: The institutional capacity of Malaysian governmental agencies in the

management of scrap tyres
No
Stakeholders
Responsibilities/
Capabilities
Facilities/ Funding
Strength/
Weaknesses
The
NSWMD
is
responsible for the
enforcement of the
Solid Waste And Public
Cleansing
Management
Corporation Act 2007
(Act 672).
Empowered under the

Act 672, NSWMD has
necessary
legal
provisions
to
encourage
the
recovery and proper
management of scrap
tyres in Peninsula
Malaysia.
Existence of necessary
legal tools to implement
scrap tyre recovery and
proper management.
Federal
1
Department of
National Solid
Waste
Management
(NSWMD)
Currently they do not

have any direct role in
the management of
scrap tyre until the
enforcement of Act
672.
Funds available for

studies and setting up
of
scrap
tyre
management system.
Federalisation provides
opportunity for holistic
planning
and
optimization of facilities.
The NSWMD lacks
experience in scrap tyre
management.
Under
Act
672,
NSWMD can set up
recovery system for
scrap tyres, license and
regulate scrap tyre
players,
impose
economic
incentives
and so forth.
2
Solid
Waste
and
Public
Cleansing
Management
Corporation
(SWPCMC)
Similar to NSWMD, the

direct role of SWPCMC
is
pending
the
enforcement of the Act
672.
SWPCMC will have the
potential to implement
the actions describe
above
under
the
NSWMD.
Having offices set up

at regional and States
level, SWPCMC will
have the presence
and manpower to
implement
any
regulatory roles on
scrap
tyre
management.
Possess
manpower
and set up for research
and development.
14
SWPCMC
has
the
necessary set up and
workforce to implement
the regulation on scrap
tyre management in
future.
Lacks experience in
scrap
tyre
management.
Final Report
No
Stakeholders
Responsibilities/
Capabilities
Facilities/ Funding
Strength/
Weaknesses
Malaysian
Rubber Board
(LGM)
Ensuring a smooth and

orderly
development
and progress of the
rubber industry under
the regulation of the
Malaysian
Rubber
Board (Incorporation)
Act 1996.
Issues permit and

licenses to monitor all
business activities in
the rubber industry
including waste rubber
products (scrap tyres).
Already experienced in
regulating scrap tyre
related businesses and
familiar with rubber
related industries.
The Departments main

role is to prevent,
control
and
abate
pollution through the
enforcement of the
Environmental Quality
Act, 1974 (Act 127) and
its
34
subsidiary
legislations
made
thereunder.
Approval
of
Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) on
Prescribed Activities
(Waste Treatment and
Disposal).
Plan, formulate and

implement policies on
industrial development,
international trade and
investment.
To
enhance
national
productivity
and
competitiveness in the
manufacturing sector.
Issuance of licences
for import/ export of
items (used tyre) listed
in
the
custom
prohibition of import/
export orders under
the Customs Act 1967.
Experienced in control
of import and export of
scrap tyres.
Existing tax incentives

for waste recycling
activities,
including
scrap tyre recycling.
Experienced in
incentives
management.
Department of
Environment
(DOE)
Ministry
of
International
Trade
and
Industry (MITI)
Research
development
capability.
and
Control of pollution
from
treatment
facilities, burning of
scrap tyres.
The importation of used

tyres is subjected to the
application of import
license (AP) to be
issued by MITI under
the six tariff codes.
6
Malaysian
Industrial
Development
Authority
(MIDA)
Assists companies
which intend to invest
in the manufacturing
and services sectors
(e.g. tyre
manufacturer), as well
as facilitates the
implementation of their
projects.
Tax incentives include

pioneer
status
or
investment
tax
allowance as well as
import and service tax
15
Large
coverage
of
areas and activities,
limited man power and
funding.
Focusing on overall
aspects
of
environmental
management
rather
than on specific sectors
such as scrap tyre
management
Focus is on promotion
of international trade,
foreign investment and
industrial development,
not on specific issues
such as scrap tyre
management.
tax
Similar to MITI, MIDA is

focused on promotion
of
industrial
development, not on
specific issues such as
scrap
tyre
No
Stakeholders
Royal
Malaysian
Customs
Department
Responsibilities/
Capabilities
Facilities/ Funding
Strength/
Weaknesses
Provide tax incentives

for waste recycling
projects.
exemption for qualified

equipment.
management.
Control of
export/imported tyre
and used/scrap tyres.
Import duty for tyres

and scrap / used tyres.
Experienced
in
import/export of tyres
as
well
as
implementation
of
duty/levy system.
Prevents import of
illegal tyres and scrap
tyres.
Ministry
of
Energy, Green
Technology
and
Water
(KeTTHA)
Final Report
Setting the direction for

the energy industry,
green technologies and
the water industry in
line
with
national
development goals and
develop an efficient
management system.
Provides incentives to
promote
green
technology, including
potential treatment and
recycling of scrap tyres.
Limited power and

functions in scrap tyre
management
within
Peninsula Malaysia.
Provide
Green
Technology Financing
Scheme (GTFS), a
special
financing
scheme (soft loan)
introduced
by
the
government to support
the development of
Green Technology in
Malaysia.
Funding available to
encourage
development of scrap
tyre
recycling
businesses.
Lack of direct role in
managing scrap tyres.
Lack of experience in
setting up a waste
management recycling
system.
State
1
State
Government
Legislate on land
matters, including
approvals of sites such
as scrap tyre recycling
facilities if State land is
involved.
Approval of State land

for proper treatment of
scrap tyres.
Local authorities are

under the purview of
State Government.
16
Lack of specific funding

to encourage proper
management of scrap
tyres.
No
Final Report
Stakeholders
Responsibilities/
Capabilities
Facilities/ Funding
Strength/
Weaknesses
Local
Authorities
Provide
waste
collection and disposal
services to ensure
cleanliness of their
jurisdiction areas.
Issuance of licensing
and control.
Ground
experiences
and familiarity with tyre
generators
(tyre
workshops).
Local
1
Possess data on scrap

tyre generators.
Man
power
presence.
Inspection of tyre
workshops by local
authorities and health
inspectors.
and
Lack of funding to
encourage
proper
management of scrap
tyres.
All government agencies listed in Table 3 above, by virtue of their respective functions and
jurisdictions, administer different sets of regulatory framework in which one or the other
types of tyres and scrap tyre components are defined. As a result there exists various
number of scrap tyres definitions, which is not uncommon.
3.1.2
Scrap Tyre Definitions
Terms that are generally used to refer to scrap tyres are as follows. They are used in
numerous literatures worldwide and adopted by different governments of the world. These
terms are outlined as follows.
End-of-Life (ELT) tyres

Used Tyres
Scrap Tyres (as used in the TOR document of this study)
Waste Tyres
Discarded Tyres
Worn Out Tyres
Part-worn Tyres
Their various definitions are outlined as follows;
Scrap tyres are used tyres that can no longer be utilized as tyres, or that contain
defects that make them unusable on vehicles8.
End-of-life tyre is a used tyre that cannot or is not reused for its originally intended
purpose and is not retreaded. Such tyres may have a further use as a raw material
http://www.epa.gov/osw//nonhaz/define/pdfs/tyres-final.pdf
17
Final Report
for other processes or be destined for final disposal. End-of-life tyres are called
scrap tyres in the United States9, 10
End of life tyre is a non-reusable tyre in its original form. It enters a waste
management system based on product /material recycling, energy recovery or goes
to landfill11
The part-worn tyre is a tyre, which is reusable, as a second-hand purchase or reusable after reprocessing (retreading). It can be reused as it is for its original purpose
when a residual tread depth remains, otherwise it can be reprocessed under a
procedure whereby new tread is vulcanized on-to the casing and it becomes a
retreaded tyre12
Waste tyres are tyres which are no longer capable of being used for its original
purpose, but which has been disposed of in such a manner that it cannot be used for
any other purpose13.
Used Tyre: A tyre removed from a vehicle's rim which cannot be legally described as
new, but which is structurally intact and has a tread depth greater than the legal limit.
This tyre can be remounted onto another vehicle's rim without repair14
Discarded Tyre A worn or damaged tyre which has been removed from a vehicle15
Worn Tyre: Any tyre which has been removed from a vehicle because of wear or
damage. Worn tyres can be retreaded, repaired or scrapped16.
Based on the above definitions, for the purpose of this study, the term Scrap Tyre as
adopted by the TOR document of this study may be used interchangeably with other terms
such as End-of-Life tyres, Waste tyres, Used Tyres and Discarded Tyres, collectively
of which refers to tyres which are removed from the vehicles rim, no longer used for their
original intended use and purpose but may remain useful for other processes, activities or
even destined for final disposal. They may also be taken from their original rim and
discarded irrespective of their original conditions that have led to their removal from their
rims.
On the other hand in the context of the Malaysian Customs Tariff (Harmonised System) on
Import/Export Duty, Excise Duty, Sales Tax, Import/Export Licence (IL/EL) Regulations and
Orders 2011 (Customs Order 2011), list of tyre definitions are provided according to
following;
Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand (2004) End of life tyre management
10
Basel Convention Technical Guidelines on the Identification and Manageent of Used Tyres (1999)
11
BLIC, European Association of the Rubber Industry (2003) Promotion of Responsible Management of used tyres by the Tyre
Industry
12
BLIC, European Association of the Rubber Industry (2003) Promotion of Responsible Management of used tyres by the Tyre
Industry
13
Glossary of Scrap Tyre Terminology (1994) Scrap Tyre Management Council, US
14
15
16
18
Final Report
New pneumatic tyres (Heading/Subheading no. 40.11)

Retreaded or used pneumatic tyres of rubber; solid or cushion tyres, tyre treads
and tyre flaps, or rubber (Heading/Subheading no. 40.12)
Used pneumatic tyres (Heading/Subheading no. 4012.20)
Other, Solid tyres (Heading/Subheading no. 4012.90
Inner tubes of rubber (Heading/Subheading no. 40.13)
The classification of tyre definitions under the above Customs Order 2011 are generally
based on what those tyres are designed for and where those tyre products are eventually
used for, inclusive of what type of industries that the tyres are actually finally used on (a
vehicle).
In the above various citations of the Customs Order 2011, tyres are also defined according
to their designed characteristics (pneumatic tyres, solid tyres) used e.g. used on motorcars,
aircrafts, motorcycles, bicycles or where the tyres are generally used in industry types e.g.
agricultural, construction, forestry. The tyres are also categorized for the purpose of the
respective tax tariffs based on diameters, rim sizes, width.
For the purpose of this study, class and categorical definitions provided by the Customs
Order 2011 above do not generally provide and fulfil the intent and purpose of the TOR
document for this study, except where commercial activities derived from the use of scrap
tyres are concerned. Definitions and terminologies offered in the Customs Order 2011
remain useful only for the purpose of the (Customs Order 2011) Harmonized System
administered by the Royal Customs and Excise Department.
Review into other Malaysian regulations showed that there are no other definitions given
under any other acts like Act 672 (in as far as scrap tyres and other variant terms of scrap
tyres are concerned). The Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the various subsidiary
regulations made under, also does not provide any definitions (or variant of it) on scrap tyres
except for corresponding references made to terms and terminologies used as part of the
Basel Convention.
3.1.3
Tyre Associations
Malaysian Association of Tyre Retreaders and Dealers Society (MATRDS) is an association

at national level for the various industry players, having 12 state members including East
Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) under the association of at state level, there are more than
2,500 tyre dealers (or commonly known as tyre shops) have registered as members of
MARTDS, out of approximately 4,000 tyre shops in total in Peninsular Malaysia.17 The
members of MATRDS also include tyres retreading companies (see Section 4.1.3 below).
17
Meeting with Mr. Tan Heong Thong, Deputy President of Malaysian Association of Tyre Retreaders & Dealers Societies on
th
7 April 2011.
19
Final Report
Regular meetings are held to for coordination purposes and discuss major issues related to
tyre businesses, including for example the selling price of new tyres and negotiating with tyre
manufacturers, as well as the issues on disposal and retreading of used tyres.
3.1.4
Tyres Businesses
3.1.4.1 Tyre Manufacturers/ Importers

New tyres are either manufactured locally or imported and distributed by tyre dealers to the
consumers.
There are three key local tyre manufacturers registered under Federation of Malaysian
Manufacturer (FMM) namely:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Goodyear Malaysia Berhad, (located in Shah Alam, Selangor)

Silverstone Berhad, (located in Taiping, Perak) and
Sime Continental Tyre (located in Petaling Jaya, Selangor and Alor Setar, Kedah)
At the moment the manufacturers are not directly involved or subscribe to any form of scrap
tyre management.
3.1.4.2 Tyre Retreaders
In tyre retreading, the remaining tread is ground away from a tyre to be remoulded and a
new tread rubber strip is fused to the old carcass by vulcanization. The economic potential of
the process is major advantage and the quality of the products, if not done in accordance to
standard, is a disadvantage of retreading.
Retreading companies either received retreadable tyres from the tyre workshops or received
them from the scrap tyre collectors/ traders. Besides, some retreading companies have their
own transports to collect retreadable tyres. Some retreading companies would import used
tyres for retreading.
Most retreading companies in the market are focusing mainly retreading only commercial
tyres. E.g. tyres for lorries, busses, tractors and other special vehicles. Whereas, passenger
tyres are retreaded especially for overseas market such as Thailand, Vietnam and
Philippines18.
Please refer to Appendix H for the list of tyre retreaders in Peninsular Malaysia.
18
UPM (2005). Study On Used Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, Final Report by Mohd Nasir p. 29
20
Final Report
3.1.4.3 Tyre Dealers (Workshops)

Tyre dealers refer to the tyre workshops where consumer discards their scrap tyre in the
shop. Therefore, these business premises are the scrap tyres generating sites for collection.
Tyre dealers usually store scrap tyres outside of their shops in order for the collectors to cart
the scrap tyres away from their business premises and send them to tyre retreaders or to
recycling facilities. Tyre dealers either have their own transports or they would appoint scrap
tyre collectors to send them to the nearest landfills.
3.1.5
Scrap Tyres Collectors and Traders
Scrap tyre collectors and traders collect and transport scrap tyres from tyre shops to
retreaders, recycling facilities or to the nearest landfill sites. Although collectors charge a fee
to discard scrap tyres, it is unknown to what extent these tyres are disposed of in an
environmental friendly and legal way. Apart from that, high transportation fees were required
when there is undefined coverage of collection.
There are three groups of scrap tyre collectors / traders:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Collectors that provide disposal service to the tyre shops (paid service). Mainly
unwanted tyres that need to be disposed to the nearest landfill.
Collectors that buy scrap tyres from the tyre shops. Mainly retreadable and reusable
tyre (second hand tyres).
Collectors that voluntarily collect the unwanted used tyres from tyre shops without any
charges (free disposal service). The frequency of this collection is usually not fixed.
E.g. Once or twice a week collection.
Scrap tyre traders identify and sort scrap tyres according to their usage, either to send them
to tyre retreaders or recycling centres. Trader is the middleman who buys retreadable tyres
either from collectors or directly from the tyre workshop. These traders then resell
retreadable tyres to the retreaders both locally and internationally. While the remaining will
go to the scrap tyre treatment facilities or other usage (see below).
3.1.6
Scrap Tyres Treatment and Disposal
3.1.6.1 Scrap Tyre Treatment Facilities

Recycling of Scrap Tyres
Recycling of scrap tyres refers to the recovery of rubber granules / rubber powder and steel
wires from the scrap tyres. Scrap tyre recycler, for example G-Cycle, located in Sungai
Lalang Kedah, recovers rubber granules and steel wires as end products. The rubber
granules are sent to Klang and Kuala Lumpur which will then be processed into rubber tiles
as secondary products. Whereas, the recovered steel wires are sold to the steel mills. Apart
from that, G-Cycle has their own transports for the collection of scrap tyres.
21
Final Report
Production of Reclaimed Rubber

Reclaimed rubber production refers to the company that processes tyre buffing and whole
tyres into rubber crumbs. This rubber crumb is then further processed into various grades
and sold to end products manufacturer such as rubber tiles and rubber mats factory both
locally and overseas.
This quality material in crumb form is capable of performing numerous tasks once applied to
a variety of end products like rubberized asphalt for road building and building materials,
sports surfaces, carpet underlay, noise and vibration insulation, rail crossings, sound
barriers, industrial flooring, sealant, carpet pads, shoe soles, playgrounds and rubber
matting, pond liners, conveyer belts, recycling bins, oil spill absorber, floating docks, wharf
pilings and buffers, agricultural pipes, animal bedding and fencing.
Rubplast Sdn. Bhd., located in Taiping, Perak is a company that recycles scrap tyres and
processes rubber crumbs. Rubplast use rubber crumbs to manufacture end products such
as rubber tiles and rubber mats in various grades. Another two identified reclaimed rubber
producers are Jeng Yuan Reclaimed Rubber Sdn. Bhd. and Yong Fong Rubber Industries
Sdn. Bhd., both located in Klang.
Pyrolysis Treatment
Pyrolysis offers an environmentally attractive method to decompose a wide range of wastes,
including scrap tyres. In the pyrolysis process, the organic volatile matter of tyres is
decomposed to low molecular weight products, liquids or gases, which can be used as fuels
or chemicals source. The non-volatile carbon black and the inorganic components remain as
solid residues and can be recycled in other applications.
Use of pyrolysis as a method for recycling waste tyre depends on the market for pyrolysis
products. For this reason, characterization of pyrolysis products and possibilities of their
application in other processes is very important. At present time, the main application for
carbon black is its use as active carbon, as reinforcement in rubber industry and as
smokeless fuel. The liquid product is used as a fuel, or a source of chemicals, and the gas
fraction as a fuel in the pyrolysis process.
Advanced Pyrotech Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary company of Octagon Consolidated Berhad., has
developed and operated a continuous process treatment system for waste tyres by utilizing
pyrolysis technology in which the process shall degrade the rubber chips into its original
components and allow for the recovery of carbon black, oil, steel wires and non-condensable
flammable gases. Besides Advanced Pyrotech Sdn. Bhd., Green Pluslink Sdn. Bhd. and
Environmental Protection Technology Sdn. Bhd. are the other two identified pyrolysis plants
located in Klang.
22
Final Report
NOTE:
From the field survey carried out under this study, it was observed that there are also many
informal facilities set up to treat or recycle scrap tyres. However, these facilities were not
accessible, hence not covered by this study.
Cement Industry
Cement industry uses scrap tyres as low cost supplementary fuel due to their high calorific
value. Therefore, scrap tyres are excellent materials for energy recovery. However, this
process can be acceptable from an environmental point of view only in the case of controlled
combustion due to the toxic emissions produced during the tyre combustion processes.
For example, cement industry, Lafarge Malayan Cement is paid to accept and burn scrap
tyres as fuel in rotary cement kilns. If the company were to use local tyres, they would have
to pay for the collection of scrap tyres. Since local sources are unreliable as supplies are
inadequate and erratic in the absence of collection system, Lafarge shipped in shredded
tyres from Singapore to fuel its cement kiln in Langkawi19. YTL Cement is another identified
cement industry that uses scrap tyres as supplementary fuels.
The use of tyres directly as fuel in cement kilns has the following advantages, reduced
power-production costs, maximum heat recovery and environmentally acceptable process.
The disadvantages are, no material recovery, large capital investment, need for flue gas
cleaning, carbon dioxide emission and high operating costs. More research works is needed
for obtaining environmental impacts for the combustion of scrap tyres, especially from the
view of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions.
3.1.6.2 Scrap Tyre Disposal Facilities
There are no disposal facilities specifically designed for the disposal of scrap tyres in
Peninsular Malaysia. Most of the landfill sites in Malaysia receive scrap tyres as mixed
waste with normal household waste. However, according to a few landfill operators, the
number of scrap tyres received at landfill has reduced significantly in the past few years. Any
tyres, if found at the landfills, are motorcycles tyres.
Generally, landfills charge a tipping fee ranges widely from RM10 per truck to RM33 per
tonne depending to the landfill operator20. High gate fee deter collectors from dumping scrap
tyres at landfill which lead them to dumping scrap tyres illegally. Apart from that, the scrap
tyres in landfills are usually not segregated from other domestic waste.
Inert waste disposal facility caters specifically to garden wastes, construction and demolition
wastes, waste glass, scrap tyres and other dry, non-leachable wastes. Two inert landfills
19
http://www.lafarge.com.my/wps/portal/my/7_3 PressCoverage_Detail?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connectlib_my/
Site_my/AllPressCoverage/PressCoverage_ 1279535702387/PressCoverageHeader
20
Study On Used Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, Final Report by Mohd Nasir p. 35
23
Final Report
were identified in the Central Region of Peninsular Malaysia; they are Dengkil Inert Landfill in
Sepang and Kuang Inert Landfill in Sungai Buloh.
Burning of used tyres in landfill fire generate tremendous amount of black smoke and toxic
oils that create severe environmental and health hazard. Whole tyres are bulky, taking up
valuable landfill space and preventing waste compaction causing uneven settlement, in
addition creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes. In any case, tyres do not belong in dump
since they are recyclable.
3.2
Inventory
Availability of scrap tyres in the Peninsula Malaysia becomes the crucial central issues that
determine whether there are scrap tyres in the market and whether there are sufficient scrap
tyres for the stakeholders to sustain their businesses.
Availability of scrap tyres in the Peninsular Malaysia was determined by means of
inventorizing the current numbers of tyres in the entire spectrum or classes of it.
Notwithstanding there are sectoral data available in the attempt to quantify the current
numbers of tyres (and therefore scrap tyres) in the market originating from for example new
tyre manufacturers, importers, number of vehicles on the road that are the primary
generators of scrap tyres.
3.2.1
Inventories of Scrap Tyres - Methodology
The proposed methodology for the updating of scrap tyres inventories is illustrated in Figure
3 below:
Existing inventories on scrap tyre have been identified and collected based on the existing
information and database available.
The Study at this stage successfully update the inventory (e.g. quantity of tyres and scrap
tyres in numbers and tonnes) generated in various categories (e.g. motorcycles, cars, trucks,
etc.) including the relative geographical distribution (e.g. in each state). These data were
consolidated for an integrated analysis that contributed to the development of a model in
scrap tyre management, mass flow as well as feasibility for a suitable processing, recovery
plant.
24
Step 1: Vehicles
Final Report
Step 2: Tyres Generation
No. of vehicle
(According to
type of vehicle)
No. of tyre estimation

(According to type of
vehicle)
Step 4: Scrap Tyres

Projection
Projection of scrap
tyre generation
Total no. of tyre
Estimation of tyre
mileage (km) & life
span (year)
Step 3: Scrap Tyres Generation

Estimation of the weight
of tyre (According to type
of tyre)
Annual tonnage of
scrap tyre generation
Total tyre
consumption
Figure
3 : Methodology for estimation of the generation of tyre by year
Existing inventories and past studies on scrap tyre projections have been identified and
collected based on the existing information and database available. The main inventories
and past studies referred are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Malaysia/DANIDA (2003). Economic approaches to sustainable development,

demonstration project. Rapid Assessment Survey under the Economic instrument for
managing scrap tyres.
University Putra Malaysia (2005). Study on Waste Tyre Management in Malaysia.
Ministry of Housing and Local Government/DANIDA (2009). Solid Waste Management
Component (2009) Controlled Solid Waste Projection.
The inventory (e.g. amount in numbers and tonnes) of scrap tyres generated in various
categories (e.g. motorcycles, cars, trucks, etc.) and geographical distribution (e.g. in each
state) were updated and thereafter consolidated for an integrated analysis that will contribute
to the development of a model in scrap tyre management, mass flow as well as feasibility for
a suitable processing, recovery plant.
Field Survey Questionnaire and Ground Survey
The flow of scrap tyres can generally be categorised generally into the following groups:
(i)
(ii)
Where there is an existing treatment/ recycling facilities for scrap tyres

Where there is NO treatment/ recycling facilities for scrap tyres
Field surveys (including questionnaire survey and ground observation/verifications) have

been undertaken to identify the quantity and flow of scrap tyres i.e. quantity of scrap tyres
generated at tyre shops, agencies for transportation, and location of scrap tyres treatment
and disposal sites. Tracking of scrap tyres collectors however was difficult due to the number
of scrap tyre producers and in most instances, tyre collectors are not disclosed in detail by
the recyclers.
25
Final Report
The overall objective of the field survey is to establish an overview of how tyre is currently
handled in Peninsular Malaysia. Surveyed data are crucial as they will reveal the
fundamental information required in the development of a scrap tyre management system.
Surveyed data provide clues to the underlying needs and requirements of the various
stakeholders, determine the actual availability of scrap tyres in the target market. These data
then allow an informed evidence based management program be instituted to address the
stakeholders needs and requirements.
The following categories of stakeholders have been identified to the field survey :(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Workshops / Tyre Shops

Scrap tyres Collectors
Scrap tyres Traders
Scrap tyres Treatment / Recycling Facilities
Scrap Tyres Disposal Sites
The tyre shops were further divided into 3 general sub-categories, i.e.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
tyre shops for motorcycles

tyre shops for private cars
Tyre shops for commercial heavy vehicles (e.g. buses, lorries, trucks, etc.)
No. of samples & locations surveyed

Overall, the survey coverage area in Peninsula Malaysia has been divided into 4 zones as
illustrated below in Figure 4:
Figure 4 : Zoning of scrap tyre survey areas
26
Final Report
The zonation of the survey area allowed a regionalized approach in the management of
information and data arising from the planned field interviews, visits and as well as the
integration of geo-spatial information with land use information relevant to the tyre and scrap
tyre industries. The total number of survey samples is tabulated in Table 4 below:
Table 4 : Proposed sampling size for tyre industries
No.
Industry
No. of sample
Tyre workshops (motorcycles, cars & heavy

vehicles), petrol stations & depots
100
Scrap tyre processing facilities & transfer stations
10
Scrap tyre collectors / transporters
30
Disposal sites
10
Total
150
This study has been undertaken in a tight timeframe to meet the needs of Government and
as a result, comprehensive and expansive consultation with the numerous stakeholders has
not been possible. In addition there are other constraints to the analysis that should be
recognized,
First the available timeframe and project resources have not allowed the development of a
dynamic model to examine changes in the tyre flows over time. Such model could be
developed but is outside the scope of this study. In combination with the limited consultation
period, this means that the report focuses on current market segments (where information
could readily be obtained) and does not provide a depth of analysis relating to the
sustainability of future segments.
Secondly there are constraints encountered with respect to accessing appointments and
interviews with the required parties due to the available timeframe. Hence there are parties
which are not interviewed and the corresponding information was not available.
Thirdly, while the originally proposed number of samples was small, the field surveys
managed to double the proposed sampling number by optimizing the available resources.
3.2.2
Inventories of Scrap Tyres
3.2.2.1 Data from Department of Road and Transport (DOT)

Secondary data on the number of registered vehicles according to type of vehicle in
Peninsular Malaysia for the past 4 years (2007 2010) was obtained from the Department of
Road and Transport (DOT) Malaysia as shown in I.
27
Final Report
The increase of number of vehicles by year for the past 4 years is shown in Figure 5 below:
Figure 5: Number of vehicles by year in the Peninsular Malaysia
3.2.2.2 Estimation of Used Tyre Generation

The types of registered vehicles obtained from DOT are categorized according to following
types:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
Motorcycle
Motorcar
Bus
Taxi
Hire and Drive Car
Good vehicles
Other vehicles
The estimation of the scrap tyre generated in Peninsula Malaysia was calculated using the
estimation and assumptions from Malaysia/DANIDA-Economic approaches to sustainable
development, demonstration project: Economic instrument for managing scrap tyres 2003
and DANIDA/SWMC Controlled Solid Waste Projection 2009.
The assumptions are listed as below:
Group A: Bus
(i)
Assuming 21% of public vehicles are minibus
(ii) Assuming 79% of public vehicles are buses
Group B: Good Vehicles
(iii) Assuming 10% of good vehicles are vans
(iv) Assuming 55% of good vehicles are light trucks
(v) Assuming 35% of good vehicles are lorry
28
Final Report
Group C: Other Vehicles

(vi) Assuming 90% of other vehicles are light trucks
(vii) Assuming 10% of other vehicles are heavy vehicles
The estimation of the used tyres generated is presented as listed as below:
(i)
(ii)
Estimation of the annual and daily tonnage for scrap tyre generation in year 2010 and
categories for the whole Peninsular Malaysia (see Table 5)
Estimation of annual and daily tonnage for scrap tyres generation by categories
(Motorcycles, Cars, Trucks, etc.) for the whole Peninsular Malaysia (see Table 6)
Estimation of annual and daily tonnage for scrap tyres generation by state for the whole
Peninsular Malaysia (see Table 7).
29
Final Report
Table 5: Estimated annual and daily tonnage for used tyre generation for 2010
Type of vehicles
Tyre
Consumption
(total)
F = (C X D)/E
Weight/
unit
(Kg)
G
Annual
tonnage
Daily
tonnage
H = (F X
G)/1000
20,854
12,000
20,000
10,427,098
57
32,164,376
20,000
40,000
49,746
40,000
40,000
16,082,188
112,575
308
49,746
348
280,708
60,000
90,000
187,138
45
8,421
23
309,256
80,000
40,000
618,512
4,330
12
Total No.
Vehicles
from DOT
201021
Total No.
Vehicles by
Type
A
No. Tyres
per
Vehicle
B
Total
No. of tyre
Mileage/
year
Tyre Life
(km)22
C=AXB
Motorcycle
8,689,248
8,689,248
17,378,496
Motorcar
8,041,094
8,041,094
Mini Bus
59,221
12,436
46,785
77,314
Bus
Taxi
77,314
Hire and Drive Car
16,535
16,535
66,140
80,000
40,000
132,280
926
Vans
787,680
78,768
315,072
35,000
40,000
275,688
1,930
433,224
1,732,896
35,000
40,000
1,516,284
10,614
29
275,688
2,205,504
60,000
90,000
1,470,336
45
66,165
181
346,162
1,384,646
40,000
40,000
1,384,646
9,693
27
38,462
307,699
60,000
90,000
205,133
45
9,231
25
245,087
671
Light
trucks
(<2.5 tonnes, and
non-diesel trucks)
Lorry
(>2.5
tonnes),
Trailers
and Others
Light truck
384,624
Heavy vehicles
Total
18,055,716
18,055,716
56,194,539
32,349,049
Note:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
21
22
Road Transport Department, Malaysia

Estimate number of tyres per vehicle
Number of vehicles multiplied by estimated number of tyres per vehicle
Estimated mileage of vehicle per year per kilometres
Tyre life in mileage (kilometres)
Tyre consumption estimated by multiplying number of tyres and tyre estimated mileage and dividing by tyre life
Estimated weight of tyres
Estimated annual tonnage of scrap tyre generated
http://portal.jpj.gov.my
Manufacturers estimation; environmental and user factors will vary tyre life
30
Final Report
Table 6: Estimation of annual and daily tonnage for scrap tyres generation by categories (Motorcycles, Cars, Trucks) for the whole Peninsular
Malaysia
Type of vehicles
Annual Tonnage
Daily Tonnage
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Motorcycle
17,667
18,839
19,801
20,854
48
52
54
57
Motorcar
91,945
98,653
105,196
112,575
252
270
288
308
Mini Bus
310
320
334
348
Bus
7,494
7,733
8,075
8,421
21
21
22
23
Taxi
3,649
3,796
4,024
4,330
10
10
11
12
577
764
833
926
Goods Vehicle
1,730
1,805
1,862
1,930
Light trucks
(<2.5 tonnes, and non-diesel trucks)
9,515
9,929
10,240
10,614
26
27
28
29
Lorry (>2.5 tonnes), Trailers and Others
59,315
61,897
63,834
66,165
163
170
175
181
Light truck
8,558
8,950
9,284
9,693
23
25
25
27
Heavy vehicles
8,150
8,523
8,842
9,231
22
23
24
25
208,911
221,209
232,325
245,087
572
606
637
671
Hire and Drive Car
Total
31
Final Report
Figure 6: Quantity of scrap tyre generated (tonne/ year) by different categories in

Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 7: Quantity of scrap tyre generated (tonne/ year) in Peninsular Malaysia
32
Final Report
Table 7: Estimation of annual and daily tonnage for scrap tyres generation by state
for the whole Peninsular Malaysia
State
Annual Tonnage
Daily Tonnage
2007
2008
2009
2010
2007
2008
2009
2010
Perlis
583
620
649
688
Kedah
9,148
9,547
9,952
10,409
25
26
27
29
Pulau Pinang
19,804
21,008
22,124
23,493
54
58
61
64
Perak
17,709
18,599
19,419
20,266
49
51
53
56
Selangor
31,366
33,245
34,659
36,368
86
91
95
100
Kuala Lumpur
63,643
67,762
71,774
76,439
174
186
197
209
N. Sembilan
8,796
9,168
9,515
9,899
24
25
26
27
Melaka
6,677
7,072
7,413
7,774
18
19
20
21
Johor
31,172
32,994
34,585
36,403
85
90
95
100
Pahang
8,942
9,462
9,873
10,308
24
26
27
28
Terengganu
4,623
4,905
5,163
5,455
13
13
14
15
Kelantan
6,450
6,828
7,198
7,584
18
19
20
21
208,911
221,209
232,325
245,087
572
606
637
671
Total
Figure 8: Quantity of scrap tyre generated (tonne/year) in Peninsular Malaysia by state
33
Final Report
3.2.2.3 Projection of Scrap Tyre Generated

Based on the SWMC/DANIDA controlled solid waste projection exercise, assuming the
growth rate of the increase of vehicle registered is 5%, the projection of the number of
vehicles registered from year 2011 until year 2015 is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Projection of number of registered vehicle from 2011 2015
Type of vehicles
Total Projection of Vehicle

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Motorcycle
9,095,971
9,550,770
10,028,308
10,529,724
11,056,210
Motorcar
8,284,202
8,698,412
9,133,332
9,589,999
10,069,499
Mini Bus
62,607
65,737
69,024
72,475
76,099
Taxi
79,214
83,174
87,333
91,700
96,285
Hire and Drive Car
16,397
17,217
18,078
18,982
19,931
Vans
837,818
879,709
923,695
969,880
1,018,374
406,192
426,501
447,827
470,218
493,729
18,782,401
19,721,521
20,707,597
21,742,976
22,830,125
Bus
Light trucks
(<2.5 tonnes, and nondiesel trucks)
Lorry (>2.5 tonnes),
Trailers and Others
Light truck
Heavy vehicles
Total
Figure 9: Total projection for number of registered vehicles in Peninsular Malaysia

(2011-2015)
34
Final Report
Based on the projection figures of the total number of registered vehicles in Peninsular Malaysia, the projection of annual and daily tonnage of
scrap tyres generated was projected in Table 9 below:
Table 9: Projection of annual and daily tonnage of scrap tyres (2011 2015)
Type of vehicles
Annual tonnage
Daily tonnage
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Motorcycle
21,830
22,922
24,068
25,271
26,535
60
63
66
69
73
Motorcar
115,979
121,778
127,867 134,260 140,973
318
334
350
368
386
Mini Bus
368
387
406
426
447
Bus
8,903
9,348
9,815
10,306
10,821
24
26
27
28
30
Taxi
4,436
4,658
4,891
5,135
5,392
12
13
13
14
15
918
964
1,012
1,063
1,116
Vans
2,053
2,155
2,263
2,376
2,495
Light trucks
(<2.5 tonnes, and non-diesel trucks)
11,290
11,854
12,447
13,069
13,723
31
32
34
36
38
Lorry (>2.5 tonnes), Trailers and Others
70,377
73,896
77,590
81,470
85,543
193
202
213
223
234
Light truck
10,236
10,748
11,285
11,849
12,442
28
29
31
32
34
Heavy vehicles
9,749
10,236
10,748
11,285
11,849
27
28
29
31
32
256,138
268,945
282,392 296,512 311,337
702
737
774
812
853
Hire and Drive Car
Total
35
Final Report
Figure 10: Total projection of scrap tyre generated (tonne/year) in Peninsular Malaysia
(2011-2015)
3.2.3
Inventories of Scrap Tyres - Mass Flow Models
The mass flow models for scrap tyres movement in Peninsula Malaysia, from their point of
generations in the tyre shops, transportation to the final treatment and disposal was
developed using the following methodology:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Interviews with key personnel for specific data and information retrieval over tyres and
scrap tyres data
Focused group discussion for operational information of tyres and scrap tyres trade
and commerce at field
Literature reviews for Peninsular Malaysias general, municipality and administrative
data, including legal and policy framework over the tyres and scrap tyres management
in Peninsular Malaysia
Field surveys on site interviews
Existing information gathered from the authorities, particularly information about the existing
tyre management practices, including storage, collection, transportation and disposal.
In summary, the process of developing the mass flow model is illustrated in Figure 11 below
36
Desktop Study / Internet Search
Final Report
PART 1
Gathering of information
Meeting with relevant authorities
(MATRDS and etc.)
Collection of available data
Compilation and analysis of
available data
PART 2
Preparation and design of a questionnaire

survey
Identification of survey area
Desktop data collection and

visit preparations
PART 3
Conduct ground surveys
and visits
Findings and
reporting
Figure 11 : Proposed developmental methodologies for mass flow development
37
Final Report
3.2.3.1 Qualitative Findings, Feedbacks and Ground Observations

The surveyors have interviewed a number of stakeholders during the survey period. The
details of the meeting are tabulated as follow. The total number of survey samples is
tabulated in Table 10 below:
Table 10: Total number of survey samples
No.
Industry
No. of sample
1.
Consumers of Tyres
87
2.
Tyre shops for motorcycles
3.
Tyre shops for private cars/ commercial heavy vehicles
4.
Tyre Retreading workshop
5.
Tyre Depot
6.
Scrap tyre processing facilities
7.
Scrap tyre collectors/transporters/traders/exporters
16
8.
Disposal sites
3
Total
196
323
The primary survey period was carried out from 11 Apr 2011 until 15 Apr 2011, whilst follow
up surveys were conducted on multiple dates in June (Marang and Setiu in Terengganu) and
July (Kuala Lumpur) 2011. Site observations, findings from the surveys were recorded into
the survey forms.
Analysis of questionnaires
During the primary survey period, a total of 293 questionnaire survey forms were collected,
including the surveys on tyre shops, workshops, retreading workshops, collectors,
customers, recycling facilities, landfills and others. The remaining additional 30 samples
were obtained through simplified interviews mainly on the information concerning estimation
on quantities of scrap tyres managed by the workshops, fate of scrap tyres (who collected
the scrap tyres, where were the scrap tyres brought to, does the workshops have to pay for
the removal of the scrap tyres from their workshops) The findings obtained from the surveys
are summarised in the following tables and figures:
38
Final Report
Surveys on customer
Table 11: Total number of interviewees according to state
Summary of total no of customer interviewed according to state
No
State
No of Sample
Perlis
4.2
Kedah
14
11.9
Pulau Pinang
6.8
Perak
14
11.9
Pahang
0.8
Kelantan
4.2
Terengganu
26
22.2
Johor
0.8
Melaka
1.7
10
Negeri Sembilan
4.2
11
Selangor
21
17.9
12
Kuala Lumpur
15
12.8
Total
117
100.0
Table 12: List of Local Authorities interviewed

Location
Local Authority
Name of location
1. Majlis Perbandaran Kangar (MPK)
2. Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP)
3. Majlis Daerah Kampar (MDK)
4. Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu (MPKB)
5. Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK)
6. Majlis Daerah Pekan (MDP)
Discussions with Local Authority

A total of 3 Local Authorities have been interviewed in the study. Short descriptions of the
interviews are as provided below. For more information on the interviews, please refer to
Appendix J.
39
1.
Final Report
Majlis Perbandaran Kangar (MPK)
MPK manages the Padang Siding landfill which is the only landfill in Perlis. It is an open
dump and receives about 180 tonnes of waste per day. The landfill did not specifically
receive tyre waste but whenever tyres were collected during the domestic waste collection,
they will not be segregated but will be disposed of at the landfill.
2. Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP)
MPPP manages the Batu Maung Transfer Station which is located in Penang Island. The
transfer station did not specifically receive tyre waste unless sometimes when a few tyres
which were collected during the normal domestic waste collection.
3. Majlis Daerah Kampar (MDK)
MDK manages the Sungai Siput Selatan landfill. Similar to the above, the landfill did not
specifically receive tyre waste and there was no segregation of scrap tyres if collected by the
domestic waste trucks.
Scrap tyre management in MDK
The local council officers will change the tyres of the government vehicles in the panel
workshops or tyre shops. The changed tyres will be brought back to the local council and
kept in store. An auditor (Jawatankuasa Penilai) will then audit and check on the condition of
the tyres and select the tyres which are still in good condition to be retreaded. The other
tyres left behind will then be auctioned (lelong) to the collectors.
4. Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu (MPKB)
MPKB manages the Bachok landfill. According to MPKB, there was no segregation of tyres
in the landfill. They are mixed with household waste. They charged RM20 for less than 5T
and RM40 for more than 5T lorry load as tipping fees.
5. Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK)
MPK manages the Jabor Jerangau landfill. MPK informed that there is no segregation of
scrap tyres with other domestic waste in the landfill as it is costly and require large area
(bulky). They charged RM18 for 1T of domestic waste as tipping fees. MPK informed that
scrap tyres in landfill affected the performance of compactor thus affected the structure of
landfill. Moreover, scrap tyres in landfill obstruct drilling process and caused the collection of
rain water.
40
Final Report
6. Majlis Daerah Pekan (MDP)

MDP manages the Keledang landfill. Similar to other landfill practice, the landfill did not
Figure 12: JKR Depot
Figure 13: Used tyre at JKR Depot
Figure 14: Summary of frequency of tyre change

From the surveys, it was observed that 8% of the respondents who changed their tyres once
in every 6 months were taxi drivers. According to the consumers, if they purchased and used
second-hand tyres, the tyres will normally only last for 3 months.
41
Final Report
Figure 15: Summary of used / scrap tyre management

Only 13% of the customers brought back the used tyres for landscaping, burning, used as
spare tyres etc.
Figure 17: Interviewing a customer in a

tyre shop
Figure 16: Scrap tyres brought back by

the customers for the purpose of
landscaping
42
Final Report
Survey on workshop
Figure 18: Type of vehicles serviced in the tyre shop / workshop / depot
Figure 19: Method of storage of scrap tyre

1% of the respondents did not store the scrap tyres. Two respondents (1%) of the
respondents discarded the scrap tyres as domestic waste while another 1% did not provide
the surveyors with an answer.
43
Figure 20: Frequency of the scrap tyre collection

6% of the respondents did not provide the surveyors with an answer.
Figure 21: Type of collection of scrap tyre
44
Final Report
Final Report
4% of the respondents did not provide the surveyors with an answer.
Figure 22: Management of scrap tyre after collection

59% of the workshops claimed that they do not know where the tyre ended up. Among this,
9 respondents did not provide the surveyors with an answer.
Figure 24 Interviewing the owner in the

tyre shop
Figure 23 : Interviewing the worker in the

tyre shop
45
Final Report
Survey on collector
During the survey period, the surveyor only managed to interview 16 collectors. The
summary of number of collector interviewed is tabulated as below:
Table 13: Total number of scrap tyres collectors interviewed

No
State
No. of collector interviewed
Penang
Perak
Kedah
Selangor
Kuala Lumpur
Pahang
Terengganu
Melaka
Johor
Total
16
Generally there are 3 different types of used tyre collectors which are listed as below:
i)
ii)
iii)
Collector that provide disposal service to the tyre shop (with charges)
Collector that voluntary collect the used tyre from tyre shop (without charges)
Collector that buy used tyre from the tyre shop
Among 16 collectors interviewed, 69% of the collector falls into type iii, which they buy the
used tyre from tyre shop. 31% of the collector voluntary collected the used tyre without
charges. The collector claimed nowadays the tyre shop not paid the collector to collect the
used tyre.
The results showing that collector paid for the re-treadable tyres price is higher compare to
passenger car tyre which varies from RM 3 10 per tyre. The price of passenger car tyre is
varies from RM 0.1 0.7 per tyre.
One of the tyre shop informed that there is a situation that the goods truck sending the
goods to Kelantan from Kuala Lumpur, instead of coming back with empty truck, they will
collect the used tyre from workshop. Similar information was also obtained based on
interviews conducted in Terengganu (Marang and Setiu, around Kuala Terengganu).
46
Final Report
Figure 25 and Figure 26 below show the analysis of the collector information obtained from
interview.
Figure 25: Type of used tyre collected
Medium size of the tyre consisted of passenger car tyre; large consisted of heavy vehicle
tyre such as lorry, or truck. Most (75%) of the collector collected the used tyre range from
medium size to large size.
Figure 26: Type of vehicle used for collection
47
Final Report
19% of the collectors interviewed did not disclose the type of vehicles used during their
collection. The number of vehicles owned by the collectors was reportedly between 1 to 2
lorries as most of the collector interviewed is individual collector and not owned a company.
The collected used tyres that are retreadable (6%) will be sold to used tyre traders, or
directly to the retread workshop. On the other hand, the scrap tyre collected will be sold to
recycler, or recycling factory (94%).
Figure 27: Retreadable tyres collected by the collector (Penang)
Survey on treatment facilities

The surveyor has interviewed a number of treatment facilities during the survey period. The
details of the locations surveyed are as follow:
Table 14: Type of treatment facilities visited
No
Type of treatment
Name of location
Pyrolysis
TR3
TR4
TR5
Recycling
TR1
Reclaim
TR2
TR6
48
Final Report
7 treatment facilities which were identified during the inception phase were found no longer
in the business of processing scrap tyre services (TR7 TR13).
The locations of the treatment facilities are shown in the map below:
Figure 28: Location of treatment facilities
49
Final Report
TR1
TR1 was founded in 1971 as a small retailer of tyres, wheels, batteries and wheel alignment
servicing in Kedah. In 2005, TR1 entered the tyre recycling business. Their plant has an
area about 25,000ft2. The plant receives and treats about 200 large scrap tyres per day from
all around Kedah and Seberang Perai and other places in the northern part which were
within 100km radius from their plant. TR1 produces rubber powder and recovers steel from
the tyres.
\\\\
Figure 29: Tyre Recycle Premise 1 (TR1) Scrap Tyre Recycling Process
50
Final Report
TR2
TR2 is a pioneer reclaim manufacturer in Malaysia. Currently, the plant houses about 200
tonnes of tyres. The plant collects rubber waste and produced a variety of end products from
the reclaim processes such as Rubplas GRV, tyre reclaim, tyre dust, glove reclaim and tube
reclaim. Besides producing reclaim, the environmental-friendly plant also recovers steel to
be sold and used the oil extracted from burning the rubber waste as a fuel to run the plant.
\\\\
Figure 30: Photo from the visit to TR2
51
Final Report
TR3; A plant that develops and enhances a

technology for waste tyre pyrolysis. The plant
receives scrap tyres either as a whole or
shredded from both local and overseas. In a
day, the plant treats about 10 tonnes of scrap
tyres. The end products are recovered oil,
carbon black, syn gas and steel. The oil will be
sold to oil traders which will then be exported
while carbon black, as a raw material will then
be sent to local factories to be processed into
fuel / activated carbon before being sold. As
for the steel, they will be recovered and sold to
steel mills.
TR6
TR6 received the raw materials as shredded
tyres, rubber crumb and powder usually as byproducts or unwanted materials from tyre
retreading company. In addition, TR6 does not
possess infrastructure with the capabilities to
treat, e.g. shredding in their facility and rely on
the raw materials which are wastes from the
retreading company or directly from tyre
recyclers who can provide the raw materials in
shredded form or powder form. According to
General Manager, the raw materials however
must come specifically from the truck tyres.
The tyre of passenger car and other smaller
types of tyres are not favourable as their
production raw materials. The capacity of
facility is 10,000 tons/year. The product is
usually sold to mainly Southeast Asian
countries for use as raw materials in
manufacturing tyres, rubber sole, automotive
rubber products, inner tube, rubber sheeting
and conveyor belt.
TR4; A carbon black manufacturer and the

pyrolysis plant have an area of 8,000ft2. The
plant has been in operation since year 2004
and was licensed by both the Department of
Environment (DOE) and Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH).
However, the plant has not been operating for
a year due to upgrading purpose and will start
their operation in May 2011 .Previously, the
plant treats about 700 tonnes of scrap tyres
which will then be processed into carbon
black, fuel oil and steel in a month. The plant
received scrap tyres from collectors within the
area of Klang Valley which is not more than
30km radius.
TR5; A demo plant that can process 20ton/day
(non-continuous; each full chamber processes
approximately 4 hours. Paying RM 50/ton for
rejected scrap tyre (truck) from tyre retreading
company (maximum RM 80/ton for scrap tyre
in better condition) in order to keep up the
supply. The plant will take shredded tyres,
waste rubber/plastic which will be used as
supplement to pyrolysis process. The end
product consists of metal wire, carbon black,
oil, and carbon ball (waste gas is produced
slightly and recycled in the system for
combustion.
Figure 31 : Visits to various TR stations

The detail information on the summary from the survey is attached in Appendix K.
52
Final Report
Disposal of used tyres to landfill

The survey team interviewed the officer in charge for landfills, transfer station and conducted
site visit to selected landfill. The detail information on the landfill and transfer station as listed
in Table 15 below:
Table 15: List of landfill and transfer station visited

Location
Landfill / Transfer
Station
Name of location
Visited
1. Jabor Jerangau landfill, MP Kuantan
2. Sungai Siput Selatan landfill, MD Kampar
3. Sungai Ikan landfill, MD Kuala Terengganu
4. Kuang Inert Waste landfill, Worldwide Landfills
Not Visited (only interview the officer in charge)
5. Padang Siding landfill, MP Kangar
6. Batu Maung Transfer Station, MP Pulau Pinang
7. Keledang landfill, MD Pekan
8. Bachok landfill, MP Kota Bharu
Most of the landfill only received the motorcycle tyre which is mixed with the domestic waste.
Jabor Jerangau Landfill
Only Jabor Jerangau Landfill in Kuantan received scrap tyres. According to Hj. Mohd. Fadzli
bin Darus (Landfill Engineer) apart from the 500 tonnes of waste receive daily, 1% of the
waste are rubber waste (mostly motorcycle scrap tyres). There is no segregation of scrap
tyres with other domestic waste in the landfill as it is costly and requires large area (bulky).
Besides, he informed that most of the scrap tyres sent in were from the government
agencies (e.g. Malaysia Maritime Academy) and workshops.
Kuang Landfill
According to En. Imran, the declining trend of tyres disposal was started since 2004. By the
setup of Kuang Inert Landfill, the tyres were received less than 50 tons each year from 2007.
By 2010, the tyres disposed at the landfill were barely 1 ton. He has not seen tyres being
sent in truck load since the beginning of 2011 other than one or two tyres mixed with
garden/construction debris and shredded pieces of tyres.
53
Final Report
The detail information on the summary from the survey is attached in L, while the summary
of total samples collected by state is in Appendix M.
Figure 32: Use of scrap tyres at car racing track

There are some other reuses of used tyres that are found out from the respondent which
includes:
i) Used in mining industry as protection ground
ii) Used in oil palm plantation to protect the palm oil seedling from wild boars
iii) Used for landscaping and burning purposes
3.2.4
Limitations and Assumptions for Mass Flow Model
Most of the collector information is obtained from the workshop. Out of 181 workshops
interviewed by the surveyor, only 12% of the workshops can provide the information on the
collector. The surveyor managed to interview 16 collectors. The samples size for the
collector is limited.
The collector interviewed not willing to provide information needed for analysis, some of the
information obtained questionable.
54
3.2.5
Final Report
Flow Analysis of Scrap Tyres (from tyre shops to disposal sites)
In general, there are 3 types of existing tyre mass flow, which are small scale, medium scale
and large scale tyre flow which presented in Figure 33, Figure 34 and Figure 35 below:
The classification of tyre sizes is presented as below:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Small scale tyre; Small-sized tyres refer to bicycles and motorcycles tyres
Medium scale tyre; Medium-sized tyres refer to tyres which are used in cars and light
trucks such as passenger cars or motorcars, taxis, multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs), mini
vans, sport utility vehicles (SUVs), mini trucks and pick-up trucks
Large scale tyre; Large-sized tyres refer to tyres which are used in medium and heavy
trucks such as buses, tractors, trucks and heavy haulers
55
Figure 33: Flow chart for motorcycle tyre
56
Final Report
Figure 34: Flow chart for medium scale tyre
57
Final Report
Figure 35: Flow chart for large scale tyre
58
Final Report
Final Report
Summary for activity 3.2

The flow of scrap tyres can generally be categorised generally into the following groups:
(i)
(ii)
Where there is an existing treatment/ recycling facilities for scrap tyres

Where there is NO treatment/ recycling facilities for scrap tyres
The findings from the survey were used as the basis for deriving the flow of scrap tyre within
the surveyed areas.
The general findings applied to derive the overall scrap tyre waste flow are:
Majority of the scrap tyres generated are collected by private collectors. From the
survey, it was found that almost all (99%) of the passenger and commercial tyres are
collected. These collected tyres are mainly sent for reclaim or retreading. Only
approximately 1% of the tyre shops claimed that they discarded on their own to
registered landfill;
Most of the scrap tyres from motorcycles end up in disposal sites. There is no
recycling of these tyres. The surveyed workshops claimed that the scrap tyres were
dumped into the garbage bins which were mixed with domestic waste. The waste
was collected by contractors appointed by the local councils. From our site visits to
the landfills, it was also discovered that most of the scrap tyres received were
motorcycle scrap tyres, mixed with domestic waste. Insignificant amount of scrap
tyres were exported as whole tyres. This was supported by the interviews with the
MATRDS as well as from the data provided by MITI23. The data from MITI indicates
those exported amounts are mainly processed scrap tyre products such as rubber
granules or powder;
The amount of scrap tyres used for other purposes such as landscaping, impact
protection and illegally dumped or burnt is insignificant as compared the overall
amount;
Scrap tyres used in cement industries as fuel are 100% imported from overseas. No
local generated tyres are reported to be used from the survey;
From the surveys conducted, the total capacities for the 4 main treatment plants were
reported to be around 170 tonnes/day. From Activity 3.1, the amount of scrap
passenger tyres generated per day was estimated to be about 329 tonnes/day. This
suggests that the remaining scrap tyres sent for recycling ends up in other smaller
scrap tyre recycling facilities observed during the survey in various locations.
23
Communication with En. Fahrulrazy Othman, Assistant Director, Wood and Rubber Unit, Sectoral Policy II Section Ministry of
th
International Trade and Industry (MITI), Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.30 May 2011
59
Final Report
From the survey conducted, the surveyor observed and found out that the flow of scrap tyres
where the location with or without an existing treatment facilities are the same. Generally the
overall mass flow for the tyre presented in Figure 36 below:
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Waste Transporters
Waste Generators
Used tyres Exported
Insignificant
Recycling Plants (Reclaim,

Pyrolysis)
~54%
~46%
93%
Scrap Tyres
Retreaded
Private Contracted Transporters

Insignificant
Registered Landfills
7%
~100%
Collected by local councils / Sent by

Insignificant
workshop
Illegally dumped / burnt
Insignificant
Others (Landscaping, go cart,

mining industry for protection
ground)
Figure 36: Overall mass flow of scrap tyres in the Peninsular Malaysia
From the survey conducted in the area with existing treatment and recycling facilities, 3% of
the scrap tyre was not collected or sent by the workshop. These 3% of the scrap tyre was
generated from motorcycle workshops. All of them claimed that the scrap tyres were
dumped into the garbage bin which is mixed together with domestic waste. The waste will be
collected by the contractor appointed by the council. From the site visit to landfills also
discovered that most of the scrap tyre received are motorcycle scrap tyres and mixed with
domestic waste.
29% of the workshop claimed that the scrap tyre was collected either with payment of
without payment were sent to treatment facilities. 63% of the tyre collected from the tyre
shop, workshop and etc. are unknown sent to where.
From the surveys conducted, the total capacities for the 4 treatment plants are around 170
tonne/day. In average, the capacity of each of the treatment plant is estimated to be about
40 tonne/day.
The estimation from Section 3.1 above indicated that 670 tonne/day of scrap tyre was
generated in Peninsular Malaysia for year 2010. The surveys showed that only 170 tonnes
of the scrap tyres were sent to the treatment plants. The remaining 500 tonnes of the scrap
tyre was assumed to be sent to small scale or illegal treatment plants in Peninsular
Malaysia. This assumption is further supported by the findings from our surveys that all the
scrap tyres collected by collectors were not sent to the landfills.
60
3.3
Treatment and Recycling Options24
3.3.1
Components of a tyre
Final Report
The challenge of scrap tyre management arises mainly from the technical and commercial
issues relating to tyres both as a product and as a waste. Tyres are made of materials
including synthetic and natural rubber, textiles, steel, carbon black, aromatic extender oils
and various chemical additives, which are vulcanised at a high temperature during the
manufacturing process. The main components of car and truck tyres are as shown in Figure
37 and Table 16. The result is a particularly stable product that requires a great energy to
properly break the material down to useful product.
Figure 37: Components of a tyre25
24
Activity 4 of TOR document
25
Source: Revised Technical Guidelines on Environmentally Sound Management of Used Tyres, UNEP 30 November 2008
th
61
Final Report
Table 16 : Components of a tyre, legends and definitions26

Legend No.
Components
Definitions
Tread
part of a pneumatic-tyre that is designed to come into contact

with the ground
Tread groove
space between the adjacent ribs or blocks in the tread pattern
Sidewall
part of a pneumatic-tyre between the tread and the area

designed to be covered by the rim flange
Ply
layer of rubber coated parallel cords, In the radial tyre, it has

the purpose of stabilizing the tyre
Ply
layer of rubber coated parallel cords, In the radial tyre, it has

the purpose of stabilizing the tyre
Cord
strands forming the fabric of the plies in the pneumatic tyre
Carcass
structural part of a pneumatic tyre other than the tread and

outemost rubber of the sidewalls which when inflated supports
the loads
Section width
linear distance between the outside of the sidewalls of an inflated

pneumatic tyre, when fitted to the specified measuring rim, but
excluding elevations due to t labeling (marking), decoration or
protective bands or ribs
Belt
radial ply or bias belted tyre and means a layer or layers or

material or materials underneath the tread, laid substantially in
the direction of the centre line of the tread to restrict the carcass
in a circumferential direction
10
Bead
part of a pneumatic tyre that is of such shape and structure as to

fit the rim and hold the tyre onto it
11
Chafer
material in the bead area to protect the carcass against chafing

or abrasion
Table 17: Percentage of main components of car and truck tyres27

Material
% of tyre components in a given vehicle type

Automobile
Trucks
Rubber / Elastomers
45
42
Carbon black and silica
23
24
Metal
16
25
Textile
Zinc Oxide
Sulphur
Additives
(- LCA28 and personal communication from tyre manufactures for truck tyre)
26
Source: Revised Technical Guidelines on Environmentally Sound Management of Used Tyres, by UNEP, 30, November
2008
27
Source: Automobile tyres: European Tyre & Rubber Manufacturer Association (ETRMA)
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Final Report
From the above table it is obvious that other than rubber or elastomers (synthetic rubber) a
tyre is made up of considerably large percentage of other non-rubber materials for the
purpose to increase the tyres strength and durability on the road. These additional
components in a tyre have made the recycling process to be anything but straight forward.
For instance, tyre are more difficult to combust than conventional fuels (even though the
energy content is higher than that of most coals and similar to that of natural gas), and
therefore tyres require higher temperatures and/or longer residence times to promote a
complete breakdown of the hydrocarbon content into carbon dioxide and water. A significant
amount of energy is also needed to mechanically reduce the size of tyres, in order to
produce materials that are suitable to be recycling into marketable engineering, commercial
or industrial products. So while tyres represent a feedstock with high energy content, which
contain potentially valuable constituents such as carbon black, organic oils and steel,
extracting these materials is not only complicated, time consuming but also economically
taxing
Used tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste in Malaysia due to
the large volume produced and their durability. Table 18 outlined the typical weightage of the
few general types of tyres used in the country. From the survey done, the estimated quantity
of tyre generated in the country is approximately 180,000 units per annum. Hence the total
weightage of tyres generated in the country totalled to a staggering amount of 1,800 tonnes
per annum (based on normal passenger cars tyre weightage).
Table 18: Weightage of Different Type of Tyres
Type of tyre
Average weight (kg)
Units / ton
6.5 1.0
154
Utility (including 4 x 4)
11.0
91
Truck
52.5
19
Passenger car
(Source: Hylands and Shulman, 2003)
3.3.2
End-of-Life Tyre (ELT)
End of Life Tyre (ELT) is defined as the phase of which a tyre can no longer be used on
vehicles (after having being re-treaded or re-grooved) anymore. All tyres from all type of
transport vehicles including passenger cars, trucks, airplane, two-wheel or off-road vehicles
will generate ELT. Developed countries generated most of the ELTs in the world as they
have a greater number of vehicles in use. However, in the last 15 years too that developed
countries has shown dramatic increase in the recovery rates of ELTs and the recycling cost
has significantly decreased due to the improved efficiency in management structures and
recovery routes.
28
Lifecycle Assessment of an average European Cartype. Preconsult for ETRMA, 2001
63
Final Report
While high recycling/recovery rates are achieved in major developed countries, the same is
not true for many developing countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippine or Thailand
where land-use and disposal regulations are still weak and infrastructure for recycling is still
very much at its early stage. To worsen the problem, many areas even receive imported
ELTs that further add to the already problematic stockpiles of ELTs from local sources.
In the current perspective, it comes out that the general criteria normally applied to the waste
management problem is to firstly encourage the minimisation of waste production during
manufacturing process, secondly reusing in the original form, recycling the materials and
energy recovery with disposal as to be the last and final choice. The treatment and recycling
of ELTs is always associated with diverse potential environmental impacts and to some
extend affect human health as well.
It is therefore, the scope of this section to evaluate and compare the recycling options of ELT
in association with environmental impacts and the economic viability in terms of transport,
operation and the supply and demand chain to be applicable in local scenario.
3.3.3
The Recycling and Treatment System for ELT
There are many recycling and treatment technology available in the world for ELT.
Particularly in industrialised countries, where a higher car density caused the problem of how
to dispose of used car tyres much earlier and to a greater extent, industrial and research
facilities tried to develop concepts for the recycling of tyres during the past few decades.
Although a fair number of concepts and processes have been introduced, none is without its
limitations and shortcomings. Depending on existing technological facilities, environmental
legislation, availability of money for environmental activities and public awareness, some of
these concepts were successful to a certain extent. Nevertheless, a general breakthrough
has yet to be achieved.
Some of the available technologies available in the world for recycling and treating ELT are
as listed below:
64
Final Report
Table 19: ELTs treatment and recycling technology

No.
Technology /
Application
Description
Devulcanization
the process of breaking down and recycling rubber) methods including

thermal, mechanical, ultrasound and bacterial such that it can be used
to make molded rubber products from the ELTs, this technology is
usually cost prohibitive
Road surfacing
In or pavement where recovered rubber from ELTs is used in a

pavement surface treatment consisting of a sprayed film of bituminous
binder covered with aggregates. This technology is prohibitive in some
countries including Malaysia as main road contracts are mostly based
on technical specification and ELTs in roads applications has yet to be
accepted widely
Shredding and
granulation
recovery of secondary raw material from ELT
Thermal
decomposition
pyrolysis process to recover secondary raw material such as steel, oil

and cabon black from ELT
Energy recovery
tyres as alternative fuels in power plants, cement kilns or factories

which is energy intensive
Civil engineering
weights for silage cover sheets; erosion protection for walls and steep
slopes; shoreline protection as breakwaters; harbours and docks, as
dock bumpers and ship fenders
Agriculture
protections for saplings (especially in oil palm plantations); fishing

industry, as artificial reefs for fish breeding
Household and
communities
as bumpers in garages and playground equipment
It is noted that Civil engineering application can only offer very limited outlet for the
thousands of scrap tyres generated every year in Malaysia. This is further impacted by the
irregular demand for such application, hence rendering this recycling option to be not
economically viable locally.
3.3.4
Economic Evaluation of Technology Methodology
In analysing the economics of tyre recycling and treatment options, it is useful to consider
each situation where cost data are available in terms of the profit per tyre. Entrepreneurs will
most likely launch a tyre processing facility only if the potential profit per tyre is high
enough. The profit per tyre may be computed based on the equation below:
65
Final Report
P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P = profit per tyre
F = tipping fee collected per tyre by the recycling facility
R = revenue received per processed tyre
C = processing cost per tyre for operating the facility
T = transportation cost to bring in the tyre
D = disposal cost for waste products
Clearly, for entrepreneurs to invest into a technology there must be a positive profit per tyre
for any feasible utilization method. If the equation yields a negative value (a loss) then the
private sector will be very unlikely to invest in the said technology. Not only must there be a
profit, but it must be high enough to give a good return on the invested capital to build a
plant or to purchase new equipment. A rough method of analysing the return is to calculate
the simple payback period using the equation below:
Payback Period = Capital Invested / Annual Profit
The equation basically tells how many years it will take for the capital invested in the plant
and equipment will be paid back. Generally, as a rule of thumb, most investors will demand a
payback period of (3) three years or less before they are willing to risk their money. This will
be a benchmark used in the analysis for the economic feasibility of each technology selected
in this chapter.
3.3.5
The Recycling System Under Evaluation
Four different technologies for recovery and recycling of used tyres were selected for
analysis in this study namely:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Incineration of used tyres for energy production

Pyrolysis
Shredding and Granulation
These technologies are selected for feasibility exploration based on the following
advantages over the other technologies namely:
They are existing technologies which already have been proven to be workable and is
used in commercial scale to certain extent in foreign countries;
They have already been introduced into local market and is known and generally
accepted by the local community;
They give the possibility of retrofitting some of the existing facilities (for example clinker
plants and power plants) in the country to help reduce the high cost of setting up new
66
Final Report
facility and at the same time provide a wide spread reception facility at strategic locations
for recycling ELTs in the shortest time possible;
They can provide a long term solution to the ELTs problem in the country and not merely
ad-hoc solutions which offer limited or inconsistent outlet to the huge quantity of ELTs.
The will be explored in terms of the following factors namely:
Environmental impacts;
Acceptability by the local market and the people;
Economic feasibility;
The locality existing establishments or the simplicity to establish new facility which can
accommodate the huge amount of ELTs from different regions of the country.
3.3.6
Incineration of used tyres for energy production
Scrap tyre as alternative fuel or Tyre-Derived Fuel (TDF) is currently the largest single
market for scrap tyre management in the world. It has occupied approximately 82% of
overall scrap tyre recycling. Two major combustion facilities for TDF used in the world which
may be applicable to Malaysia are:
(i). Cement kilns; and
(ii). Power plants
As an energy source, TDF has good potential compared to other fuel source alternatives.
TDF has high fuel value of approximately 12,000 to 16,000 BTU per pound compared to coal
(12,000 BTU per pound) and wood (5000 BTU per pound). The other advantages of TDF are
a compact and consistent composition and a low moisture content which are the important
properties for combustion facilities. However, the problem of low combustion point of tyres
poses a great obstacle for them to be used as widely as other solid fuel in any industrial
application.
A major technological consideration of TDF application is related to emission control from
the combustion facilities. Provided that quality and supply can be maintained, TDF can be
incorporated into long term planning such that significant economic advantages can be
obtained.
What is TDF?
Tyre Derived Fuel (TDF) is an umbrella word, which describes tyres in different shape and
sizes (usually means chopped up tyres, tyre chips and crumb rubber) to be used as fuel
source. TDF is classified into several grades. Tyres contain about 30% of metal wire and
fabric, and removal of the wire involves an expensive process, which requires fine shredding
and the use of powerful magnets. Wire-free TDF is a considerably higher grade but the
process of fully removing the entire steel component is tedious and expensive, hence most
shredded tyres used as TDF still contain a considerable amount of steel in it.
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Final Report
To recover the energy of used tyres they can be either directly incinerated in appropriate
energy-from-waste plants or the tyres are transformed into combustible products (gas, liquid
hydrocarbons and soot) via pyrolysis process. Since tyre consists of 80% carbon and
hydrogen29, they can be used effectively as fuel for industrial processes or to produce
energy. According to US EPA Research Paper, Air Emissions from Scrap Tyres
Combustion, Tyres also are known to have high energy content and Tyre Derived Fuel
(TDF) is an equal or better source of energy than other fuel as shown in Table 20 below:
Table 20: Calorific value and Emission Rate of tyres in comparison to other types of
fuel30
Fuel
Energy
(Gigajoule/ tonnes)
Emission
Kg of CO2 / tonnes
Kg of CO2 / Gigajoule
Tyres (TDF)
32.0
2,270
85
Coal
27.0
2,430
90
Pet coke
32.4
3,240
100
Diesel Oil
46.0
3,220
70
Natural Gas
39.0
1,989
51
Wood
10.2
1,122
110
As shown in the above table, TDF CO2 emissions, when tyres are burned in controlled
environment, are no greater than those produced by other fuels. The carbon content per unit
energy is less than coal and petroleum coke, offering potential reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions. Moreover the added advantage is that the cost of TDF is significantly lower than
that of fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and petroleum coke, especially when
exploration, development and transport cost of virgin materials are taken into account.
Provided that quality and supply can be maintained, users can incorporate TDF into long
term planning such that significant economic advantages can be obtained. However, on the
downside, reportedly, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, furans and other toxins such as NOx,
SOx and heavy metals are produced in some combustion process of TDF. The presence of
heavy metals such as iron, zinc, chromium and lead from the steel component of the tyre in
the ash residual of the combustion process is also another environmental concern of TDF.
These environmental controversies have prevented the wide application of TDF. The Study
will attempt to assess these environmental concerns and the availability of pollution control
technology in abating the pollution potential of TDF.
In the recent years, the utilization of scrap tyres as alternative fuel or TDF has been steadily
increasing in the application of power plants, cement kilns and pulp and paper production in
29
Dr.-Ing Heino Vest, 1996, revised in 2000. Technical Information W13e
30
Source: Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative, WBCSD CSI CO2, Emission Inventory Protocol, Version 2.0
68
Final Report
the world. These applications have demonstrated the capability to extract energy value from
scrap tyres in an environmentally acceptable manner, while at the same time alleviating
scrap tyres disposal problems in the communities. Scrap tyres make an excellent fuel source
as they have energy value higher than coal and they represent a potential energy source of
about 7,840,000 Gigajoule per year, since about 33 million (245,000 tonnes) scrap tyres
were produce in the Peninsula Malaysia yearly. This is equivalent to about 1,285,245 million
barrel of crude oil. (1 barrel of crude oil 42 US gallons is equivalent to about 6.1GJ of
energy31). As such, scrap tyres can compete with other solid fuels such as coal, petroleum
coke or wood in the market.
In the sections below, the use of scrap tyres as TDF in various combustion facilities is
discussed further:
In Power Plants
Currently in Malaysia, there are no power plants that are in operation use TDF as their
alternative fuel to However, power plants in the United States have been reported to have a
few tyre-burning power plant projects and they are tabulated in Table 21 below.
Table 21: List of power plants in the US that use tyre derived fuel (TDF)32
No
Power Plant
Power Plant in
Modesto California
14
4.9
Operation since 1987. Assessment

has shown that the plant was
operating within the permitted
emission levels for all criteria. All the
by-products are recycled including
steel slag for cement production or
road base, zinc oxide for zinc
production and gypsum used for
wallboard
production
or
soil
conditioner.
Sterling, Connecticut
26
9-10
Begin commercial production in 1991
Erie Power Plant,

Lackawanna, New
York (under planning)
30
10
Not constructed so far as the plan is

under considerations with two other
waste projects that were proposed at
the same site.
Nevada Power Plant,

Moapa near Las
Vegas (under
planning)
45 MV
16
The Public Service Commission Of

Nevada has denied the power
purchase contract due to availability
of adequate tyre supply given the
increasing demand in the paving and
cement industries.
31
32
Rating
(MW)
Consumption
(x106 tyre / yr)
Remarks
Source: Wikipedia Barrel of Oil Equivalent

Source: Markets for Scrap Tyres, October 1991 by USEPA, Office of Solid Waste
69
Final Report
The typical technology used in power plants (as in the one used in Modesto Power Plant) is
shown in Figure 38. The combustion system operates at temperature over 980 degrees
Celsius. There are two tyre incinerators, each with an associated boiler. During combustion,
the tyres are supported on a reciprocating stoker grate. The grate is made of bars of high
temperature metal which can survive continued operation in the extreme heat. These high
temperatures provide for complete combustion of tyres, while minimizing emissions of
dioxins and furans. The grate configurations provide for air flow above and below, which aids
combustion and helps to keep the grate cool. The grate also allows the slags and ash to filter
down to a conveyor system which takes them to hoppers for by-product sales to off-site
users.
The hot combustion gases rise to enter the boiler, producing superheated steam. Each
incinerator has its own boiler, and they both feed steam to the same turbine generator. The
system also includes a full pollution control system with flue gas desulfurization, thermal deNOx and a fabric filter bag house to control the emission gases from the incineration
process.
The integration of scrap tyre feeding into the existing power plant boiler requires large scale
modification to the boiler fuel burning system and not all boilers are designed to burn tyres
effective. It is also noted that additional pollution control equipment is required for certain
plants as the emission from burning tyres can be more polluting than the emission of burning
coal.
Figure 38: Typical Technology use in Power Plant for Incinerating Tyres
70
Final Report
Technology Evaluations
Advantage of the recycling option:
Usually shredded tyres are used as supplemental fuel in electricity generating facilities. One
tyre contains approximately enough fuel to generate more than a days supply of electricity
for an average residential customer33. Further with the increasing of global coal price (in the
year 2011, the global coal price is expected to be approximately US 110 per metric tons), the
possibility of using scrap tyres to replace coal is very appealing to the power provider.
The conversion of even 10 - 20 % of the fuel use in a power plant into TDF will greatly
reduce the running cost and provide some buffer to local energy provide to cushion the
uncertain coal price in the world market.
Disadvantage of the recycling option:
However there are greater challenges to successfully use scrap tyres or ELT as fuel
supplement in electric power plants. Specifically, the tyres need to be correctly sized to fit
into the fuel conveyors and mixed well to ensure proper combustion. In addition, the steel
contained in tyres can cause operational difficulties. The effect of burning tyres on air
emissions in coal burning utilities also varies by pollutant and the overall effect need to be
evaluated on a case by case basis (Hughes, 1993).
For scrap tyres to be fed into the existing coal fired power plants (either as a whole tyre or
shredded materials) requires a separate process to prepare the scrap tyre to suitable sizes
for the combustion process. Moreover, many existing combustion system in coal fired power
plants are tailored made to fit only for certain type of coal and not robust enough to handle a
change of fuel type, let alone scrap tyres. This is further hindered by plant owners do not
have the obligations to convert their facility to be suitable for scrap tyres which will easily
cost more than RM 100 million and be faced with new pollution issues generated by burning
tyres. Further issues which hampered the use of scrap tyres as energy source in power
plants are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
33
Large facilities and area are required to stockpile the tyres prior to the combustion
process. Improper stockpiling in open yards will cause environmental problems and
become breeding ground for mosquitoes and rats;
The unavailability of a secure source of scrap tyres locally for the power plant to adapt
to this new alternative fuel;
The limitation of local market to make use of the by products from the incineration plant
of scrap tyre like the steel slags, zinc and gypsum by products;
Low utility buy back rate and lack of incentive system for power plant to generate
electricity using alternative fuel;
Waste Tyre Managemetn Plan, Sept, 1994 by Div of Env Protection, Nevada
71
(v)
Final Report
Emission of dioxin and furan can be a problem and some power plant boilers may not
operate at a temperature high enough to totally eliminate the noxious gas rendering
additional investment in pollution control equipment.
Economic Evaluation of TDF for Power Plant:

Using the economic evaluation equation:
P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P = profit per tyre
Hence,
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assuming that Each tyre = 8 kg (average of passenger car)

Based on the energy content of tyre = 32 GJ/tonne
Therefore Each tyre = approximately 0.256 GJ
Electricity tariff = 20 cents/kwhr (lowest for range of 20 30 cents for domestic,
commercial and industrial tariff)
Where 1 kwhr = 0.0036 GJ
Electricity tariff = RM 0.2 /0.0036GJ = RM 55.5/GJ
5. Considering 50% of the energy from tyre burning is converted to electricity energy;
each tyre generates = 0.128 GJ electricity energy
Each tyre generate return, R = RM 5.93
6. Assuming that F = 0; no tipping fee for tyre deliver to power plant;
C = RM 2.00; processing cost per tyre for operation, maintenance, labour and
materials.
T = RM 2.00 per tyre for sending tyre from source to the facility
D = RM 0.30 per tyre for disposing of bottom ash (taking into account the sales of the
ash to other industry ex cement plant)
Hence , given
P = F + R C T- D
P = 0 + 5.93 -2 -2-0.3 = RM 1.63 per tyre
72
Final Report
7. Consider that the power plant can recycle 30,000 Tonnes of tyres per year equivalent
to 6.25 million tyres per year (based on 8 kg/ tyre).
Hence,
P = RM 1.63 x 6.25 million tyre = RM 10.2 million/year
8. Assuming that the investment to retrofit the boiler and feed in system together with
the enhance pollution system in the plant = RM 100 million (Modesto Power Plant
cost USD 38 million for the boiler, feed in system and the pollution control system)
Payback Period
Given,
= Capital Invested / Annual Profit

= RM 100 mil / RM 10.2 mil yr
= 9.8
The payback period estimated above shows that the venture is not very favourable for
the investor as even with green technology incentives investor in power plants generally
requires payback period of 7 years or less.
Summary of TDF viability in Coal Fired Power Plant
There are a total of four (4) coal fired power plants in Peninsular Malaysia as listed below in
Table 22:
Table 22 : Coal-Fired Power Plants in Peninsular Malaysia
No
1
34
Plants
State
Coordinates
Jimah Power
Plant
Lukut,
Negeri
Sembilan
2o 55 11N
Manjung Power
Station
Manjung,
Perak
4o 9 44 N
Sultan
Slahuddin
Abdul Aziz
Shah Power
Station
Kapar,
Selangor
3o 7 1 N
Tanjung Bin
Power Stations
Pontian,
Johor
MW
1,400
110o 43 21 E
Type34
Thermal
(2 ST)
2,295
110o 38 48 E
Thermal
(3 ST)
2,420
110o 19 1E
Thermal
(6ST)
open cycle
(2 GT) with
natural gas /
coal with oil
back up
1o 20 3 N
103o 32 55 E
ST = Steam Turbine, GT = Gas Turbine
73
2,100
Thermal (3
ST)
Owner
Jimah Energy
Ventures Sdn
Bhd
TNB
Janamanjung
Sdn Bhd
Kapar Energy
Ventures Sdn
Bhd
Tanjung Bin
Power Sdn
Bhd
Final Report
The existing location of the power plants are strategically located at the Western and
Southern regions of Peninsular Malaysia, if they are to be converted to ELTs reception
facilities, a centralise collection centre is needed to collect and distribute tyres from the
northern and eastern regions to these facilities. However, with the unfavourable profit margin
and also the environmental, health and safety concern, this technology is most probably not
favourable to be implemented in Malaysia.
TDF in Cement Kilns
Scrap tyres are frequently a low cost fuel source for cement kilns as this industry is able to
use either whole or shredded tyres. Cement kilns appear to be very suitable for disposing of
ELT because these furnaces operate at very high temperatures and have long residence
times. Kiln temperatures are typically around 1400 degree Celsius.
High temperatures, long residence times and an adequate supply of oxygen assure
complete burnout of organics, minimizes the formation of dioxins and furans. In addition, the
cement production process can utilise the iron contained in the tyres steel bead and belts.
The steel basically does not change the quality of the cement product, since large quantities
of iron ore are already present as one of the main ingredients. With an average sulphur
content of 0.5 -1.5%, the scrap tyre chip is on par or less than most coals and pet cokes. In
terms of substitution, when co-processing scrap tyre chips, a kiln operator can reduce coal
by approximately 1.25 tonnes for every tonne of tyre chips used35. As far as emissions are
concern, scrap tyre chips can help to reduce the NOx levels up to 30% if injected at the right
spot under optimised conditions. The rule of thumb of chip size and percentage of
substitutions of scrap tyres in cement kiln is as shown in Figure 39. From the process
perspective, certain constrain needs to be taken into account to ensure successful
application of scrap tyre chips in cement kilns namely:
(i)
The smaller the chip size the higher the substitution rate can be. However, it needs to
be noted that a 25 x 25 mm chip size is about the smallest chip that can be produced
efficiently and economically by shredder,
(ii) Via the main flame, the temperature, oxygen, micro mixing and time are far in excess of
what is needed for complete combustion, even with the strong organic bonds, the
hydrocarbon chains in the scrap tyres are similar to the ones in coal, hence as easy to
break and volatize.
(iii) For long kilns, the chips need to be blown to the back of the burning zone to minimize
impact on quality and SO3 cycle. Ideally, the injection pipe should be located above the
main burner, at a 5-10 degree angle so the main flame can carry the chips further and
start the volatization prior to the chips striking the load. Injection velocity of 50 m/s is
preferable.
(iv) In the precalciner application, injecting the chips in the vessel over the main flame is
preferred. For a preheater on the other hand, application at the main burner is preferred.
35
Kaytee Moran, CM-Columbus McKinnon Corp & Frederick De Raedt, ALterros.
74
Final Report
(v) In summary, a careful kiln assessment needs to be conducted in order to determine the
pyro condition in the kiln which determines the optimum injection method of the tyre
chips into the burner.
In the world, scrap tyres have been used extensively as fuel in cement plants for many
years. In particular, cement plants in West Germany, Austria, Greece and Japan routinely
burn tyres. The slower adaption of this means of tyre disposal in Malaysia is probably due to
the relatively low fuel price; slow pace in the government in permitting the plants to burn
tyres as well as lack of experience of local cement players in dealing with TDF.
A few examples of successful implementation of cement kilns in the world in integrating TDF
into their process are as outlined in Table 23 and Figure 39 illustrates the growing trend of
TDF use in cement industries in the U.S.
Figure 39: Typical chip size of TDF in Different Cement kiln System
75
Final Report
Table 23: Examples of Successful TDF Application in Cement Kilns in Foreign

Countries
No
Company
Consumption
Remarks
Heidelberger Zement in
West Germany
50,000 metric tons of

tyres per year in six
plants
In general, the tyre substitution

percentage of fuel is kept below 20
percents to optimised kiln performance
and for kiln stability.
Genstar Cement
Company in Redding
California
65 tons of TDF per

day.
The TDF averages about 25 percent of

power consumed by the plant with the
reminder to be coal. The plant meets
the stringent EPA emission standards
with SO2 emissions far below the limit
of 243 pounds per hour.
Approximately 1
million scrap tyres
per year.
Use a mechanical feed system which is

able to double their TDF feed capacity
in running 4 tons per hour resulting in
considerable fuel cost savings.
Arizona
Portland Cement plant in

Rillito, Arizona
Figure 40: Trend of Cement Plants in the U.S. using TDF (1988 2004) & The Number
of Cement Manufacturing Plants Currently Using TDF in the US36
36
Source: Tyre Derived Fuel, Portland Cement Association Sustainable Manufacturing Fact Sheet, May 2008
76
Final Report
Advantage of the recycling option:
Co-incineration of scrap tyres in a cement kiln is attractive because steel and other heavy
metal components which become an environmental concern for the application in power
plant are absorbed by the process due to the extremely high temperature generated in the
kiln. Scrap tyres is successfully proven in many cement kilns around the world as a effective
fuel supplement provided the tyres are properly prepared and injected at the right location
according to the kilns design. With an optimised pyro-process, co-incineration of scrap tyres
does not make any negative impact on the quality of clinker. The main characteristics of
clinker, such as binding, taking and strength are sustained. The only properties that are
observed to have changed are a darker colour of the clinker and better granulation (Inga
Silverstravciute, Inga Karaliunaite). The implementation of co-incineration of scrap tyres in
an existing cement kiln is expected to require less modification work and therefore more cost
effective compared to a power plant. Almost all existing cement kilns are supposed to be
able to handle scrap tyres but the feeding system may have to be different to optimise the
combustion process or minimised clogging problem based on different burner systems.
Co-processing of TDF as an alternative energy source at cement kiln facility not only lowers
the operational cost in a sustainable manner, but will have a direct benefit to the community.
Unsightly tyre piles are a known fire hazard and can becomes the breeding ground for
mosquitoes can be significantly reduced if the tyres are being sourced to be used in cement
kilns as alternative fuel.
Disadvantage of the recycling option:
The only barrier in preventing this technology from being adapted widely in Malaysia is the
lack of a steady supply chain of scrap tyres in the market. Cement kilns prefer to accept TDF
in shredded forms to optimise the combustion process. The lack of such a facility which is
close to the cement plant may be a reason which could have driven the cost in obtaining the
material to be high as some has to be sourced from overseas to meet the demand.
The use of TDF in cement kilns faces some noneconomic barrier especially when a plant is
first considering switching to TDF, at this point approval from DOE is generally required due
to the changes of fuel source. And this usually requires test burns with air pollution
measurements, air pollution monitoring system etc. leading to expenditures and additional
time for testing. Many plant operators just would rather not bother with the disruption on the
production and delay.
77
Final Report
Economic Evaluation:
P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P = profit per tyre
Hence,
1. F = 0; no tipping fee for tyre deliver to clinker plant;
2. C = RM 0.50; basically very little increment in operation cost in labour for feeding the
kiln with TDF instead of coal and clinker plant can accept whole tyre hence no
shredding cost will incur;
3. T = RM 2.00 per tyre for sending tyre from source to the facility
4. D = RM 0 ; there is no disposal cost since the steel wire in the TDF becomes iron
oxide in the clinker product
5. R = The current coal cost RM 400 / tonnes, which 1 tonnes of coal is equivalent to
0.84 tonnes of tyre (based on energy conversion 1 tonnes x 27/32 = 0.84) and if the
clinker plant can receive 30,000 tonnes of tyre per year (approximately 3.5 million
tyre), the saving is 35,700 tonnes of coal per year.
6. Hence, the profit = 37,700 tonnes of coal x RM 400/ton
7. Profit = RM 15.08 Millions / 3.5 million tyre
8. R = RM 4.30
Hence, given
P = F + R C T- D
P = 0 + 4.30 -0.5 -2- 0 = RM 1.8 per tyre
Consider the cement plant has to make capital investment of RM 5 million to setup
the feed system for TDF (average set up investment cost for the clinker plant in U.S
is USD 1.5 million)
Given,
Payback Period

= 3.33 years
9. Since the payback period is just slightly above three years, this technology looks
fairly attractive investment for cement operator. Furthermore with some green
78
Final Report
technology tax incentive provided by the government for pollution control equipment
it is likely the investment cost can be brought down further.
Summary of TDF viability in Cement Kiln
In summary, cement kilns appear to offer an attractive market for TDF in local market but
transportation costs and lack of steady supply could be the main barrier for this technology
to be widely adopted. At present there are at least 8 clinker and cement plants in Peninsular
Malaysia as listed in the Table 24 below. The locality of the clinker and cement plants shows
a rather balance spread across Peninsular Malaysia covering the Northern, Central and
Southern Region. The only missing coverage is the Eastern Region for the states of
Terengganu, Pahang and Kelantan. This wide spread locations of clinker and cement plants
can be a strategic locations if all the clinker plants are being converted to scrap tyre
recycling facility, optimising transportation and delivery cost from source to the recycling
centre. A storage and collection centre can very well be proposed to effectively collect the
scrap tyres from the Eastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia for them to be delivered to the
nearest recycling facility.
79
Final Report
Table 24: Cement Kilns Operational in Peninsular Malaysia37

No
Group of
Company
Plant
Address / Contact number
Plant Capacity
CIMA (Cement
Industries of
Malaysia Bhd)
Negeri
Sembilan
Cement
Industries S/B
(NSCI)
Bukit Ketri, Mukim of Chuping,

02450, Kangsar, Perlis, Malaysia
Clinker 1.6 million

tonnes/yr
NSCI Bahau
Plant
Lot 3323, Mukim Kepis, K. Jelai,

72100, Bahau, N. Sembilan.
04-936 7100
Cement 2 million
tonnes/yr
Clinker 1.3 million
tonnes/yr
06-453 2030
Cement 1.43 million
tonnes/yr
3
Aolborg Portland
Malaysia Sdn Bhd
(APMSB))
Perak
Lot 754244, Pinji Estate, P.O. Box

428, 30750, Ipoh, Perak
White clinker 190,000

tonnes .year
White cement
210,000 tonnes / year
Lafarge Malayan
Cement Bhd
(LMCB) Group
Associated Pan
Malaysia
Cement Sdn
Bhd (APMC)
Rawang Works, 48000, Rawang,

Selangor.
03-609 16711
Cement 2.6 million

tonnes /yr
Kanthan Works
13, Miles, Jln Kuala Kangsar,
31200, Chemor Perak
37
Tasek Corp Bhd

(TCB)
Clinker 3.2 million

tonnes/year
05-201 1202
Cement 4.2 million

tonnes/year
Langkawi Works, Teluk Ewa,

Mukim Air Hangat, 07000, Pulan
Langkawi, Kedah
Clinker 3.3 million

tonnes/ yr
04-950 8000
Cement 5.4 million

tonnes/yr
Perak,
Hanjoong
Simen Sdn Bhd
Padang Rengas, 33700, Perak
Clinker 3 million
tonnes /yr
Sg Buloh
Lot 1552, Kg Jaya Industrial Estate,

Off Jln Hospital, 47000, Sg Buloh,
Selangor.
Clinker 2.3 million

tonnes / yr
03-615 6818
Cement 2.3 million

tonnes/yr
Lafarge
Cement Sdn
Bhd (LCSB)
YTL
Clinker 1.7 million

tonnes /yr
05-759 6000
Source: The Cement and Concrete Association of Malaysia
80
Final Report
Pyrolysis
Waste tyre pyrolysis involves the thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen to derive
various products such as oil and carbon black. During the pyrolysis process tyres will be
heated in an oxygen free sealed chamber. As they decompose they will give off gas, then oil
and finally leave a mix of char and steel. This will then be separated into steel, oil, gas and
carbon black (carbon black is used as a pigment and reinforcement in rubber and plastic
products).The benefit of this application is the conversion of waste tyres into value-added
products such as olefins, chemicals and surface-activated carbon. The environmental
impacts from pyrolysis process are considered to be minimal as it generates very little
effluent or emission gases.
General Process of Tyre Pyrolysis
Configurations differ slightly between different facilities, but the basic tyre pyrolysis process
is common. Pyrolysis involves the application of superheat steam (400 500 oC) and a high
pressure to break down the organic component of the rubber into its original monomers or
constituent chemicals; medium calorific power gases (gas fuel), high calorific carbon residue
and synthetic oils (liquid fuel).
The scrap tyres (without pre-treatment) are loaded into the special wagons and are
transported into the pre-heating chamber (Temperature of 60 -100 oC). Warm up tyres are
then fed into the pyrolysis oven (temperature of 300 -500 oC, with pressure at 1 1.2 atm).
The superheated steam is continuously supplied to the reactor in order to reduce pressure
and to remove volatile hydrocarbons. Volatile hydrocarbons together with steam are directed
to the condenser where part of the volatile hydrocarbon (up to 80 85%) and steam
condensate at a temperature below 100 oC and are collected in the precipitator. The
condensate of steam is separated from the liquid fraction of hydrocarbons and after filtration
is returned to the steam generator. The remaining volatile products from the condenser are
recycled back to the heater to produce water steam.
The pyrolysis process may continue from 1 up to 3 hours. In the end of the process, wagons
are cooled down to 70 -80 oC in a special cooling chamber and removed from the
technological line. Carbon residues are then separated from the metal remains. The flow
chart showing the pyrolysis process is as shown in Figure41.
81
Final Report
Figure 41: Flow Chart Showing the Pyrolysis Process38
Products
The lists of products generated as a result of the pyrolysis of tyres are as follows.
Table 25 : Products of scrap tyre pyrolysis
No.
Primary
Products
wt.%
Content
Pyro-gas
10 - 30
Hydrogen, CO2, CO Methane, Ethane,

Propane, Propene, Butane, Other
hydrocarbons,
app. 1% of Sulfur
Oil
38 - 55
High aromatic
Mw 300 - 400
Secondary
Products
Carbon Black
Low in sulfur (0.3 - 1.0%)

Aromatics, Alkanes, Alkenes, Ketones,
Aldehydes
3
Char
33 - 38
>15 % of Ash (ZnO)

3 -5 % of Sulfur
Activated
carbon
Currently, the primary barriers for this application are both economic and technical issues.
The capital cost is high and the products from Pyrolysis do not have sufficient value to
compete with commodity material. There are currently a few new emerging technologies to
38
Source: DOE IMPAK Magazine issue 2, Year 2006
82
Final Report
counter these problems to make pyrolysis process to be more economical and yield
competitive products.
New technologies
There are two technological approaches to the problems discussed above.
Higher Value Products from Pyrolysis (high molecular weight olefins)
The production of significant quantities of valuable high molecular weight olefins to obtain
curable and mouldable olefins (Mw > 15,000) would overcome current economic barriers.
These are typically produced in small quantities because the process temperature is high. At
high temperature, vulcanized rubbers are quickly decomposed to low molecular weight
olefins (Mw 300 - 400). High molecular weight compounds can be generated by low
temperature pyrolysis.
However, lower temperature will require longer process times. New technological
breakthroughs will be necessary for the commercialization of low temperature pyrolysis. Four
new technologies are being developed.
Microwave pyrolysis:
Microwaves can heat objects more uniformly than conventional heating methods. Microwave
heating requires shorter heating times. Microwave pyrolysis will result in relatively high
molecular weight olefins and a high proportion of valuable products such as ethylene,
propylene, butene, aromatics, etc. The short process time also contributes to a reduction in
the process cost. Moreover, for microwave heating, the shape of the tyre chip is less
important compared to the requirements of conventional heating. Whole tyres or larger chips
can be processed using microwave pyrolysis, which greatly reduces pre-processing cost.
Ultrasonic devulcanization:
Isayev has patented a method which minimizes heating and uses sonic energy to break
down sulfur-carbon chemical bonds in tyres. Chipped tyres are heated to about 398 oC, and
then subjected to 20,000 cycles per second of ultrasonic energy (just above the highest
frequency the human ear can discern) at pressures up to several thousand pounds per
square inch. The rubber is transformed from a solid to a highly viscous fluid within
milliseconds. With additional curative agents the viscous material can be molded into new
products. A prototype machine is proven to be able to handle approximately 50 pounds of
tyres per hour.
Supercritical fluid depolymerization:
Supercritical water can be used to controllably depolymerize the rubber compounds. This
approach requires lower temperatures (approx. 398 oC) and shorter processing times. Tyre
83
Final Report
compounds are decomposed to high molecular weight olefins (Mw 1,000 - 10,000), or oils
(Max. 90 %).
The technique is being developed and has been tested only in an experimental scale.
Because of the expensive supercritical water equipment, this application would require a
relatively large initial cost.
Use of special catalysts:
Use of catalysts can reduce processing temperature or time. As shown in the above
applications, reduced temperature and time can result in either higher molecular weight
olefins or an increasing proportion of valuable substances. The advantage of catalysts is that
no new equipment or knowledge is required. Therefore cost estimation and scale-up would
be easy. Some research and pilot scale experiments have been conducted recently, but the
types of catalysts are highly proprietary.
Lower process cost.

Surface active carbon and high quality carbon black are high value-added products.
The relative process cost is the only barrier for commercial success.
One approach to reduce processing cost is to operate at a high process temperature
with the use of a special catalyst. Approximately 3.2 % of zinc-oxide is added to tyre
compounds, and the zinc-oxide remains in the char. To produce surface active
carbon, the remaining zinc must be removed from the surface, and high temperature
processing is able to facilitate this.
Currently there is very few large commercial scale pyrolysis plant in the world. The
few operational or pyrolysis plants in planning currently are:
-
Pyrolysis plants owned by Shanghai Greenman ECO in both Shanghai, China

and Taiwan with each plants capacity in processing scrap tyre up to 8,000 tons
per year.
A few commercial pyrolysis facilities have been established by Kouei, Japan
starting in year 2000 with each plant capable of processing up to 16 tons of
scrap tyre per day.
A large scale commercial closed loop tyre pyrolysis facility is currently under
planning for construction in Tees Valley South Tees Eco Park, UK by Pyreco.
The planned facility is capable of processing up to 60,000 tonnes of tyre per
year (or equivalent of 7.5 million tyres per year). The plant is estimated to
produce quarter million barrel of oil equivalent per year and carbon black of up to
20,000 tonnes / annum.
Huge investment cost and extensive technological requirement have so far

hampered the pyrolysis industry from fully being implemented in the world. The low
quality product generated in the process has not looked profitable for major players
to undertake the technology and refine the process for better yield of the products.
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Advantage of the recycling option
The environmental effect of the pyrolysis process is substantial pyrolysis plant has the
capability to reduce large amount of tyre from going to landfill or being burned which resulted
emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. From it valuable carbon black, steel and
oil will be produced which can be put back into manufacturing cycle of other products. It is in
the three arenas of CO2 emissions, recycling and energy conservation that pyrolysis
process makes the biggest impact.
Among some of the environmental advantages that pyrolysis plant delivers are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The production of Carbon Black by a more energy/emission efficient process. A tonne

of conventional black requires approximately 1.32 tonnes of Oil to be burnt in its
creation. Pyrolysis recycles.
The pyrolysis process liberates considerable quantities of excess energy. Electricity
generation capacity can be achieved through the combustion of pyro gas and oil.
Pyrolysis process produces virtually no runaway emissions.
The reuse of pyrolysis carbon black will displace the need to burn significant quantities
of oil.
Disadvantage of the recycling option

More than 30 major pyrolysis projects have been proposed, designed, patented, licensed or
built over the past decade but very few have been commercially successful. The success of
any tyre process technology depends on two key criteria namely sound environmental
performance (emissions) and profitable process economics. Pyrolysis process basically
triumphs over the first criteria but fails in the later. Two most important factors affecting the
process economics are the low product price and the high process cost as described below:
(i)
Low Product Price: The primary products from any tyre pyrolysis process are
essentially low molecular weight olefins and char
(ii)
Olefins: The pyro-gas prices are low in the current market. Other chemicals from the
pyrolysis process can be more valuable, but the yield is low. High quality carbon black
is also valuable but there is no particular price advantage for the same quality carbon
from traditional processes.
(iii)
Char: Surface activated carbon is a valuable product, but there is no cost advantage
compared to alternative methods (normal surface activated carbon manufacturing).
(iv)
High Process Cost: The valuable chemicals from pyro-gas or oil, are generally high
molecular weight substances. The purification of high molecular weight substances is
expensive.
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P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P = profit per tyre
Hence,
1. F = RM 0.50; consider RM 0.50 tipping fee for tyre deliver to the pyrolysis plant;
2. C = RM 5; the labour, electricity and maintenance cost is rather high for pyrolysis
plant (Yeung-chen, 2008 based on 2 pyrolysis plant one in Shanghai another in Taiwan
with capacity of 10,000 tonnes of tyre per year)
4. D = RM 0 ; there is no disposal cost since most final product from pyrolysis plant is
marketable.
5. R = The profit from product are as shown in Table 26 below:
Table 26: Economic analysis of pyrolytic products from scrap tyres39
No.
Product
Selling price
(RM/tonne)
Production/
(tonnes/year)
Production
capacity (tyre)
Profit per tyre

(RM)
Oil Sales
1,600
4,500
10,000 tons or
1.25 mil tyres
RM 5.76
Carbon
Sales
1,200
3,500
10,000 tons or
1.25 mil tyres
RM 3.36
Steel
Sales
600
1,000
10,000 tons or
1.25 mil tyres
RM 0.48
TOTAL
RM 9.60
Hence, given
39
P = F + R C T- D
P = 0.50 + 9.60 -5 -2- 0 = RM 3.10 per tyre
Source: Yeung-chen, 2008 & Peters et al, 2003: Pyrolysis plant in Shanghai & Taiwan
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Consider the pyrolysis plant has the same capacity as the one in Shanghai and
Taiwan plant which the processing capacity is 10,000 tonnes of tyre per year or 1.25
million tyres per year. Hence per year the gross profit generated is RM 3.10 x 1.25
million tyres = RM 3.88 million per year. The investment for a pyrolysis plant is as
shown in the Table 27 below:
Table 27: Investment cost for a pyrolysis plant40
Item
Investment Amount (RM)
Equipment
12 million
Other direct cost
4.5 million
Working capital
2 million
Contingency
1.6 million
Total
20.1 million
Given,
Payback Period

= RM 20.1 mil / RM 3.88 mil yr
= 5.18 years
Summary
It is concluded that the pyrolysis plants payback period although is not highly attractive but it
triumphs in the aspects of low environmental impacts, low health hazards and it produces
useful recycled material of tyre pyrolysis oil, carbon black and steel. The return on
investment is largely dependent on the price obtainable for the oil and carbon products;
conservatively with the increase in oil selling price as crude oil, pyrolysis plant may see a
shorter payback period which may make it favourable to investors.
In terms of strategic location-wise, there is basically very few pyrolysis plants in Peninsular
Malaysia. During the survey of this Study, only one large scale commercial pyrolysis plant
(120 tonnes /day) is identified which is located in Port Klang (Octagon Consolidated Bhd)
while a few small scale pyrolysis plants (20 - 30 tonnes/day) are located sparsely in some
heavy industrial zones in Peninsular Malaysia.
To facilitate a more effective recycling of ELTs from the whole Peninsular Malaysia using this
technology a centralised collection system has to be established to consolidate all the ELTs
to be delivered to this plant. Alternatively, this plant would have to work in celebration with
other facility like the cement clinker plant and shredding plant to cater for the large volume of
ELTs generated over a vast number of sources to optimise the transportation route.
40
Source: Yeung-chen, 2008 & Peters et al, 2003: Pyrolysis plant in Shanghai & Taiwan
87
3.3.7
Final Report
Shredding and Granulation
Scrap tyre can be used to produce crumb rubber in a wide range of particle size and quality
levels from the shredding and granulation process. In this process, scrap tyres initially
undergo shredding process followed by granulation process to reduce the tyre chips to a
size of less than 10 mm while liberating most of steel and fibre from rubber granules. The
steel component of the tyres and the fibre fraction is removed. Most grinding plants involve a
number of consecutive steps to produce fine granulate or rubber powder of a proper size.
Tyre shreds are usually described or measured by mesh or inch and are generally defined
as rubber that is reduced to a particle size of 3/8 inches or less. It possesses interesting
technical properties that could be beneficially used in civil engineering applications or to be
combined with other material to form plastic products. Some characteristic of tyre shred
materials are the low density, high elasticity, low stiffness, high drainage capacity and high
thermal insulation capacity.
One obvious rule of thumb for the process of tyre shredding and granulation is that the
production cost and selling price are in reverse relation to the crumb size. The smaller the
crumb size, the higher the investment cost and operating costs.
Tyre Shredding and Granulation Process
Tyre shreds are fragmented end-of-life tyres, mainly from passenger cars but also from
heavy vehicles. The fragmentation is performed by a shredder. Primary tyres are shredded
for volume reduction before transportation to recovery or disposal processes. The size of the
individual shreds is controlled by sieving and re-shredding of course shreds.
The first pass usually results in 100 300 mm large tyre shreds, the second pass results in
100 150 mm and fine tyre shreds are re-processed until the material passes the desired
sieve size. The results are disc shaped tyre shreds with protruding steel cord. The product of
tyre shreds is usually used as TDF for energy recovery.
88
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Ambient Process
Ambient grinding can be accomplished in two ways: granulation or cracker mills. In an
ambient system, the rubber, tyres or other feedstock remain at room temperature as they
enter the cracker mill or granulator. Ambient grinding is conducive to any size particle,
including whole tyres
Ambient grinding is a multi-step processing technology that uses a series of machines
(usually three) to separate the rubber, metal, and fabric components of the tyre. Whether
using granulation equipment or cracker mills, the first processing step typically reduces the
original feedstock to small chips. The second machine in the series will grind the chips to
separate the rubber from the metal and fabric. Then a finishing mill will grind the material to
the required product specification. After each processing step, the material is classified by
sifting screens that return oversize pieces to the granulator or mill for further processing.
Magnets are used throughout the processing stages to remove wire and other metal
contaminants. In the final stage, fabric is removed by air separators. Uses for the crumb
rubber or granulate produced in this process include safety and cushioning surfaces for
playgrounds, horse arenas and walking/jogging paths.
Cracker mills - primary, secondary or finishing mills - are all very similar and operate on
basically the same principle: they use two large rotating rollers with serrations cut in one or
both of them. The roll configurations are what make them different. These rollers operate
face-to-face in close tolerance at different speeds. Product size is controlled by the
clearance between the rollers. Cracker mills are low speed machines operating at about 3050 RPM. The rubber usually passes through two to three mills to achieve various particle
size reductions and further liberate the steel and fibre components.
These mills do not have screens built into the mill and as such the mill itself does not control
the final particle. A stand-alone screening system will separate sized particles from
oversize granules following the mill and re-circulate the oversize products. The crumb rubber
particles produced by the cracker mill are typically long and narrow in shape and have a high
surface area. Crumb or ground rubber produced in this process is used in the manufacture
of numerous rubber products. These include mats for domestic, commercial, recreational,
industrial and agricultural use; rubber wheels for carts and lawnmowers; insulation products;
lumber and other construction products.
Cryogenic Process
Cryogenic processing refers to the use of liquid nitrogen or other materials/methods to
freeze tyre chips or rubber particles prior to size reduction. Most rubber becomes embrittled
or "glass-like" at temperatures below -80C. The use of cryogenic temperatures can be
applied at any stage of size reduction of scrap tyres. Typically, the size of the feed material
is a nominal 2 inch chip or smaller.
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The material can be cooled in a tunnel style chamber, immersed in a "bath" of liquid
nitrogen, or sprayed with liquid nitrogen to reduce the temperature of the rubber or tyre chip.
The cooled rubber is ground in an impact type reduction unit, usually a hammer mill. This
process reduces the rubber to particles ranging from 1/4 inch minus to 30 mesh, with the
majority of the particle distribution between 1/4 inch minus and 20 mesh. A typical
throughput is 4,000 to 6,000 pounds per hour. Cryogenic grinding avoids heat degradation of
the rubber and produces a high yield of product that is free of almost all fibre or steel, which
is liberated during the process.
For scrap tyre derived rubber, the steel is separated out of the product by the use of
magnets. The fibre is removed by aspiration and screening. The resulting material appears
shiny, has clean, fractured surfaces and low steel and fibre content. The final product has a
range of particle sizes, which can be used as is or further size-reduced. Production of finer
(40 to 60 mesh) and very fine crumb rubber (60 minus and smaller mesh) requires a
secondary high intensity grinding stage.
Fine Grind - Ambient Method
Micro milling, also called wet grinding, is a processing technology used to manufacture
crumb rubber that is 40 mesh and finer. The wet grind process mixes partially refined crumb
rubber particles with water creating a slurry. This slurry is then conveyed through size
reduction and classification equipment. When the desired size is achieved, the slurry is
conveyed to equipment for removing the majority of the water and then drying. Aside from
the use of water, the same basic principles that are used in an ambient process are utilized
in a wet grinding process.
The major advantage for a wet grind process is the ability to create fine mesh crumb rubber.
While products as coarse as 40 mesh are produced, the majority of the particles are 60
mesh and finer. A percentage of the overall throughput is finer than 200 mesh. Another
advantage for a wet grind process is the cleanliness and consistency of the crumb rubber
produced. The process literally washes the crumb rubber particles. The wet process
removes the fine particles of fibre from the crumb rubber making a very clean product. The
wet process also produces a unique morphology in the particles making the end products to
be suitable in the manufacturing of several goods used in automotive applications and in
certain moulded goods. Figure 44 illustrates the summary tyre shredding and granulation
process.
91
Primary
Shredding
Secondary
Shredding
TyreShreds<20
mm
ProductasTDF
CryogenicProcess(1/4
30mesh/0.595mm)
Micromilling/
Wetgrinding
Consistent&cleancrumb
rubberof60200mesh
(0.25 0.074mm)
Productforautomotiveand
certainmouldedgoods
AmbientGrinding
(3/8 40mesh/0.42mm)
Granulation
Productforsafetycushionandsurfacefor
playgroundandjoggingpath
CrackerMills
Domestic,commercial,industrialrubber,rubber
wheels,insulationproducts
Figure 44: Flow Path of Tyre Shredding and Granulation Process
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Waste tyre shredding and granulation is practised widely around the world. There appear to
be many potential niche markets for crumb tyres and the future of markets that use shredded
tyre pieces will grow with the introduction of new technologies and breakthroughs. Listed in
Table 28 are some of the current uses of crumb tyres of different mesh sizes.
Table 28: Uses of Crumb Tyres of Different Mesh Sizes

Market
Mesh Sizes
Molded and Extruded Products
4 - 100 mesh
Asphalt Modification
16 - 40 mesh
Sport Surfacing
1/4" - 40 mesh
Automotive Products
10 - 40 mesh
Tyres
80 - 100 mesh
Rubber and Plastic Blends
10 - 40 mesh
Construction
10 - 40 mesh
Advantages of Tyre Shredding and Granulation

Questions are often asked about potential environmental risks associated with scrap tyre
materials. The most cited concerns probably are related to civil engineering application and
the effect of tyre materials on water quality. As long as tyre shreds are placed above the
water table, they appear to pose no significant, known health or environmental risks
(Nongnard Sunthonpagasit 2002). There is no evidence that tyre shreds increases the
concentration of metals of concern in meeting a primary drinking water standard (DWS).
Hence, tyre shredded recycled material in general is considered environmental friendly as
long as it is not immersed in water for prolong period of time.
The technology of tyre shredding is also more straightforward as compared to the rest of the
recycling technology and required lower investment which enable the accommodations of
small scale establishments. Unlike the process of pyrolysis or energy recovery from tyre, tyre
shredding and granulation does not depends on the operation of a heater or furnace system
which can be costly and complicated in operation. Furthermore the shredding process
basically emits almost no gaseous emission or effluent discharge except for some dust and
washing water of the tyres which can be easily handled with good housekeeping. Other
significant advantages of tyre shredding and granulation process are as follows:
(i)
(ii)
With a secure supply of scrap tyre supply tyre shredding business can be easily
established by entrepreneurs at strategic locations to cut down transportation costs of
scrap tyres from respective sources;
Less energy intense except for the power of shredding machineries as it does not
requires any furnaces or burner systems;
93
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Final Report
In terms of TDF, it can be a upstream industry which acts as a collection centre as well
as offering pre-treatment process of scrap tyres to supply shredded tyres or rubber
crumbs for downstream users for clinker kilns or pyrolysis process;
In terms of material recovery, this industry offer products which can be used in multiple
plastic and rubber industry, for instance foot ware products, floorings, carpet underlays
and automotive parts.
Demands from overseas markets for crumbed rubber are high as there is a global
shortage of rubber and crumb.
Disadvantages of Tyre Shredding and Granulation

Some of the known barriers of this technology are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The profitability of the facility is sensitive to crumb rubber prices, operating costs and
scrap tyre availability. Recyclers need to be near the raw material sources to decrease
transportation costs and guarantee procurement.
There is a lack of standards for processing crumb rubber from tyres which is a barrier
to the maturation of a market for recycled crumb as commodity material. Almost every
industrial player has its own unique system to produce crumb rubber and quality varies
widely from operation to operation;
The quality of recycled rubber from tyres is in general lower that virgin (natural and
synthetic rubber) products and may not be suitable for some high end rubber products
without undergoing expensive pretreatment, therefore recycled rubber can easily lose
its competitive edge when the worlds rubber price is low;
The economic evaluation considers a nominal 15,000 tonnes (approximately 1.8 million
tyres) per annum scrap tyre shredding and grinding facility.
P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P = profit per tyre
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Hence,
1. F = RM 0.50; consider RM 0.50 tipping fee for tyre deliver to the pyrolysis plant;
2. C = RM 1.80 per tyre ; including labour and O&M and electricity on the plant, based
on labour cost of approx. RM 16 and other variable cost of RM 200 per tons of tyre
process; (Nongnard Sunthonpagasit, Michael R Duffey, 2003)
4. D = RM 0.40 per tyre; consider for the disposal costs to treat the washing water and
disposal of dust from the shredding activity, (Nongnard Sunthonpagasit, Michael R
Duffey, 2003)
5. R = RM 6.40 per tyre for 0.1 1mm size nominal crumbs which fetch a price of RM
800 /tonne of crumbs (Sourced from http://www.tootoo.com/d-rp2673925Crumb_Rubber_And_Tyre_Buffing/).
Hence, given
P = F + R C T- D
P = 0.50 + 6.40 -1.80 -2- 0.40 = RM 2.70 per tyre
Consider the tyre shredding and granulation plant has to make capital investment of RM 15
million to setup the facility and to purchase the shredding equipment (this is based on the
average set up investment cost for a 15,000 tons/year production facility in U.S is USD 3.8
million or RM 15 million).
Given,
Payback Period

= 3.06 years
Since the payback period is about three years, this technology offers very attractive
investment to tyre recycling players. Further enhanced by green technology tax incentive
and loan scheme offered by Malaysian financial set-ups this technology is one of the few
preferable ones in local industry.
Summary of Tyre Shredding and Granulation Technology
Scrap tyre shredding and granulation industry appears to be a commercial and
environmental sustainable facility in local market. However, there still exist some uncertainty
in the market due to insecure supply of tyres and the competition of other end users of scrap
tyres especially from clinker industry for the tyre to be used as TDF. Also, for a shredding
and granulation plant to be economically viable it requires a minimum supply of 800,000
tyres per year and the sources of tyre supply must be within 250km distance from the facility.
3.3.8
Planning Analyses of Recycling Plants
Based on the surveys conducted by the Consulting Team, there are already a number of
established operators of recycling plants in the Peninsula Malaysia. There are particularly
higher concentrations of recycling plants within the Klang Valley / Port Klang area.
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Essentially, there are few factors to be considered in the planning analyses for the recycling
plants. These include the following:
The minimum size for the different types of recycling technologies (ton/year treated) to
be technical and economical viable will be described
The optimal geographical allocation of facilities and scale of operation of the facilities for
future scrap tyre recycling system will be described, taking into consideration the
presence existing facilities for recycling of scrap tyres; and
A correlation between the existing recycling plants in every zone and the amount of
scrap tyres generated are determined to assess the option of either expanding the
existing recycling plants or to put in new plants to handle the huge quantity of tyres
generated yearly by each zone.
In order to determine the optimum configurations for the proposed recycling facilities, it will
be imperative that the associated factors that contribute to a sustainable scrap tyres
recycling be investigated in parallel.
Table 29 below showed the various economic variations as a function of the various
technology options in scrap tyre recycling.
Table 29 : Economic evaluations of various technology options in tyre recycling,

reprocessing
F
P,
per
tyre
T, tyres
(tonnes)
T, tyres
(x106
pcs)
Coal Fired
Power plant
0.00
5.93
2.00
2.00
0.30
1.63
30,000
6.25
10.20
9.80
100.00
Cement Kiln
0.00
4.30
0.50
2.00
0.00
1.80
30,000
3.50
15.08
3.33
5.00
Pyrolysis
0.50
9.60
5.00
2.00
0.00
3.10
30,000
3.75
3.88
5.18
20.10
0.50
6.40
1.80
2.00
0.40
2.70
15,000
1.80
4.90
3.06
15.00
P, Total Payback Capital

(mil/yr)
(yrs)
(mil)
TDF
TDP
Shredding,
Granulation
The economic evaluation in Table 29 above is derived from the following relationship and
has been discussed in detail in Section 4.3 of this report. The above was evaluated based
on the following simple economic relationships.
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P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P
F
R
C
T
D
T, tyres (tonnes)
T, tyres ( x106 pcs)
P, Total (mil/yr)
Payback period (yrs)
Capital (mil)
= profit per tyre

= tipping fee collected per tyre by the recycling facility
= revenue received per processed tyre
= processing cost per tyre for operating the facility
= transportation cost to bring in the tyre
= disposal cost for waste products
= Total tyres used or processed in tonnes
= Total tyres used or processed in pcs
= Total Profit per year in million RM
= Estimated payback time of capital investment calculated
using Payback Period = Capital Invested / Annual Profit
= Capital Investment necessitated for reuse of tyres in the
different technology options.
TDF = Tyre Derived Fuel
TDP = Tyre Derived Products
Based on this relationship, it can be corroborated that the profit per tyre (P) is directly
proportional to the collected revenues received per processed tyre as well as the fees
received as a result of receiving those tyres. These two components are directly in response
to market demands especially where scrap tyres are processed based on tyre derived
products mainly for secondary fuel oil, rubber crumbs and steel products. The tipping fees
shall be in direct response to the user preference or in response to the market demands.
When the market demand is weak, the tipping fees may not be in place and when the market
demands improve, tipping fees may be imposable that the imposition does not amount to
hindering the profitability per processed tyre.
3.4
Incentive System
Based on the findings derived from the estimation on scrap tyres tonnage generation in the
Peninsular Malaysia in Section (4.2) of this Report, a potential 700 tonnes of scrap tyres are
generated daily in the Peninsula Malaysia in the year 2011. The breakdown of this finding is
as follows in Table 30.
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Table 30: Projected annual variation of scrap tyres generation in the Peninsular
Malaysia
Year
Generation
Recycled / Treated
Gaps
(tonnes/day)
(tonnes/day)
(tonnes/day)
2010
670
170
500
2011
702
170
532
2012
737
170
567
2013
774
170
603
2014
812
170
641
2015
853
170
682
There is a gap of about 500 metric tonnes per day starting from the year 2010 and increases
to about 700 tonnes in the year 2015. These gaps are not currently quantitatively
accountable and have been assumed to be used, sent to small scale illegal / informal
treatment plants in the Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, part of the tonnage could be
diverted to illegal dumping in various illegal dump sites, despite there are probably minimal
numbers of scrap tyres end up in designated open dumpsites. Some of the tyres may be
used (in smaller numbers) in ancillary industries and activities art crafts, horticultures,
dockyards, riverine embankments as well small nurseries.
Based on the field surveys findings, considering the various economic factors that influence
the choice of technologies employed in scrap tyres recycling, the (current) growth or
expansion rate of scrap tyres facilities in the Peninsular Malaysia may not be able to absorb
and consume these additional tonnages. The facility operators surveyed are notably
cautious in their expansion plans. They are particularly sensitive to the availability of scrap
tyres supplies that they could obtained.
This is despite the fact that based on communications from the representatives of MITI, DOE
and RMC, which have pointed out that large industrial users in clinker and cement
manufacturing business uses large tonnages of scrap tyres imported from overseas of up to
60,000 metric tonnes per annum. Large scrap tyres consumers however may continue to
rely on their current streams of supplies instead of accessing the locally generated scrap tyre
volumes due to the absence of proper logistical systems, which are (equally) commonly cited
by the small and medium size scrap tyre facilities. Logistical problems in accessing local
scrap tyres have been singled out as the most prominent problems among the formal and
informal industry players.
The loss in this opportunity tonnages, can be summarized and attributed to (largely) the
following factors (among other factors that may be part of the problems, but are insignificant)
98
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Final Report
Absence of suitable logistics systems that are able to access the generators of these
scrap tyres
Absence of suitable collection systems that are able to access and locate the
generators of these scrap tyres
Absence of suitably strong market demand for these scrap tyres (current strong
demands are only seen in areas close to the locations where there are current
operators of scrap tyres recycling and treatment facilities)
Absence of regulatory framework that addresses the unaccounted tonnage gaps in
scrap tyres generation
Absence of governmental agencies or suitable agencies empowered to manage the
scrap tyres generation
Absence of coordinated data acquisition on the scrap tyres generation themselves
Based on these observations, especially deriving from the fact that there are economic gains
that can be obtained from scrap tyres recycling and treatment that has yet to be harnessed
due to the above factors, there is a strong need to have in place a financial driver in order to
ensure that scrap tyres do not end up as litters, instead salvaged for the purpose of
economic gains. In addition, market demands for commodities like fuel and steel may
generate short term interests by irresponsible parties that may resort into illegal activities of
attempting to extract these materials from scrap tyres in crude manners that eventually
caused further impacts to the environmental settings within which these illegal operators ply
their short term activities
Environmental impacts due to uncoordinated management of scrap tyres are quite
established, especially in the proliferation of vector borne diseases, contamination of water
resources and affecting proper land use management. These are not discussed in detail in
this report.
3.4.1
Perspectives in Scrap Tyre Management Incentives
In developing the proposed scrap tyres incentive system for the Peninsular Malaysia, other
incentive systems available in the Malaysia as well as other countries in the region and the
world has been explored during this study, in order to ensure that all options in a scrap tyre
management are considered and evaluated. The primary components of the incentive
system investigated have been
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The responsible agency (or agencies) that will oversee the implementation of the
incentive system
The incentive options to include among others legal and regulatory requirements on
the various logistical setup in the handling and transportation of scrap tyres, fees and
subsidies including penalties
Sustainability of the system that will eventually be expected to support the tyre
recycling industries
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Particular reference to the information and experiences from the system implemented in
Sarawak have been taken into account due to the reportedly early implementation of the
system, geographical proximity of the state of Sarawak operating framework as well as the
generally shared institutions and legal frameworks in the management and administration of
environmental aspects of the state to the Peninsular Malaysia.
Prevailing issues around the projected incentive system deliberated have been among
others as follows,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3.4.2
The most appropriate business model for the scrap tyre management; The TOR
document questions whether a concessionaire(s) model (is) suitable, given the current
existence of multiple collectors and operators, the availability status of the current
collection, transportation, storage and treatment or scrap tyres respectively
The need and feasibility for the introduction of common financial instrument (e.g. tax,
levies, subsidies) on the sustainability of the scrap tyres management. Should the
need is established how are these financial instrument(s) determined, what is the size
of levy, tax, subsidies on scrap tyres is required
The consequential needs in the management and regulation of the levy vis--vis
availability of legal framework, legal agencies etc.
The Sarawak Used Tyre Economic Instrument
The development of the Sarawaks economic instrument in the management of used tyres
was spearheaded by a working group (WG) led by the Natural Resources and Environment
Board (NREB) (EPU, 2004). Members of the WG comprised representatives of:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Natural Resources and Environment Board, Sarawak (Chair);

Regional Economics and Environment Section, EPU;
Kuching North City Hall (DBKU);
Kuching City South Council (MBKS);
Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA), Sarawak
State Attorney General;
State Financial Secretary;
Sarawak Tyre Dealers Association;
Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd; and
EPU-DANIDA project team
The Kuchings sustainable urban development (SUD) project, required the state government
to outline a policy that could put in place a sustainable collection and disposal system for
used tyres, with the emphasis of developing an economic approach that generate revenue to
meet the used tyres management system cost (NREB/DANCED, 2001). The project has
determined that the collection and treatment system of used tyres are the core components
that need to be put in place in order to ensure that used tyres are properly accounted for in
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their collection, transportation and delivered at premises duly approved by the state
authorities. .
There have been no proper used tyre collection system exist in Sarawak then although there
have been a comprehensive integrated solid waste management system commissioned and
implemented for Kuching in the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of
municipal solid waste since June 2000.
Options of the economic instrument
The handbook of economic instrument reported that the project team (EPU/Danida, 2001)
for the Sarawaks scrap tyre system has been requested to determine the nature of the
product charge or tax and estimate the cost of the subsidy required to implement the
collection system
In designing the economic instrument for the State, the project team examined an option on
a sales tax on tyres to finance the cost of improving the system of collection and disposal,
refer to Table 31 below. This tax was to be paid into a proposed Sarawak Scrap Tyre Fund,
which would provide private firms with a subsidy to meet the cost of the tyre recycling
system. The project team attempted to provide insights into two key economic questions:
(i) Nature of the tax instrument; and
(ii) Whether the improved system can be self-financing
Table 31: Options for tax on new tyres in Sarawak (EPU, 2001)
Options
Consideration
Product charge
The method for implementation could either be based on type of

vehicle, or on weight or volume displaced. The former method would
be simpler administratively while the latter would be more accurate
as weight and volume are closely related to potential environmental
harm. The charge should also cover the unit administrative costs of
running the scheme
Scrap tyre
auction
Might not be suitable in Sarawak at present in view of the limited size

of the market and small number of potential bidders
Government
direct refund of
scrap tyre
subsidy
Private sector retailers are reimbursed from a State scrap tyre fund
for buyback payments or refunds issued to consumers returning
used tyres. The government needs to determine the retailers
programme administration cost and profit, and also oversee the
system to minimize fraud.
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The project team finally then recommended and concluded a product charge was the most
feasible option if the polluter-pays-principle and sustainability were to be applied. A sales tax
was proposed as the instrument of collection.
The handbook further establishes that an estimated RM2.9 million a year could potentially be
raised if unit charges of RM3 a tyre for passenger cars and RM18 a tyre for trucks were
imposed. An additional revenue of RM1.5 million could be obtained by selling recycled items
from the tyres such as crumb rubber (RM1.1 million), steel (RM0.3 million), and
canvas/textile (RM0.09 million). The estimated revenue, from the tax and other revenues,
was about RM4.4million.The final recommendation was for the product charge to be pegged
at RM450 a tonne.
The impact of the economic instrument was analyzed at two levels, the first being the
distribution between private vehicles and commercial vehicles, and the second was that of a
more detailed impact on private vehicles. The handbook however did not elaborate further
on the impacts details.
The handbook establishes information on the distribution of sales tax impact. It was
determined by the WG that the product charge on used tyres would be higher than the
present cost of disposal to the sanitary landfill (about RM200 per tonne), thus allowing for a
safe and more appropriate method of disposal. The additional cost to road users was
estimated to be about RM2 million per year. Of this amount, RM1 million would be charged
to users of private vehicles, and RM1 million would be charged to truck and bus owners.
This was considered to be negligible.
It is worth noting that by the time the economic instrument analysis was conducted, only an
open controlled-tipping dumpsite was available in Kuching for the disposal of solid waste,
including a designated cell/area for the emplacement of used tyre, thus contributing to the
cost of disposal of about RM 200 per tonne). The Kuching Integrated Waste Management
Park (KIWMP) was only operational by the end of 2004 and the facility did not allow any
reception of used tyre in the sanitary landfill
The handbook further reported that the impact on road users due to the additional charge on
tyres was small compared to other road use charges. This was based on the assumption
that an average car owner changed tyres every three to four years, thus providing the annual
tyre charge at an estimated cost of about RM3.50 compared to RM10 for stamp duty on
insurance cover of RM10, and RM200 to RM300 a year for road tax.
3.4.3
Options in Economic Instrument International Experiences
Malaysia
The Malaysian Handbook of Economic Instrument for Environmental Management
(EPU/DANIDA, 2001) outlines that the application of an economic instrument depends on
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the legal framework, and its suitability and relevance with respect to managing an
environmental problem. The types of economic instruments described in the handbook:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Taxes, charges and cess;

Subsidies, fiscal incentives and grants;
Deposit refund (D-R) system;
Performance bonds;
Market creation instruments; and
Voluntary initiatives.
The handbook establishes that the basis for applying economic instruments is property
rights. If rights cannot be assigned or allocated, it is difficult to implement an economic
instrument. Economic instruments are designed to influence those who exercise rights to
use property or services (eg. in terms of consumption, production method, action towards
environmental conservation, etc.) in a sustainable manner
International Practices
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)43 outlines a detailed
and differentiated global regions and countries that have adopted different types of end of
life tyres (ELT) management systems that respond to the varied cultural and political needs,
as well as to address the specific ELT situation facing the region.
WBCSD identified three different existing options
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
The free market model

The tax-based model, and
The producer responsibility model.
WBCSD further establishes that many countries have adopted a hybrid of these approaches.
Table 32 below provides an overview of the models.
43
www.wbcsd.org/web/tyres
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Final Report
Table 32: End of Life Tyre Management Models

ExistingELTManagementModels
Producer Responsibility
Free Market Model
Tax Model
Model
Consumer pays fee at tyre
purchase: all fees
transferred to join
organization
Consumer pays fee at

tyre purchase: fee is
then transferred along
management chain
Consumer pays fee at

tyre purchase: fees
transferred to
government
Disposal route
Recycling/recovery. Some
governments may require
minimum material & of
recycling or retreading
Recycling/recovery
without targets
Recycling/recovery,
eventually with targets
managed by
government
Tyre
until final disposal

documentation is received
by appointed recycler
in some cases must

report ELT recovery
trends to government
to grant that the tax

is transferred from
consumer to
government
enforcement
Legal framework around PR

model, identifying relevant
responsibilities
Same as for any

nonhazardous waste
Governments and
producers/importers
responsibilities
established by law
Responsibility
for
Person performing the illegal

dumping
Person performing the

illegal dumping
Person performing the

illegal dumping
Tyre industry not

responsible, but often
voluntary oversees disposal
to maintain good relationship
and credibility with
authorities
Government
responsibility if the
directly responsible
person is not identified
Government
responsibility
Disposal fee
and
how the fee is
collected (flow
of
the fee)
manufacturers
responsibility
Government
illegal
dumping
Responsibility
for
historical
stockpiles
Case Studies from other countries in the world44

An international compilation of practices by different countries in the world in terms of
economic instruments adopted by the respective countries spanning few decades of
historical deliberations have been examined.
The examples of systems for the collection and treatment of used tyres show quite varied
and different possibilities for the placement of responsibilities or obligations of the various
stakeholders including how funds and fees are managed and disbursed.
44
www.wbcsd.org/.../Appendices-Tyres-FrameworkForEffectiveELTManagementSystems-Final.pdf
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Chile; Development of a Producer Responsibility Model

The Chilean government is promoting Producer Responsibility (PR) model (2010), in a
joint effort with recently formed Chilean Tyre Chamber (CINC). It is hoped that this
voluntary agreement can later be used as the basis for a law on ELT management. The
voluntary program started by Goodyear Chile in 2004 is being shown by the authorities
as a good example to follow. The government has asked Goodyear to perform an
exhibition of their ELT work, and is preparing a law under the extended producer
responsibility concept. It is also promoting a voluntary agreement like Goodyears for
other companies, to be used before the law is enforced. The government intention is that
the costs and responsibility to dispose correctly the used tyres be aggregated on the
value of the tyres.
Korea; Changing to an Extended Producer Responsibility Model
In 1991, the Ministry of Environment in Korea started a deposit-refund scheme, run by
KOTMA, the Korean Tyre Manufacturers Association. In this scheme, producers or
importers had to deposit some money with the government for tyre waste disposal
(based on quantity of tyres), money which was refunded after the completion of the
actual recycling of their products. This was because some producers / importers paid the
deposit yet did not recycle the tyres presumably because the deposit was not high
enough. This was replaced by an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) model in
January 2003.
Producers or importers now take full responsibility for recycling and disposal of their
products, in a system based on individual tyre weight. The Ministry of Environment
charges mandatory recycling amounts on producers and importers every year related to
their ELT generation, business condition for recycling, etc. If their actual results for ELT
recycling do not live up to the mandatory amount, additional cost of recycling is charged.
There are 28 collection companies (designated by KOTMA) and 48 recycling companies.
The European Union; Promoting the Producer Responsibility Model

In the European Union (EU), landfilling ELTs has been prohibited since 2006 following
the European directive 1999/31/EC. By 2008, the European ELT recovery rate had
reached an average of 95% across all 27 states. Today, 60% of the volume is managed
under a Producer Responsibility system, promoted by the tyre industry, which endorses
its benefits related to sustainability, efficiency and transparency for the consumers, the
operators and the administration.
In 2010, 14 different ELT management companies were operating, set up by the tyre
manufacturers, and mandated by the producers to collect and organize the treatment of
100% of the volumes of tyres sold collectively by these companies on the national
market. An environmental fee is charged to the consumers, usually through a separate
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line on the invoice and independently of the location of the collection point. It has been
observed that this fee is decreasing overtime.
The chain is managed by the ELT company from collection to recovery or recycling, with
the support of a reliable and transparent traceability or auditing system. Following the
new waste framework directive (2008/98/EC), ELT-derived products will be studied
according to certain criteria to potentially be recognized as a secondary raw material or
an alternative energy source, and may no longer be considered as a waste in the future.
(Source: European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers Association, ETRMA)
Hungary; Changing from Tax to Producer Responsibility Model45
The Eco Tax System for several waste streams (e.g. tyres, oils, packaging, electrical
equipment) was introduced in Hungary in 1995. In 2003, following much dissatisfaction,
the government changed the law to replace this with a producer responsibility scheme.
By the end of 2005, the Hungarian tyre industry had decided to establish its own ELT
company to manage this. Established in 2006 , first by one manufacturer and rapidly
joined by 4 others, the company, Hurec, is now fairly efficient in managing the stream of
ELTs to the benefit of its clients (manufacturers, tyre importers, car dealers) and also
actively provides support to the government on further legal improvements.
Spain; Rapid Progress within the Producer Responsibility Model
In Spain, a producer responsibility scheme has been in place since 2006. Confronted
with huge landfill rates throughout the country (in 2004 over 70% of ELTs were sent to
landfill), the government introduced producer responsibility obligations by law. This was
following the similar existing laws and practices in other European countries. The Signus
ELT management company owned by the 5 largest tyre manufacturers was set up in
May 2005, began operating in 2006 and reached its 100% collection and recovery target
in 2008, a very short period of time. This rapid progress was made possible with strong
cooperation between Signus and other European experienced ELT companies who
shared learning and best practice with Signus46.
France; Further Progress within the Producer Responsibility Model
In France, the Aliapur ELT management company, owned by the 5 largest tyre
manufacturers, has been in operation since 2004. Over its 6 years of experience, Aliapur
has become a clear and credible reference case, with two recent progresses:
(i) Historic stockpiles: according to the French decree on used tyre disposal, tyre
producers have been responsible for the treatment of annual ELT generation since
2004, with allocation of responsibility determined by volume of sales on the national
45
46
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Final Report
market. This decree does not include any reference to the treatment of abandoned
ELT stockpiles (approximately 200,000 tonnes).In order to progress on the treatment
of those stockpiles, in 2005 Aliapur financed an abatement program to deal with
30,000 tonnes.
An important agreement was signed in February 2008 between the manufacturers,
the distributors and the government aiming to treat all remaining stockpiles over the
next 10 years.
(ii) Aliapur supports different R&D projects for the promotion of new, sustainable, and
valuable recycling and recovery routes. Such projects, generally lasting 2-3 years,
are collaborative and involve different industries, the government, laboratories and
Aliapur. One of the projects recently clarified the biomass fraction of ELTs used as an
alternative energy (about 20%), and, as a consequence, this value related to the
decrease of the CO emissions is now officially recognized in France, with the
support of the administration.(Source: European Tyre and Rubber Manufacturers
Association, ETRMA
Free Market System: United States of America
The United States based tyre manufacturers started a shared product responsibility
ELT management program in 1990: this is a free market system. This approach is based
on the concept that all entities that have contact or control of or over the tyre are
responsible for their portion of their management scheme. This includes the tyre
manufacturer, the tyre retailer, the consumer, collectors/transporters, tyre processors,
the company that uses tyre-derived material and the state regulatory agency. ELTs are
not regulated by the federal government, but by individual US states. Most states have
some type of regulatory system governing ELT management. Many conduct market
development activities. States have played an integral role in providing funding and
management to significantly reduce the number of tyres in stockpiles. In 1990, over 1
billion ELTs were stockpiled across the US. Now, fewer than 130 million ELTs remain
stockpiled.
California47 a Command and Control Approach48
It is estimated that, for the time being 65% of Californias used tyres are reused, recycled
or incinerated, while 35% are legally or illegally stored at landfills or other sites. The
recycling facilities of California are not able to consume all the used tyres generated. For
this reason, the Californian system for collection and treatment of used tyres seems to
focus very much on the storage of used tyres, using special Waste Tyre Facility Permits
in order to prevent environmental, health or safety threats from tyre fires. The system
includes a fee on the sale of new tyres. The collected revenue is deposited in a fund
which allocates money for the changing tyre programme needs.
47
NREB/DANCED A study on used tyres in the area of Kuching, 2001
48
www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Tyres
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Final Report
A national organisation, the California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) is

responsible for the regulation, development and funding of used tyre activities in
California. It is expected that an increasing use of waste tyres as feedstock material in
commercial applications will solve the problems from legal and illegal storage of used
tyres.
A fee is collected from the retailers of new tyres. Otherwise focus is put upon the
registration of waste tyre haulers that is any person or company who want to collect used
tyres. Likewise, focus is put upon permits for waste tyre facilities, meaning locations for
storage or stockpiling of used tyres.
An Evolving Free Market System: Japan
In the 1960s, End-of-Life Tyres had a monetary value in Japan. This changed in the
1970s with soaring demand for tyres and therefore more ELTs being generated annually,
and a major revision of the Waste Management Law in Japan for controlling waste
treatment. Therefore in the mid-1970s, fees were levied on the collection of End-of-Life
Tyres, and JATMA developed an End-of-Life Tyres Control Committee in 1971. In the
1980s, increased energy demands boosted ELT demand, used as effective alternative
fuels because of their high heat potential.
From the 1990s to the year 2000, the demand of ELTs has been affected by the
changing oil price. The tyre industry has begun strengthening tyre disposal measures
and, from 2001, the tyre industry sought to cultivate large-scale and interregional users
including paper mills, gasification furnaces and biomass power reactors. Even in a
country where the free market system is used for ELTs, tyre associations and the tyre
industry needs to cooperate closely to ensure high recovery rates required by
governmental regulations. (Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, JATMA)
Denmark49
In Denmark (1997), 93% of all small tyres were collected and recycled. The new
objective concerning all types of used tyres is recycling or incineration of 80% of all
discarded tyres before 2004. The existing recycling capacity is expected to be sufficient
to achieve the objective for 2004. The Danish system is based on a take-back scheme
made by an agreement between the Danish Minister for Environment and Energy, the
Danish Motor Trade Association, the Association of Danish Recycling Industries and
municipal associations. The agreement requests enterprises selling tyres to take back a
corresponding number of discarded tyres without additional costs for the consumer. The
system includes a fee which has to be paid by the producers, importers or dealers of
tyres. The fee finances the collection and treatment, administration of the scheme and
information campaigns. The fee system is administered by the taxation authorities, while
the collection system is administered by a special national organisation: the Danish Tyre
Trade Environmental Foundation. The municipalities are the authority responsible for
49
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Final Report
waste collection and therefore for enforcing that all generators of used tyre use the
collection and treatment system established.
The system includes the obligation for the generators of used tyres to segregate the
tyres at the source. According to the special Danish take-back system, the producers
(producers, importers, dealers) are obliged to pay a fee and to take back used tyres
without additional costs for the consumer. Furthermore, the professional collectors of
used tyres are requested to receive all tyres from enterprises collecting or receiving
discarded tyres, and to deliver these for recycling or incineration. Collectors also have a
general obligation to report the types and quantities of the transported waste. The
collectors have to be registered by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, and the
treatment plants have to be approved by the authorities.
Sweden50
In 1999, 92% of the Swedish used tyres were collected and handled according to the
Swedish regulations for waste tyres, which means that only about 2% of the collected
tyres were landfilled, about 40% were used for various types of energy recovery, about
30% were reused or recycled and about 18 % were exported. The recycling capacity in
Sweden seems to be sufficient for the appropriate treatment of used tyres.
The Swedish system differs totally from the Californian and Danish fee-systems by
placing the total responsibility for collection, information, removal and recycling on the
producers, importers or dealers of tyres. Because of the producer responsibility, a feesystem is not necessary. The non-profit national organisation SDAB is responsible for
the overall supervision of the Swedish collection system for used tyres. The principals of
the organisation are the Swedish Association of Tyre Suppliers and the Swedish
Federation of Tyre Specialists with its retreading division. The SDAB co-operates with
the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. A private company, Ragn-Sells AB, has
been named general contractor for the collection and handling of tyres.
The total responsibility for the Swedish system is placed with the producers (producers,
importers, dealers). Of course, there has to be co-operation with the local authorities and
the consumers, but by national ordinance, the producers still maintain the responsibility
for information, collection and treatment of used tyres in Sweden. The producers are
requested to receive waste tyres and take care that they are handled in a way which is
approved by the authorities. A producer also has to give information to the Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency concerning amounts, reuse, recycling and recovery of
the delivered waste tyres.
50
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Final Report
Taiwan51, 52
In Taiwan, a management system for used tyres has been established by the
Environmental Protection Agency. The system is financed by the Resource Recovery
Fund. The sources of the Resource Recovery Fund come from the fees paid by the tyre
manufacturers. The fees cover the administrative cost of the system and the subsidies
for the recycling firms in order to make the recycling profitable. The Resource Recovery
Fund is set up based on the provisions provided under the Resource Recovery Act,
stipulating that importers, manufacturers and traders have the responsibility to recover
the resources of the items which are recyclable. There are about 10 appointed recyclers
of used tyres in Taiwan, who process some 20 million used tyres per year.
The fee and subsidy system is administered by the Resource Recovery Fund. A rate
committee fixes the fees to be paid. A Management Committee of the Resource
Recovery Fund is responsible for the distribution of the subsidies for the recovery
/recycling of the used tyres, while an Audit Committee carries out the auditing of the
recycle factories.
Ontario, Canada; Shared Responsibility
In 2009, Ontario changed its ELT management legislation, to shift the costs from the
government and taxpayer to the industry and its consumers. This is different from much
of the rest of Canada where fees are collected by the retailer. From 1 September 2009,
the tyre industry had legal responsibility to pay fees based on what they sell in Ontario
(but not on ELTs that leave Ontario).
Different stakeholder responsibilities are:
51
(i)
Provincial Government/Ministry of the Environment

Establishes diversion policy & sets program requirements
Provides guidance during program development
Approves or rejects program
(ii)
Waste Diversion Act Board

Establishes Industry Funding Organization (IFO) to co-ordinates industry
initiatives monitors IFO performance
(iii)
Industry Funding Organization (called Ontario Tyre Stewardship, OTS)

IFO manages program development & implementation
Stewards contribute to plan development through participation in consultation
process
Stewards register, report & pay fees to OTS
52
Chang, N. B. Economic and policy instrument analyses in support of the scrap tyre recycling program in Taiwan; available
online http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41016818.pdf
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OTS uses fees to pay for collecting, storing, transporting, processing, marketing
ELTs
New Zealand53
In New Zealand, there are no central or local government regulations that relate
specifically to the management of EOL tyres, instead relied on a number of broader
controls that exist and are relevant in the management of EOL tyres.
The New Zealands Litter Act54 provide a general and broad regulatory instrument that
prohibits illegal emplacement of EOL tyres on any property, whether publicly or privately
owned, without the owner's permission
Further, under the New Zealands Resource Management Act (RMA), it is stated that no
person may use any land in a manner that contravenes a rule in a district plan or
proposed district plan unless the activity is expressly allowed by a resource consent
granted by the territorial authority responsible for the plan. As tyres storage is a form of
land use and the act of storing the tyres on it onto any land render the land nonfunctional for any other use planned by the local authorities, therefore the act of storing
or dumping tyres in any land is a prohibited act. Accordingly, local authorities have the
clear ability to control or ban tyre piles through their district plans. The RMA can also be
used to prohibit or control the establishment of tyre piles where another activity that
requires consent - such as moving earth to create space for a pile - needs to be
undertaken to create the pile
Similarly, the New Zealands Local Government Act (Part 8) gives local authorities the
right to make bylaws to protect the public from nuisance, and to maintain public health
and safety. It explicitly states that this includes the right to pass bylaws on:
(i) Waste management
(ii) Trade wastes
(iii) Solid wastes
A report to the Ministry of Environment New Zealand55, concluded in their study for the
management and storage options available for EOL tyres that a nationally or regionally
integrated system for the collection and transport of end-of-life tyres to specific storage
facilities would provide the level of monitoring and control that, given the literature,
appears to be required to manage end-of-life tyres.
The report further corroborated their findings to systems that are provided in the United
Kingdom and the United States, in which there are specific companies that are
53
http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/management-end-of-life-tyres-jan04/html/page1.html
54
www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0041/latest/DLM33082.html
MWH New Zealand Ltd, End-of-Life Tyre Management: Storage Options Final Report for the Ministry for the Environment,
July 2004
55
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Final Report
authorised to collect end-of-life tyres and transport them to authorised tyre storage
facilities. The report further emphasized that an integrated system would also maximise
the amount of tyres that could be used in tyre reprocessing operations.
South Africa
The minimum tread depth of a tyre in South Africa is legally fixed at 1.0 mm by the
Council of the South African Bureau of Standard (CSABS, 2005) as opposed to that in
the EU, Japan and the US which are currently at 1.6 mm (USDT, 2001). This creates
seemingly ironic new markets for used tyres from these countries. Used tyres in these
countries are therefore usable in South Africa and tyres imported from those countries
for retreading in many case are directly sold into the market for a short life span of two to
three months, thus further compounding the stockpile of waste tyres (SAMTC, 2005)
The Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism identify waste tyre as a special waste
in terms of the Environment Conservation Act. Local governments however reuse to
accept waste tyres at their disposal sites despite their responsibility to provide waste
management services. The refusal stems from the disruption that the tyres caused to
waste landfills. The lack of incentives, policy directives and enforceable legislation
causes waste tyre illegally dumped in the open, as well as uncontrollably burnt to recover
the steel strap.
Germany56
The EUs most industrialized nation, probably has the best scrap tyre recycling record
amongst its peers. While it generates more scrap tyres than any other nation, it recycles
most of them (78% in 2003). Tyre-derived fuel (TDF) is the most important end-market in
Germany. There is no specific regulation that applies to scrap tyres. There are also no
specific organizations that co-ordinate or manage scrap tyre programs. While increased
recycling rates are expected following EU regulations, high growth rates are unlikely as
the industry is already well developed.
The industry structure is fairly similar to what exists across Europe. Tyre retailers and
others collect scrap tyres from consumers. Collectors transport the tyres to processors
who process them for end-markets.
Scrap tyre generation is likely to grow further as recycling rates improve but at a lesser
pace than other European peers. Automotive demand in Germany has been stagnant for
the past few years, which means that replacement demand is likely to be flat for the next
few years.
The main industry driver is Germany is the demand from the end markets since there is
no regulation that specifically deals with scrap tyres.
56
Tyre Recycling Industry; The Global Overview. www.irevna.com
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Final Report
Tyre-derived fuel is the main end-market for scrap tyres in Germany. While tyre-derived
fuel accounted for 68% of the recycling market in 2003, tyre-derived products accounted
for 24%.
Demand for tyre-derived products is expected to outpace demand for tyre-derived fuel,
since the tyre-derived products market is still in a nascent stage. While demand for tyrederived fuel should benefit from higher energy prices, a still sluggish German economy
and industrial production should partially offset it.
There is no specific legislation in Germany for scrap tyre recycling. The generally
applicable law is the Act for promoting closed substance cycle waste management. A
few waste categories are governed by ordinances while others are governed through
voluntary organizations. Germany prefers a voluntary industry approach to scrap tyre
recycling to a regulatory approach
Australia
In Australia, the current system is based on the following57:
Legislation that calls for retailer, transporter and recycler / land fill operator to take
responsibility for safe waste tyre handling, storage, disposal and offers stiff penalties
for illegal operations.
Substantial private investment at all levels; retailer, transporter, recycler, waste
management.
A high degree of competition at all levels which delivers effective market mechanisms
in many respects albeit there is room for improvement in recycling market
development
Market flexibility to create, react to and embrace new initiatives
The requirement that EPA legislation be fully enforced
In a paper published by the association in response to the NSW EPA consultation paper,
the Australian Tyre Recyclers Association summarized that the government should
facilitate the introduction of a levy benefit scheme used to fund:
57
A fully resourced, national audit and enforced waste tracking system, to be delivered
by the State EPA Offices
Rebates to recyclers on sales to encourage recycling and compete with cheaper
imported crumb
Rebates for end use manufactures to compete with virgin products
Clean ups of tyres dumped from operators who have ceased trading, and
A consumer/industry education campaign and
Assist market development, especially through government buying strategies
favouring recycled product
http://www.atra.or.au
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Singapore
Scrap tyres management in Singapore is part of the integrated waste management
system of Singapore. The waste management system is based on the combination of a
regulatory set up, availability of incentives and funds for eligible waste minimisation and
3R programs and activities, including tax incentives
The public waste collection in Singapore is managed by four licensed Public Waste
Collectors that are responsible for the collection of waste from residential and trade
premises. They are also required to provide recycling services under the Singapores
National Recycling Program (NRP). Waste from commercial and industrial premises
however are collected separately by licensed general waste collectors. Waste that are
not disposed at Singapores four municipal solid waste incinerators / waste to energy
plants are sent for recycling.
Scrap tyres recycling in Singapore was at 88%58 recycling rate while in 2010 at 83%59.
There are nine scrap tyre recycling centres in Singapore that provide services for the
collection, transportation, rethreading, reprocessing and trading60.
Thailand
There are established, complex regulatory frameworks in the management of solid waste
in Thailand. There are however unclear demarcation among the responsible central
agencies and complicated relationship between local municipalities and central
agencies. These have resulted in the various inabilities of the local municipalities project
implementation capacity both technically and financially. There are designated funds and
incentives introduced by the government in promoting recycling. Thailands recycling rate
is for municipal solid waste is about 22%.
There are three scrap tyre recovery facilities in Thailand61 with total annual processing
capacity of approximately 20,000 metric tonnes. Thailands new tyre production capacity
is at 60,000 metric tonnes per year.
Scrap tyre collection systems are largely based on informal sectors and recycling
companies purchase scrap tyres at approximately 1.8 2.0 baht per kilogram. Scrap
tyres recovery products are either exported or used in the local markets.
58
2008
59
http://app2.nea.gov.sg/topics_wastestats.aspx
60
http://www.nea.gov.sg; http://app2.nea.gov.sg/data/cmsresource/20101123253319936830.pdf
61
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/contents/APEIS/RISPO/inventory/db/pdf/0089.pdf
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Table 33: Summary of Scrap Tyre Management in Different Countries of the World62
Canada
Japan
France
Germany
United
Kingdom
Italy
4,139,100
317,520
1,004,000
372,330
600,000
450,000
388,389
271
34
Minimal
NA
NA
NA
NA
Recycling
rates
80%
86%
52%
78%
59%
70%
Main endmarkets
Tyrederived
fuel, Civil
engineering
products
Vary across
states, mostly
molded
products
Tyre-derived
fuel
Tyre-derived
products
Tyre-derived
fuel
Tyre-derived
products
Tyre-derived
fuel
Regulation
At state
level;
almost all
states have
laws
dealing with
scrap tyre
manageme
nt
At state level;
almost all
states have
laws dealing
with scrap
tyre
management
Regulated
as part of
solid waste
Manufacturer
s and
importers
responsible
for scrap tyre
management
No specific
Whole and
regulation for shredded
scrap tyres
tyres banned
from landfills,
voluntary
approach by
industry
preferred
Regulatory
framework
still evolving
Stewardship
programs
Yes; At
state level
Yes; At state
level
None
None, but
Aliapur coordinates the
scrap tyre
management
program
None
None, but
Tyre
Recovery
Association
co-ordinates
the program
None
Competition
Intense
High
Other
comments
Highly
advanced
market
Well
established
industry
Scrap Tyre
Spain
Generation
Existing
stockpiles
1 In tonnes
2 In millions
Accountability and Traceability: Examples of Manifest Systems63
A minimum four-part system is generally practiced in the free market system, in which
there are four copies of the individual manifest:
-
Copy 1 given to the UT owner on disposal

Copy 2 given to the distributor / retailer
Copy 3 sent to the state regulatory agency
Copy 4 kept by the collector
A copy for the processor and / or recovery and recycling companies could also be
required. However, in Korea a 3 part manifest system works effectively:
62
http://www.irevna.com
63
End-of-Life Tyres (ELTs): a Framework for Effective Management Systems (WBCSD, June 2010)
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Final Report
1) The collectors/transporters issue 3 copies of the individual manifest when they collect
ELTs from the UT owners or distributors/retailers:
-
copy 1 given to the UT owner or the distributors/retailers

copy 2 kept by the collectors/transporters
copy 3 sent to KOTMA
2) The recovery or recycling companies issues 3 copies of the individual manifest when
the collectors/transporters supply them with ELTs:
-
copy 1 given to the collectors/transporters

copy 2 kept by the recovery/recycling companies
copy 3 sent to KOTMA
KOTMA manages the collection and provision of ELTs with the manifest copies given by
the collectors/transporters and by the recovery/ recycling companies. This system is
generally in place in countries operating a Producer Responsibility model.
In Japan, a 7 part manifest system works effectively:
1) The distributors/retailers issue 7 copies of the individual manifest when they discharge
ELTs to the collectors/transporters:
-
copy A kept by the distributors/retailers

copy B1 kept by the collectors/transporters
copy B2 signed by the collectors/transporters and sent to the distributors/retailers
copy C1 kept by the tyre shredder
copy C2 signed by the tyre shredder and sent to the collectors/transporters
copy D signed by the tyre shredder and sent to the sent to distributors/retailers
copy E signed by the tyre shredder after receiving second manifest copy D from
the
recovery/recycling companies and sent to the distributors/retailers
2) The tyre shredder issues 6 copies of the individual manifest when they discharge
ELTs to the collectors/transporters:
-
copy A kept the tyre shredder

copy B1 kept by the collectors/transporters
copy B2 signed by the collectors/transporters and sent to the tyre shredder
copy C1 kept by the recovery/recycling companies
copy C2 signed by the recovery/recycling companies and sent to the
collectors/transporters
copy D signed by the recovery/recycling companies and sent to the tyre shredder.
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Final Report
JATMA developed this manifest system in accordance with the Japanese Waste
Management Law.
3.4.4
Incentive Model for Peninsula Malaysia
In the case of scrap tyres management in the Peninsula Malaysia, the Consulting team
noted the following for the proposed incentive model for the Peninsular Malaysia.
The Handbook of Economic Instruments in Environmental Management of Malaysia
highlights a number of economic instruments and measures that could be introduced. The
handbook however excludes the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), and
provide a relatively wide emphasis on the product charge or taxation based system. This is
slightly different from the management of scheduled wastes where such waste are subject to
the various regulations that requires all waste generators to notify and generate tracking
documents for all of their scheduled wastes. The various parties involved in the collection,
transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal are registered and licensed.
The European Union in line with the Basels Revised Guidelines on environmentally sound
management of Used Waste tyre 200864, has identified three different systems for managing
waste tyre. The three systems are:
The producer responsibility based system.

Under this system the law will be used to define the legal framework and assigns the
responsibility to the producers (tyre manufacturers and importers) to manage the
processing of waste tyres. A national operating company or association, usually a nonprofit organization, is created and funded by producers who will contribute to a common
fund to covers the cost of collecting and disposing of tyres. This system placed more
emphasis on the collection of waste tyre.
The tax based system.

This system the recovery and recycling of scrap tyres will be financed by a tax or fees
levied on tyre production or importation. Such tax or fees will likely to be passed on to
the consumer. The government, with the funds collected, in return will be responsible for
implementation of the collection and disposal of scrap tyres.
The free market based system

In a free market based system, the laws will set the objectives to be met but does not
define those who shall be responsible for the implementation. In this way, all those that
are involved are free to operate under free market conditions but must act in compliance
with legislation. This usually requires voluntary cooperation between companies to
promote best practices.
64
www.basel.int/meetings/oewg/oewg7/docs/i09e.pdf
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Final Report
Table 34 below summaries the type of systems adopted for managing scrap tyres in various
countries.
Table 34: Type of systems adopted for managing scrap tyres in various countries65
Producer Responsibility
Europe (Belgium, Finland,
France, Greece, Hungary,
Norway, the Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Spain, Sweden, and the
Tax-based System
Free Market System
Europe (Denmark , Latvia,

Slovak
Europe (Austria, Germany,
Republic)
Kingdom)
United States (most states)
United States (some states)
Ireland, Switzerland, United
Czech Republic), Turkey

Italy in 2011
Brazil Canada,
Canada (British Columbia)
Australia
While not all of the system elements appear in all states or adopted dedicatedly and
decidedly by any states, the agreement that can be inferred in the above grouping is that any
effective system of scrap tyres management / incentive program must include some or all of
the following features:
Registration or licensing of haulers and processors; use of manifests; financial

assurance requirements.
Ban on stockpiles; provision for remediation
Limitations on landfilling of whole or processed tyres
Establishment of dedicated taxes or similar instrument for scrap tyre related programs
Assistance to create or expand scrap tyre markets
Public private partnerships that create scrap tyre markets
The aim of the economic instrument for scrap tyre management in the Peninsula Malaysia is
conceivably to create a market-pull demand for scrap tyres thus making inappropriate
disposal of used tyres financially unattractive. Legislative requirements that are already in
existence across the waste definitions in the Solid Waste Management Act, The
Environmental Quality Act could be adopted to provide the existing framework to create this
market pull conditions. The schemes objective is to divert all used tyres away from landfill
and into uses where the maximum resource value can be recovered.
Registration or licensing of haulers and processors; manifests; financial assurance
requirements
The first of these common features is a provision for establishing regulatory control over the
business entities that deal with scrap tyres. The mechanism used is a registration or
licensing requirement. Businesses desiring to engage in scrap tyre logistics or processing
65
Source: BASEL Revised technical guidelines on environmentally sound management of used tyres November 30, 2008
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Final Report
are required to register with a dedicated government agency and provide such information
as the agency requires. This requirement is in addition to any other more general business
licenses and permits it may be required to secure.
Continuation of the scrap tyre registration or license is contingent on compliance with rules
and regulations established for that type of operation. In addition, scrap tyre generators,
such as tyre dealers or vehicle dismantling yards are also required to register, although such
registration is usually intended only to assign them a generator number to be used to track
scrap tyre transactions.
A concurrent requirement is that scrap tyre generators can only contract with licensed or
permitted haulers to secure collection services. Licensed or permitted haulers, in turn, must
only deliver tyres to a licensed processor, storage site or end user. A limited exception to the
permitting requirement may be provided to anyone carrying a minimum number of tyres,
typically 10 or fewer, or in a few instances for tyre dealers hauling their own tyres to
processors or markets. Established manifesting requirements like scheduled management
administered by the DOE, to provide a paper trail from generator to ultimate use or disposal
is put into place. Manifests are initiated at the generator when scrap tyres are collected,
travel with the scrap tyres to the processor or end user, and provide both an audit trail for
enforcement activities and a sentinel effect for all the parties involved.
Another common requirement is that processors, and less frequently haulers, may be
required to post a financial assurance instrument in favor of the regulatory authority
concerned to insure adequate funds to remediate their sites in the event they fail to do so.
These may be bonds, letters of credit, insurance policies, or other instruments as allowed by
the relevant regulations. The amount of the financial assurance is normally calculated on the
maximum number of whole or processed tyres permitted at the processor's site, or on the
number of vehicles the hauler is operating.
Ban on stockpiles; provision for remediation
Taking cue from the management of scheduled wastes in the country, prohibition of any new
scrap tyre stock piles from being created and requiring owners or operators of existing stock
piles to cease receiving or storing any new scrap tyres and to develop a plan to eliminate the
existing stock piles should be in place. Recognizing that scrap tyre processors may require
some scrap tyre storage, the existing regulatory framework on controlled solid waste
management may be applied to require that any such above ground storage be allowed only
in accordance with the terms of a permit that will specify the maximum tyres allowed to be
stored.
These processors would be required to post a financial assurance instrument as described
above based on the prevalent market rate for such insurance coverage (primarily due to fire
and general liability risks). Equivalent standards for the outdoor storage of scheduled waste
or other scrap materials destined for recycling could possibly be applied to scrap tyres
operators. These standards typically follow guidelines adopted by the National Fire and
Rescue department (Bomba), or alternatively that of the principal fire safety standards
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Final Report
development organization in the United States, the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA).
These guidelines provide specific guidance on physical size limitations on stock piles, and
on minimum management requirements for stock pile operations.
A related requirement is for treatment of the piles to reduce or eliminate disease vectors,
such as mosquitoes and rodents. Eliminating existing stock piles is also a major legislative
and regulatory concern. If a responsible party can be found, that party typically is required to
comply with the storage regulations and to prepare and follow a plan to eliminate the stock
pile.
Often, however, there is no financially capable party present in the proper management of
scrap tyres except for the current industrial operators, or the stock pile is on public land. In
these cases the public scrap tyre authority (local authorities or designated agencies) is
responsible for the stock pile remediation effort. The specific mechanisms used to remediate
stock piles have varied along the countries in the world. Some countries have provided funds
to their local counties, districts or other local government units to manage site clean ups,
while other countries have taken on the task directly through their respective federal or state
agency. Other complications that may arise from the management of these stockpiles are
access to the stock pile. In some countries, their authorized governmental agency (either
federal or state authorities) is provided direct legal powers to enter property to clean up a
tyre pile. In other countries, a more involved legal process must be observed, usually adding
additional time to the process.
In the United States, state scrap tyre funds are the usual source of funding for publicly
supported clean ups, even on private property (as with the state of Sarawak scrap tyre
management funding mechanism. If the site is on private property, the state will normally
seek a lien on the property to recover the funds expended. At least one state in the United
States (Maine) has used part of the proceeds of a public bond issue for environmental
projects to be dedicated for scrap tyre pile remediation. Based on the experience reported
for the United States, that is when a state begins to undertake stock pile remediation efforts,
it often results in substantial voluntary remediation efforts by private landowners at their own
expense. While these tend to be smaller piles, usually under 50,000 tyres, they tend to be
the largest number of piles and to contain, in the aggregate, a substantial number of tyres.
The Sarawak mechanism approaches this situation, while differing the implementation part
of the program, that is the final operators of the scrap tyre mechanism is determined by way
of an open tender.
Limitations on landfilling of whole or processed tyres
While generally there were minimal amount of scrap tyres found disposed in most of
Malaysian landfills and open dumpsites, the majority of modern sanitary landfill operators
have banned whole scrap tyres from landfills. Removing whole scrap tyres from landfills
eliminates several problems, including the high volume that whole tyres occupy, the fact they
do not easily compact, and their tendency to move through the landfill and break the cap.
Cut or shredded tyres remove all these problems (from landfilling of tyres).
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Final Report
As was noted above in the discussion of scrap tyre markets, shredded tyres are being used
in several ways in some civil, road pavement and secondary fuel operation. Pressure to limit
landfilling of shredded tyres often comes from people who are seeking to build higher value
markets for tyres. Landfill or monofill disposal, even of shredded tyres, often is the lowest
cost option for handling scrap tyres. Higher value markets typically require higher tipping
fees or other financial support.
In order to help develop these higher use markets, the authorities should consider prohibiting
landfilling of tyres in any form, either whole, shredded or by products of any tyre
reprocessing facilities as well as facilitate the establishment of higher value processes. One
caution is in order. If landfill is the current destination for most scrap tyres (as are with all the
illegal dumpsites as well as private repositories), imposition of an immediate ban will
normally result in an increase in illegal dumping. Any landfill ban should be phased in to
allow alternate markets to be established.
Establishment of dedicated taxes for scrap tyre related programs
A common feature of US and Canadian scrap tyre programs is a dedicated fee or tax
imposed by the government to support scrap tyre programs. This is one very pointed
mechanism intended to internalize some of the direct costs associated with scrap tyre
management. These fees vary in such basics as the point of imposition, the amount of fees,
and the pattern of utilization.
The most common point of imposition is retail sales transactions involving tyre purchases. In
the US, most states limit the taxes to replacement tyre sales. In a few states and in Canada,
the taxes are also imposed on tyres mounted on new vehicles at the retail sale level. In two
states, Ohio and Maryland, the tax is imposed at the wholesale level and collected and
remitted by the wholesaler.
Retail or wholesale level taxes are usually a fixed amount per tyre (as was determined for
Sarawak scrap tyre management system). In two states, the amount is calculated on a
percentage basis, with a cap on the maximum amount that can be imposed. Several states
avoid the tyre sales transaction entirely and increase other fees imposed on vehicle
ownership. Four states impose additional fees on vehicle title transfers. One state imposes a
separate environmental fee on new car sales, with a portion of this fee dedicated to scrap
tyres.
The rationale for this approach is that it avoids the administrative burden of establishing a
new tax. The existing collection system is in place, and it is a relatively simple matter to
transfer funds to the appropriate state account. The amount of tax or fee varies substantially
and reflects the different approaches to internalizing management costs. Tax amounts
imposed on passenger tyres range from USD$0.25 (RM0.75) per tyre to USD$4.00
(RM12.00) per tyre. In the United States, the most common figure is USD$1 (RM 3.00) per
tyre. States with tax levels at USD$1 (RM3.00) or below per unit do not intend that the
money generated will cover the cost of initial collection from tyre generators. Jurisdictions in
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Final Report
both the US and Canada that impose higher taxes, ranging from USD$1.50 (RM4.50) per
tyre to USD$4.00 (RM12.00) per tyre, have established programs where the taxes represent
prefunded disposal or collection costs. Fund utilization will be discussed in greater detail in
other portions of this paper, but in general funds are utilized to support the staffing
necessary to administer the program, for cleanup of scrap tyre piles, to provide market
development assistance designed to create self-sustaining end use markets, and to find the
tyre collection system.
Assistance to create or expand scrap tyre markets
The key to success in any effort to divert recyclable and reusable materials from the solid
waste stream is to develop end use markets. Diversion of materials is not recycling, although
many people who participate in such programs believe it to be so. Only when materials have
markets is recycling or reuse taking place.
When states and provinces enact comprehensive scrap tyre legislation, one of the most
prominent features is assistance to create or expand scrap tyre markets. Assistance
programs can take several forms and point to note here is that successful programs have
strong market development features. From the tyre recycling industrys perspective, the most
appropriate system of economic instrument for waste tyres would comprise the following:
1.
Enforce existing waste tyre disposal laws and encourage / require full cost recovery for
scrap tyre recycling and prohibit landfill disposal. It is critical that new recycling systems
not have to compete with illegal disposal and below the cost for landfill disposal in a
sanitary landfill.
2.
Apply this legislation to all tyres in all locations, nationally.
3.
Do not replace the existing used tyre collection, aggregation, storage, and disposal
system without thorough evidence of a better system that supports the range of
recycling solutions. The current system is working for the purpose of collection,
transportation and delivery to the various small and medium industries that are working
relatively successful and demonstrate a notable emphasis on their environmental
performance. The key issue is the development of recycling systems that are
sustainable, methods of resource recovery that will draw on this collection system to
feed various alternative recycling systems and in a way that is market driven.
4.
Support a national levy on new tyres:

o
o
o
o
o
Paid at source
Collected from manufacturers and importers
On an equivalent passenger unit (EPU)66 / weight basis
On all tyres (i.e. car, truck, off road)
Controlled by an appropriate government agency to collect and disburse
66
An equivalent passenger unit is a unit of measurement based on the mass of a quantity of tyres, or parts of tyres. For a
quantity of tyres, or parts of tyres, each 9.5kg of the tyres or parts is equivalent to 1 equivalent passenger unit
122
o
o
Final Report
Protected from general revenue by legislation requiring return to the industry

Used to promote and enforce disposal legislation, development and
commercialization of alternative and environmental friendly technology in recycling
systems and markets.
5.
Use government purchasing as a way to validate recycling technologies and stimulate

threshold business development of accredited recycled waste tyre products.
6.
Ensure that government buyers and suppliers use recycled products that have been
shown to be cost effective and technically competitive. Provide government buyers with
both commercial incentives and recognition incentives for using recycled products and
establish systems to remove the impediments to use of recycled products by
government entities. It is important to recognize that there are many impediments to the
use of recycled products by governments and that the nature of these impediments is
that some will require substantial programs to cause change. As a result, strategies for
impediment removal should be both short term and long term and directed towards
immediately accessible solutions and solutions that involve structural change.
7.
Initiate and support a Malaysian based certification scheme for the purpose of validating
the environmental credentials of alternative recycling systems, possibly for the purpose
of assessing the relative environmental merit of alternative recycling systems.
8.
Ensure the regulatory agencies like the NSWMD, DOE, Customs, DOT and SWPCMC
that influence both government and private industry purchasing policies, are forthright
and transparent in their assessment of recycled products.
9.
Accelerating certification of recycled tyre products as being fit for purpose. This can be
accomplished by funding the research required to gain certification.
10. Support removal of illegal stockpiles of waste tyres by subsidizing the recycling systems
used to accomplish this task.
11. Recognise that the various recycling systems deliver varying degrees of resource
recovery and support recycling initiatives proportionately to their relative resource
recovery value.
12. Only support energy from waste tyres as an interim platform for volume disposal
needs, until higher value recovery options are further developed. Any support must be
carefully framed to ensure higher value options are not impeded.
13. Do not support producer organizations unless these organizations make a direct
contribution to recycling that is not available from other sources.
14. Consider ways of promoting recycling systems that are shown to be effective, in
resource recovery, to their appropriate markets. Use levy funds to subsidise waste tyre
recycling systems for a period sufficient to determine the commercial feasibility of the
alternative recycling systems.
The function of a levy should be a stimulus by manufacturers / importers of new and used
tyres to the accelerated growth of recycling to address the end of life responsibilities of their
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Final Report
products. The purpose of the funds generated through the levy would be to accelerate the
development of environmentally safe and beneficial waste tyre resource recovery systems.
Thus, the uses of levy funds should include a range of programs directed to achieving the
objectives of the national waste tyre disposal policy. This should allow for:
Education and promotion of the policy to local government and the tyre industry at
large.
Education of all levels of government in the value of recycled tyre derived products
and actions they should take to use these products.
Facilitation of activities to validate (or disprove) the claims of various waste tyrerecycling systems including use by government buyers and suppliers to government.
Funding of research to prove the fitness for purpose of recycled products.
Temporary subsidies for use of recycled products that reflect the environmental
values of the alternative recycling systems. For instance energy recovery should
attract a lower level of subsidy and crumbing / civil engineering applications should
realise a high level of subsidy.
Periodic measures of policy performance.
3.4.4.1 Operators for Scrap Tyres Collection and Treatment

In line with the above recommendations, the existing operators for the scrap tyres collection
and treatment should be allowed to continue operating. They however should be registered
much like the system adopted for the management of scheduled wastes. Replacing the
existing operators and logistics systems with a single concessionaires or operators may not
augur well with the economic potentials of the scrap tyre generations. Currently most of the
scrap tyre collectors are in essence affiliated collectors and logistics providers that subscribe
to particular scrap tyres buyers that require supply of scrap tyres to support their business
models. Putting in place a system where these logistics providers as well as their primary
buyers can have access to the funds (scrap tyre tax system) could eventually allow them to
improve their access to the scrap tyres producers and generators, discouraging illegal
dumping and unwanted deposition of the scrap tyres.
The appointment of a single operator via concessionaire model or contract will necessitate
the outlay of an overall and all-encompassing logistical system that will add on to the cost for
the implementation of the system. Large volume of scrap tyres are transient in nature and
over time will not be able to support the sustaining costs to ensure complete logistical
solutions for the whole of Peninsular Malaysia. This is in stark contrast to the generation of
municipal solid wastes which are continuous in nature, thus necessitating differences in the
manner at which the appointment of an operator or operators are made.
In comparison, the award of the scrap tyre management in Sarawak via an open tender, that
include collection, transportation, treatment and disposal is due to the smaller market volume
of scrap tyres, the existence of a pioneer operator in scrap tyre management and already
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Final Report
existing infrastructure facilities that could be immediately assumed and integrated with the
government proposed system.
3.4.4.2 Size of Levy on Scrap Tyres
Based on the field survey, there are about 700 metric tonnes of scrap tyres generated daily
in the whole of Peninsula Malaysia. Tabulating the results of economic evaluation of scrap
tyre treatment or reprocessing technologies, the following transpires;
Table 35 : Economic evaluations of various technology options in tyre recycling,
reprocessing
F
P, per
tyre
T, tyres
T, tyres P, Total Payback
(tonnes) (x106 pcs) (mil/yr)
(yrs)
Capital
(mil)
Coal Fired
Power plant
0.00
5.93
2.00
2.00
0.30
1.63
30,000
6.25
10.20
9.80
100.00
Cement Kiln
0.00
4.30
0.50
2.00
0.00
1.80
30,000
3.50
15.08
3.33
5.00
Pyrolysis
0.50
9.60
5.00
2.00
0.00
3.10
30,000
3.75
3.88
5.18
20.10
0.50
6.40
1.80
2.00
0.40
2.70
15,000
1.80
4.90
3.06
15.00
TDF
TDP
Shredding,
Granulation
The economic evaluation in Table 35 above is derived from the following relationship and
has been discussed in detail in Section 4.3 of this report.
P = F + R C T- D
Where;
P
F
R
C
T
D
T, tyres (tonnes)
T, tyres ( x106 pcs)
P, Total (mil/yr)
Payback period (yrs)
Capital (mil)
= profit per tyre

= tipping fee collected per tyre by the recycling facility
= revenue received per processed tyre
= processing cost per tyre for operating the facility
= transportation cost to bring in the tyre
= disposal cost for waste products
= Total tyres used or processed in tonnes in a year
= Total tyres used or processed in pcs in a year
= Total Profit per year in million RM
= Estimated payback time of capital investment calculated
using Payback Period = Capital Invested / Annual Profit
= Capital Investment necessitated for reuse of tyres in the
different technology options.
TDF = Tyre Derived Fuel
TDP = Tyre Derived Products
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Final Report
The handbook of Economic Instrument in Environmental Management of Malaysia quoted

the study by the project team of the Sarawaks scrap tyre management in terms of the
proposed size of the levy.
The Sarawaks study team concluded that a product charge was the most feasible option if
the polluter-pays-principle and sustainability were to be applied for the proposed state
system. A sales tax was proposed as the instrument of collection. The processing method
adopted during the study was based on tyre derived product (TDP), with particular emphasis
on tyre shredding and granulation, and subsequent commercial trading of the resultant
products like tyre crumbs, steel and nylons.
The Sarawak study estimated that RM2.9 million a year could potentially be raised if unit
charges of RM3 a tyre for passenger cars and RM18 a tyre for trucks were imposed. An
additional revenue of RM1.5 million could be obtained by selling recycled items from the
tyres such as crumb rubber (RM1.1 million), steel (RM0.3 million), and canvas/textile
(RM0.09 million). The estimated revenue, from the tax and other revenues, was about
RM4.4 million.
The final recommendation of the Sarawak study was for the product charge to be pegged at
RM450 a tonne. Table 36 below shows the results of the financial assessment based on net
present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR).
Table 36 : Evaluation of scrap tyre tax levels in Sarawak: NPV & IRR67
Tax Level (RM/tonne)
Net Present Value

(RM, million)
Internal Rate of Return

(%)
300
0.30
1.4
400
0.96
18.7
450
1.17
31.0
500
137
44.5
600
1.79
73.8
Considering the estimation by the project team in section 4.3 above, taking into account of
the corresponding TDP plants surveyed by the consulting team, it is highly probable that the
proposed levy size for scrap tyres in the Peninsular Malaysia be considered at RM 450 per
tonne of scrap tyre, giving rise to a taxation fees per tyre at RM 3.00.
The parallel consideration of the Sarawak economic model (levy, charge per tonne of scrap
tyre) as well as the suggestion to adopt the fees and charges level for the proposed levy for
scrap tyres in the Peninsular Malaysia will at the same time allow the standardization of
policies between the two territories. There are no new tyre manufacturers in Sarawak that all
new tyres are shipped from the Peninsula-based manufacturing facilities. In the Sarawak
67
NREB/DANCED, 2001
126
Final Report
model, the state government through the Sarawak Scrap Tyre Fund collects the levy at the
point of new tyre sales which in the first place is paid by the new tyre manufacturer. For the
purpose of conceptualization, the corresponding Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Corporation could be the agency that manages the similar fund created for the
same purpose in the Peninsula Malaysia.
This is further supported by the fact that by comparing the Sarawak Study with that of the
estimation made in Section 4.3 of this report, there is a very strong correlation between the
impacts of the proposed levy as shown in Table 37 below.
Table 37: Correlation between Sarawak scrap tyre management study and estimation
made for the Peninsular Malaysia
F
P, per
tyre
Shredding,
Granulation
0.50
6.40
1.80
2.00
0.40
2.70
15,000
1.80
4.90
3.06
15.00
Sarawak
Study
N/A
N/A
3.15
1.10
N/A
9.16
5,410
0.48
4.4
N/A
8.89
T, tyres
T, tyres P, Total Payback Capital
(tonnes) (x106 pcs) (mil/yr)
(yrs)
(mil)
TDP
The Sarawak model was based on a smaller annual tonnage of scrap tyres potentially
available to support the capital requirements to set up the required scrap tyres reprocessing
facilities. The profit per tyre is relatively high in comparison to the estimation made in this
study, this could be attributed to the various underlying economic values and assumptions
assigned to the Sarawak model.
3.4.4.3 Regulating the proposed levy
Regulating the proposed levy intended to be imposed in facilitating scrap tyre management
shall require effective scrap tyre management programs that include several distinct
elements, including establishing sound collection practices, developing end use markets or
disposal alternatives, providing effective enforcement, and remediating the negative impacts
of earlier practices. The issue of cost internalization is fundamentally one of determining
factors, who should pay any costs associated with this scrap tyres management program
and how should the necessary funds be collected and disbursed. In general, a world
consensus seems to be growing with respect to tyres that costs associated with this end of
life management should be reflected in the product itself, and methods should be developed
to include these costs in the cost of its ownership.
The introduction of levy on tyres in the Peninsular Malaysia will necessitate the introduction
or streamlining of relevant agency or agencies in the management of the levy monies.
Currently there is no product charge being levied onto the use of new tyres in Malaysia.
127
Final Report
Direct vs. Indirect Costs and Benefits

Earlier it was mentioned that there are two sets of costs associated with scrap tyre
management and utilization or disposal.
The first set are the immediate and direct costs of collection, processing, reuse and
disposal, and can be extended to include the cost of governmental oversight and
management of a scrap tyre industry and the cost of remediating the failures of past
scrap tyre management techniques, especially stock piling.
The second set of costs is higher order costs that can be a consequence of scrap tyre
use or reuse. These are more diffused social and environmental burdens and benefits
that result from various scrap tyre management options
Internalization of direct costs

In the United States and Canada, various approaches to this cost internalization for direct
scrap tyre management costs have been developed. These include:
Free market activity; Taxes or fees imposed by governmental jurisdictions on new tyre sales
to form some or all of these end of life activities; and Increases in other vehicle related levies
dedicated to scrap tyre programs. Some jurisdictions utilize more than one approach
depending on the different parts of the program.
For example, initial collection cost may be set by free market forces, while a tyre tax system
supports enforcement and market development. In addition to different cost internalization
methods, the North American jurisdictions have developed different regulatory structures for
scrap tyre management.
Based on the proposed model of creating a market pull demand system, it is envisaged that
the management of sales tax onto new tyre products in Malaysia (as well as the use of the
levy monies to support the proposed scrap tyre management system in the country) may be
adopted and implemented as follows;
-
Phase 1 for the implementation of sales tax onto new tyre products either manufacturer
locally within the country of imported. A tiered tax system may be considered by the
Customs Department in order to determine the appropriate tax regime for the different
new tyres origin.
The Customs Department collects this tax on behalf of the National Solid Waste
Management Department. Similarly the funds went to the Treasury.
The collected fund therefore is managed by the Solid Waste Management and Public
Cleansing Corporation in the implementation of the subsidy system for the proposed
distributed collection and transportation system for scrap tyres. Since the requirement is
that all collectors and transporters of scarp tyres be registered and recorded, the subsidy
could be based on the commercial tariff that can be developed by the Corporation for
returning part of the collected tax directly to the registered collector and transporters.
128
Final Report
Phase 2 is where the tax is extended to the retail level, which would cascade the tax
directly to the consumers. At this time, the core collection and transportation systems
would have been implemented and able to support the operatives under Phase 2.
This study has determined that despite paying the collectors for the scrap tyres, these scrap
tyres recycling companies still consider such business viable and sustainable. It shows that
without government intervention, scrap tyres will make its way to recycling companies as
long as the collector makes its share of profit. Some of their concerns will be when the
collectors decided to increase the price for the scrap tyres or the oil prices go below US$70
per barrel. Refer to Section (4.4.4) above of this report for the various recommendations
that could follow the above proposed initialization of the proposed system.
We further noted in our preliminary findings that such environment only exist along the west
coast of Peninsular Malaysia, namely in Penang, Perak, Selangor, Federal Territory and
Johor, where the business conditions favour the recycling companies. In the east coast, we
did not come across any scrap tyres companies and hence the issue of indiscriminate and
improper disposal of scraps tyres may be more prevalent in those states concern. As such
by returning part of the collected tax directly to the consumers, areas where the business
conditions do not favour recycling companies can be pulled into the market demand too.
It is recommended that a steering committee is to be set up and chaired by NSWMD. The
members shall comprise of representative from LGM, MITI, Custom, MATRDS, Malaysian
Cement Manufacturers Association, DOE and JPSN.
The steering committee shall look into the following aspect to ensure the sustainability of
scrap tyres management in all states.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
To determine and appoint designated collectors based on geographical settings; or

whether to enable current players to continue operating under the market conditions.
To decide on the levy or charges to be imposed on manufacturer of tyres and importers
of tyres and used tyres as part of their contribution towards the management of scrap
tyres, based on the outcome of the economic model for the incentives of the proposed
system.
To fix a ceiling price for scrap tyres as a means to maintain the economic viability of
both the designated collectors and recycling companies;
To provide a storage yard at least one yard for each state for collection of scrap tyres.
This will also function as a transfer station pending bulk delivery to the scrap tyres
recycling companies.
To set up a special fund derive from the collection of levy charges and to use the funds
towards the management of scrap tyres only.
To jointly enforce the proper management and disposal of scrap tyres by retailers to
ensure proper inventory of scrap tyres.
129
3.5
Final Report
Brief Description of Legislation Requirement
Environmental regulatory programs in Malaysia are established and mature while business
responses toward environmental responsibility have largely matured as well. There are large
numbers of Malaysian companies now embracing environmental responsibility and while
most insist on compliance, there are significant numbers that go beyond and institute
credible practices that contribute to environmental stewardships.
3.5.1
Administrative and Organization Structure
The management of scrap tyres necessitate the involvement of the various governmental
agencies as well as the stewardships of the various players the scrap tyre manufacturers,
distributors, users and generators, collectors, transporters as well as the end processors.
These are shown in the following charts.
Scrap Tyres Management
Federal Government
National Solid Waste Management

Department (NSWMD)
State Governments
Local Authorities
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing

Management Corporation (SWPCMC)
(LGM)
Department of Environment Malaysia
(DOE)
Ministry of Trade and Industry
(MITI)
Malaysian Industrial Development
Authority (MIDA)
Royal Malaysian Customs Department
(Customs)
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and
Water (KeTTHA)
Figure 45 : The administrative and organizational structure of scrap tyre management

in Malaysia
130
Final Report
Scrap Tyre Management Steering

Committee
National Solid Waste Management
Department
(Chair)
Advisory Committee
Audit Committee
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing

Management Corporation
Manufacturers & Importers
Auditing Body
Scrap Tyre Recycling System
Figure 46: Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia: Management

Authority
131
Final Report
Product Charge
Solid Waste and Public Cleaning
Management Corporation
Financial Operations
Treasury (Ministry of Finance)
Request for Subsidy
Distribution of Subsidy
Scrap Tyre Recycling System Recyclers
Scrap Tyre Recycling System Collectors
Figure 47: Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia: Cash Flow Pattern
132
Final Report
Issuance of Licences & Approvals
Cash Flow
Scrap Tyres
Management
Federal
Government
National Solid Waste

Management Department
(NSWMD)

Cleansing Management
Corporation (SWPCMC)
State
Governments

Local Authorities

Cleaning Management
Corporation
Product Charge
Financial Operations

(LGM)
Treasury (Ministry of Finance)

Department of
Environment Malaysia
(DOE)
Request for Subsidy
Distribution of Subsidy
Ministry of Trade and

Industry
(MITI)
Scrap Tyre Recycling System Recyclers
Malaysian Industrial
Development Authority
(MIDA)
Green Incentives
Royal Malaysian
Customs Department
(Customs)
Scrap Tyre Recycling System Collectors
Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology and
Water (KeTTHA)
Figure 48: Proposed Scrap Tyre Management System in Malaysia: Overall
133
3.5.2
Final Report
Laws and Regulations
The main legal frameworks in which municipality services in the Peninsula Malaysia are
governed are outlined below.
Unlike the state of Sarawak and Sabah, there are no other state governments in the
Peninsula Malaysia that have established their own state environmental agencies, and
hence the states in the Peninsular Malaysia rely on the jurisdictions of the each of the states
Department of Environment office. As such, in that manner, applicable laws and regulations
that may be relevant to the management of scrap tyres shall be that of the federal agencies
currently overseeing each and every parts of scrap tyres management.
The primary regulatory provisions are as follows,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
The Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672)
The Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation Act 2007 (Act 673)
The Environmental Quality Act 1974 and the applicable regulations under the Act.
The Local Authorities local by-laws in the respective states (where they are applicable)
Act 672 in particular already provides and all-encompassing regulatory provisions in the
management of scrap tyres which can be classified as one of the controlled solid wastes.
Taking cue and adapting the approaches adopted in the (development of) scrap tyre
framework and the development of legal provisions for scrap tyre management in the State
of Sarawak, the important elements in the management of scrap tyre and the prescribing of
the legislative requirements are outlined as follows.
(i)
Amendments of Existing Regulations

To establish in the existing legal framework the legal basis for the new collection
and treatment system for used tyres
Assignment of the respective authority/agency that is going to be responsible for
the new collection and treatment system
Streamlining and integrating the authorities / agencies and their respective
existing regulations in order to deliver the required coverage of the regulatory
controls without causing any overlap in their respective jurisdiction
Integrating the current implementation of the solid waste management system in
the Peninsula Malaysia with scrap tyres management
Description on the new system for the collection and treatment of scrap tyres;
Description on collection of fees (for both the collection of tax, if the tax system is
a set goal);
Description on public financing (if public financing is a set goal);
Description on the enforcement of the new system.
134
(ii)
Final Report
Incentives
Description on how the system can be profitable for the citizens to support the
new system for used tyres
Description on how the system can create a market pull demand for scrap tyres
generated at multiple source of generations
Description on how the system can ensure that the incentives are returned to the
target group of scrap tyres stakeholder in order to create the market pull demand
Description on how the system can determine that the source financing model for
the incentives can sustain the market pull model
(iii)
Awareness
Description on how the various regulatory authorities make the new system
understandable and acceptable to the citizens, to the existing operators and
collectors, transporters.
(iv)
Operation
Description on how the authorities going to manage the collection system
Description on how the system proposed create beneficial incentives to the
current and existing players of the scrap tyres industries
(v)
Implementing Measures
Description of the measures, tools and time schedule for the implementation of
the system.
(vi)
Regulatory Measures
Approval of all provisions concerning the new system;
Approval of the deletion of possible existing provisions which might overlap the
new provisions;
Negotiation of necessary amendments to the existing contractual provisions
concerning used tyres; and
Enforcement of the regulatory measures.
(v)
Incentives
Implementation of possible economic incentives concerning the collection and
treatment of used tyres.
135
(vi)
Final Report
Operational jurisdiction
The responsible authoritys establishment of own management of the activities
or
In case of delegation of the activities, tendering and contracting of the activities
(vii)
Monitoring
When the measures have been implemented and the new system for the collection
and treatment of used tyres is working, the responsible authority should currently
collect data about the system by monitoring:
If the activities are carried out according to instructions or contractual
agreements;
If the citizens comply with the new provisions in an acceptable manner; and
If the set goals can be reached during the planned time span.
3.6
Action Plan and Implementation Schedule
A possible action plan in the implementation of the proposed scrap tyre management system
for Peninsular Malaysia is tabulated below in Table 38 while the implementation schedule is
shown in Table 39.
136
Final Report
Table 38 : Action plan for the implementation of the proposed scrap tyre management system
Agencies
Actions
Target Needs
Considerations
Output
NSWMD
Records and Registration
Scrap tyre as Controlled

Solid Waste
Scrap tyre generators,

collectors, transporters,
storage owners, processors
Licensed scrap tyre generators,

collectors, transporters, storage
owners, processors
MITI, Customs, DOE
Records and Registration
Scrap tyre subjected to a

chain-of-custody
procedure
Inventorization,
Documented flow of scrap
tyres
Accurate inventory of scrap tyre
NSWMD
Legal & Regulatory

Frameworks
Scrap tyre as Controlled

Solid Waste
Existing legal framework

(Act 672)
Specific regulations and orders

where appropriate
DOE, SWPCMC,
MIDA, MITI
Technology
Options for Recycling

Concept, Technology &
locations of facilities
Environmental regulations
and compliances
EIA procedures over scrap tyre

reprocessing facilities
SWPCMC, Treasury,
Customs
Incentives & Penalties
Scrap tyre as commodity
Product Charge or Tax,

Subsidy
Creation of scrap tyres market pull

and demand
SWPCMC, Treasury,
Customs
Subsidies, Economics
Incentive
Scrap tyre reprocessing

facilities, operators
Environmental regulations
and compliances
Environmentally compliant scrap

tyre facilities, viable business
models
NSWMD, LGM,
Licensing Terms &

Conditions
Scrap tyre generators,

collectors, transporters,
storage owners,
processors
Compliant to terms and

conditions of licensing

models
NSWMD
Legal & Regulatory

Requirement
Specific regulatory
provisions for scrap tyre
management
Existing regulations
Specific laws and regulations on

scrap tyre
137
Final Report
Table 39 : Proposed Time Schedule for the implementation of the proposed scrap tyre management system
Agencies
Actions
Output
Implementation Plan (Quarterly)

Q1
NSWMD
Records and
Registration
Licensed scrap tyre generators,

collectors, transporters, storage
owners, processors
MITI, Customs,
DOE
Reporting
Accurate inventory of scrap tyre
DOE, SWPCMC,
MIDA, MITI
Technology
EIA procedures over scrap tyre

reprocessing facilities
SWPCMC,
Treasury, Customs
Incentive Models
Creation of scrap tyres market pull

and demand
SWPCMC,
Treasury, Customs
Subsidies, Economics
Incentive

models
NSWMD, LGM,
Licensing Terms &

Conditions

models
NSWMD
Legal & Regulatory

Requirement
Specific laws and regulations on

scrap tyre
All Agencies
Full Implementation
Public adoption
138
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q9
Q10
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
Approval Letter for the Study by DNSWM
APPENDIX B
Authorization Letter for the Study by DNSWM
APPENDIX C
Organization Chart of the Consultant Team
Final Report
APPENDIX C: ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE CONSULTANT TEAM
Appx C - 1
APPENDIX D
Detailed Study Implementation Plan for the Study
Final Report
APPENDIX D: DETAILED STUDY IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE STUDY

Activity & Work Descriptions
Month 1
1
Stage 1 - Inception Phase
1.1
Review of Existing Studies, Gathering of

Information
1.2
Data Gathering
1.3
Review data and methodology
1.4
Inception report submission
Stage 2 Interim Report Phase
2.1
Compilation and analysis of data
2.2
Field Survey and Update Inventory
2.3
Assess
&
technologies
2.4
Review Options
2.5
Review Environmental
Incentive
2.6
Interim Report Submission
Month 2
Evaluate
treatment
Legislation
&
Stage 3 : Final Report Phase
3.1
Finalize report for submission
3.2
Review study output

Steering Committee
3.3
Submit Final Report
with Project
Appx D - 1
Month 3
8
10
11
Month 4
12
13
14
15
16
Final Report
Appx D - 2
Final Report
Appx D - 3
Final Report
Appx D - 4
APPENDIX E
List of Existing Reports and Inventories on Scrap Tyres
Currently Available in Peninsular Malaysia
Final Report
APPENDIX E: LIST OF EXISTING REPORTS AND INVENTORIES ON SCRAP TYRES CURRENTLY

AVAILABLE IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
List of Existing Reports on Scrap Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia
No.
Title
Author
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Summary of the Content
Source
GENERAL REPORT
1.
A Concept Paper for

Waste
Tyre
Disposal
through Cement Kiln for
Department
of
Environment, Ministry of
Environment, Science &
Technology Putrajaya
Mohammad Dit
Concept Paper & A concept paper to provide as an

29th
November
alternative solution to waste tyres
2002
disposal (Lafarge Group has vast
experiences & has established
facilities at its cement plants in United
Kingdom (UK), France, European
Union (EU), United States of America
(USA), Canada & Morocco)
2.
Malaysia Developing a
Solid Waste Management
Model for Penang
United Nations
Development
Programme
(UNDP),
Malaysia
Book & 2008
Developing
a
solid
waste
management (SWM) model for
Malaysia (National & global issues of
SWM,
institutional
framework,
stakeholder consultation, incentives,
pilot project, lessons learnt, etc.)
Table 4, page 19 Estimates of other
waste fractions in Penang, 2005-2020
for scrap tyres
Appx E - 1
Lafarge
http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/SW
M-2008_final.pdf
(accessed on 15th March 2011)
No.
Title
Author
Final Report
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Source
TECHNICAL REPORT
3.
Economic Approaches to
Sustainable Development
Completion Report
EPU & DANIDA
Completion
Document the status of the project at
Report
&
the time of completion
November 2003
Provide an overall assessment of the
degree to which the immediate
objectives have been or are expected
to be achieved
Content
project
context,
achievement of project outputs,
project inputs, financial statement,
impact & sustainability assessment,
lessons learnt, etc.
Page 34 Collection & treatment of
scrap tyres in the state of Sarawak
Page 36 Disposal of scrap tyres in
Peninsular Malaysia
Annex G Working papers for scrap
tyres international experience, EPUDANIDA background paper: Scrap
Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, October
2003,
options
paper,
Rapid
Assessment Survey findings
Appx E - 2
EPU
No.
4.
Title
Author
Handbook:
Economic
Instruments
for
Environmental
Management of Malaysia
Economic
Planning
Unit
(EPU) & Danish
International
Development
Assistance
(DANIDA)
Final Report
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Handbook
2004
&
Source
Economic instruments (framework for

developing
&
designing,
demonstration projects, toolkit, etc.)
http://www.epu.gov.my/html/themes/
epu/images/common/pdf/publication
/handbook.pdf (accessed on 15th
March 2011)
Section 3.5 Initiating a scrap tyre

management system (Kuching)
ARTICLE
5.
Waste to Wealth: How it

Works in Malaysia
Dr. Theng Lee

Chong
Newsletter
2006
& Recycling of waste in Malaysia

(waste-to-energy
technology
&
composting)
Recycling of scrap tyres & e-waste
6.
Overview of Recycling and

Reuse of Used Tires
Anas Ibrahim,
Abdul Rahman
Ayub & Mohd
Suffian Yusoff
Article & N/A
Problems associated with discarded

scrap tyres
Recycling practices in Taiwan, EU,
United States (US) & Malaysia
Appx E - 3
IMPAK
Issue
2,
2006
(http://www.confucianalumni.com/pd
f/Impak%20%28Issue%2022006%29%20-%20TLC.pdf,
accessed on 15th March 2011)
http://www.oocities.org/icolg2006/Ov
erview_of_Recycling.htm (accessed
on 15th March 2011, Tuesday)
No.
Title
Author
Final Report
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Source
UNIVERSITY THESIS / RESEARCH

7.
Waste Tyre Management

in Malaysia
Sandra Kumar
a/l
Thiruvangodan
Literature reviews on waste tyres

amount generated, current disposal
options & its limitations, management,
collection & disposal, Governments
role, regulations on disposal, etc.
PhD Thesis &

March 2006
psasir.upm.edu.my/145/
(accessed on 14th March 2011)
Conducted field surveys

Researched on disposal options,
issues faced by tyre dealers in waste
tyre disposal, current regulations &
policies on waste tyre management,
impact of waste tyres on environment,
etc.
8.
Shredded
Scrap
Tire
Based
Lightweight
Geomaterial
for
Civil
Engineering Works
A. Naser Ghani
Thesis & N/A
Discussed the practical applicability of

shredded
tyres
as
lightweight
geomaterial in civil engineering
construction & their key properties
http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/c
d24/ghani.pdf (accessed on 15th
March 2011, Tuesday)
9.
Preparation of Activated
Carbons
from
Waste
Tyres
Nurulhuda binti
Amri
Master Thesis &

2008
Researched on how to prepare

activated carbons from waste tyres
using
two-step
physiochemical
activation method
http://eprints.usm.my/10265/1/PREP
ARATION_OF_ACTIVATED_CARB
ONS_FROM_WASTE_TYRES_CH
AR_IMPREGNATED_WITH_POTA
SSIUM_HYDROXIDE_AND_CARB
ON_DIOXIDE_GASIFICATION.pdf
Char Impregnated with

Potassium Hydroxide and
Carbon
Dioxide Gasification
Presented on waste tyre and problem

disposal & utilization of waste tyre
using pyrolisis process (Chapters 1.1
& 1.2)
Appx E - 4
(accessed on 15th March 2011,

Tuesday)
No.
Title
Author
10.
Use of Scrap Tyres in

Earth Retaining Structures
Loh
Chuan
Wooi
Final Report
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Source
Master Thesis &

April 2008
Assessed the technical feasibility of

using whole scrap tyres as one of the
elements of retaining structures
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/5387/1/FK
_2008_30.pdf
Literature reviews overview of tyre,

worldwide scrap tyre problems,
current management option, etc.
11.
Teknik
Baru
untuk
Pengitaran
Semula
Pelbagai Sisa Getah or
New
Technique
to
Recycle Various Rubber
Waste
Prof.
Ismail
12.
Establishing
Standard for
Waste:
Ahmad
Fariz
Mohamed
Industrial
Recycled
The Case of Malaysia
Hanafi
(accessed on 15th March 2011,

Tuesday)
Laporan
Akhir Presented 10 working papers* which
Projek
were written by the author on the 2
Penyelidikan
methods used for recycling rubber
USM
Jangka
waste
Pendek or USM
Methods: Using a new chemical
Short-Term
called DeCrossCHEM & blending
Research Project
with virgin rubber and thermoplastic
Final Report &
N/A
http://eprints.usm.my/10656/1/Tekni
k_Baru_Untuk_Pengktaran_Semula
_Pelbagai_Sisa_Getah_%28PPKSu
mber_Mineral%29.pdf (accessed on
15th March 2011, Tuesday)
Country experience in establishing &

implementing standards for waste
recycling (EU, Federal Republic of
Germany & US)
http://www.eria.org/pdf/research/y20
09/no10/Ch07_3R.pdf (accessed on
16th March 2011, Wednesday)
PhD
Research
Paper & N/A
Initiative towards development of

standards for sustainable industrial
waste recycling industry in Malaysia
Establishing standards for waste
recycling in Malaysia (Table 3, page
210 Malaysian Standards (MS) for
recycling industry)
Appx E - 5
No.
Title
13.
Study on Scrap tyres in

Peninsular Malaysia
Author
Mohd
Hassan
Nasir
Final Report
Type of Report
& Year
Published
Source
Study
Final
Report & 2003
Presented comprehensive data on the

scrap tyres in Peninsular Malaysia
University of Putra Malaysia
Particular emphasis on the quality &

volume of scrap tyres generated
Flow of scrap tyres
Existing practices
disposal
of
scrap
tyre
Tyre recycling & reuse

Impacts of existing scrap
management & practices
tyres
* Note:
The 10 working papers of Prof. Hanafi Ismail are as listed below:
1.
Effect of Palm Oil Fatty Acid Additive (POFA) on Curing Characteristics, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Silica Filled Natural
Rubber/Recycle Rubber Powder Blends, Hanafi Ismail & R. Nordin, 28th July 2003
2.
Thermoplastic Elastomers based on Polypropylene/Natural Rubber and Polypropylene/Recycle Rubber Blends, H. Ismail & Suryadiansyah, 3rd
September 2001
3.
Cure Characteristics, Tensile Properties and Swelling Behaviour of Recycled Rubber Powder-Filled Natural Rubber Compounds, H. Ismail, R.
Nordin & A.M. Noor, 16th October 2001
Appx E - 6
Final Report
4.
The Effect of Filler Loading on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Rubber Powder Blends, H. Ismail, R. Nordin &
A.M. Noor, 16th April 2003
5.
Properties of Polypropylene/Natural Rubber/Recycle Rubber Powder Blends, Hanafi Ismail & Suryadiansyah, 2002
6.
The Effects of Recycle Rubber Powder (RRP) Content and Various Vulcanization Systems on Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties
of Natural Rubber/RRP Blends, Hanafi Ismail, Razif Nordin & Ahmad Mohd Noor, 21st June 2003
7.
The Comparison Properties of Recycle Rubber Powder, Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate Filled Natural Rubber Compounds, Hanafi Ismail,
R. Nordin & Ahmad Md. Noor, 2002
8.
Effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) and Ethylene-co-acrylic Acid Copolymer on Properties of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber/Recycle
Rubber Powder Blends, Hanafi Ismail & R. Nordin, 2004
9.
A Comparative Study of the Effect of Degradation on the Properties of PP/NR and PP/RR Blends, H. Ismail & Suryadiansyah, 2004
10.
Tensile Properties and Swelling Behaviour of Polypropylene/Natural Rubber and Polypropylene/Recycled Rubber Blends, Suryadiansyah & H.
Ismail, January 2002
List of Existing Inventories on Scrap Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia

No.
Inventory
Author
Details of Inventory
& Annex G EPU-DANIDA background paper:
Scrap Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, October
2003 & Rapid Assessment Survey findings
1.
Data used for the estimation of

annual tonnage for scrap tyres
generations (until 2003)
EPU
DANIDA
2.
Data used for the estimation of

annual tonnage for scrap tyres
generations (until March 2004)
Mohd Nasir
Hassan
Study on Scrap tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, Final

Report, 2003
Appx E - 7
Source
EPU-DANIDA background paper: Scrap
Tyres in Peninsular Malaysia, October 2003
from the Economic Approaches to
Sustainable
Development
Completion
Report, November 2003
University of Putra Malaysia
APPENDIX F
List of Relevant Stakeholders (Organisations and
Institutions) to be Involved in the Scrap Tyre Inventory
Activities
Final Report
APPENDIX F: LIST OF RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS

(ORGANISATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS) TO BE INVOLVED IN THE
SCRAP TYRE INVENTORY ACTIVITIES
Government Agencies
No.
Stakeholders
Public Cleansing Management Corporation (SWPCMC)
Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
Royal Malaysia Customs Department
Road Transport Department (DOT)
Tyre Associations
No.
Stakeholders
Malaysian Association Of Tyre Retreaders & Dealers Societies ( MATRDS)
Malaysia Tyre Manufacturers and Retreaders' Association
Selangor & Federal Territory Tyre Dealers & Retreaders' Association
Perak Tyre Dealers Retreaders Association
Johor Tyre Dealers Association
Negeri Sembilan Tyre Dealers Association
Pahang Darul Makmur Tyre Dealers Association
Melaka Motor Trade Association
North Malaysia Tyre Association
10
Kelantan Motor Trade Association
11
Terengganu Darul Iman Tyre Dealers & Retreaders' Association
Main Players in Tyre Businesses

No.
Stakeholders
Manufacturers, Distributers and Importers

1
Continental Sime Tyre PJ Sdn. Bhd.
Goodyear Malaysia Berhad
Silverstone Berhad
Dunlop Malaysia Industries Berhad
Bridgestone Tyre Sales (MALAYSIA) Sdn. Bhd.
Appx F - 1
No.
Stakeholders
Retreaders
1
Sun Tyre Industries Sdn. Bhd.
Olympic Retreads (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Tai Hin & Son (Pg) Sdn. Bhd.
eTYRES
Asta Sales & services Sdn. Bhd.
Autoli Tyre Retreading Sdn. Bhd.
Yoong Sing Tyre Retreaders Sdn. Bhd.
Autoways (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
First Unitex Tyre Retreading Sdn. Bhd.
10
Joba Tyre Retreading Sdn. Bhd.
11
Kayel Retreads Sdn. Bhd.
12
Syarikat Nam Meow Sdn. Bhd.
13
Pine Castle Sdn. Bhd.
14
Sime Tyres International (M) Sdn. Bhd.
15
Sin Hua Tyre Retreading Sdn. Bhd.
16
Sing Tong Lee Full Circle Tyre Retreading Sdn. Bhd.
17
Usmeta Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd.
Workshops / Tyre Retailers to be identified
Appx F - 2
Final Report
APPENDIX G
List of Existing Scrap Tyre Treatment Plants and Other
Parties Prepared to Establish New Recycling Plants for
Scrap Tyres
Final Report
APPENDIX G: LIST OF EXISTING SCRAP TYRE TREATMENT

PLANTS AND OTHER PARTIES PREPARED TO ESTABLISH NEW
RECYCLING PLANTS FOR SCRAP TYRES
No.
1
Scrap Tyre Treatment Plant
Type of Business
Gcycle
Produce reclaimed rubber.
30&31, Jalan Industri 1/4,
e.g. tyre granules (Gread 1/2), tyre

beads, shredded tyre pieces, steel free
tyre granules.
Kaw. Perusahaan Ringan Desa Aman,

Sungai Lalang, Kedah
Malaysia 08100
Tel: +6012-4388258 (Ms. Jill Lim)
Email: admin@gcycle.com.my
2
RUBPLAST Sdn. Bhd
Reclaimed rubber is produced from

selected discarded or worn rubber
products, mainly tyres and tubes.
Lot 1922, Jalan Kampung Dew,

Simpang Halt, Taiping Perak.
Tel: 603-2694 1028 / 2694 6217
Fax: 603 - 2694 0028
Email: info@rubplastmalaysia.net
3
Yong Fong Rubber Industries Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 9078 Jalan Udang Galah,
Quality reclaimed rubber manufacturer

in Malaysia with ISO9001 certified.
Telok Gong, 42000 Port Klang,

Selangor D E, Malaysia
Telephone : + (603) 3134 3135
Fax : + (603) 3134 3136
Email : inquiry@yongfong.com.my
4
Jeng Yuan Reclaimed Rubber Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 3, Lingkaran Sultan Hishamuddin,
Kaw.20, PKNS Industrial Estate,
Selat Klang Utara, 42000 Port Klang,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Tel:603 - 3176 2602 (5 lines)
Fax:603 - 3176 1045
E-mail:enquiry@jeng-yuan.com
Appx G - 1
Principal activity in manufacturing of

premium quality reclaimed rubber.
No.
5
Scrap Tyre Treatment Plant

E-Waste Management (M) Sdn. Bhd.
No 29, Jalan TTC2, Taman Teknology Cheng,
Final Report
Type of Business
Produce Special Process Recycle
Rubber.
Melaka 75250, Malaysia.

Tel: +606 3352670
Fax: +606 3372675
E-mail: info@e-waste.com.my
Produce reclaimed rubber.
Green World Recycling Sdn. Bhd.

Plot 168,
Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak,
Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak,
14100 Simpang Empat, S.P.T.
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Tel: +604 552 1188
Fax: +604 552 1182
Email: sales@greenworld.net.my
Contact Person:Mr. Brandon (+6017 582 5788)
Octagon Consolidated Berhad
Continuous process pyrolysis

technology.
24th Floor, UBN Tower,

10 Jalan P.Ramlee,
50250 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Tel : +60 3 2070 2133
Fax : +60 3 2070 3133
Email : octagon@octagon-consolidated.com
Pyrolysis plant : Westport, Taman Indah,
Taman Perindustrian Fasa 2.
Manufacturing of carbon black.
Green Pluslink Sdn. Bhd.

Lot 1641, Jln Leboh Raja Lumu,
Kawasan Perindustrian PKNS,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Tel:603-31679388
Fax:603-31679839
Mobile Phone:012-2008320
Appx G - 2
No.
1
Cement Industry
Final Report
Type of Business
Uses scrap tyre as supplementary fuel.
La Farge Cement Berhad

Level 12, Bangunan TH Uptown 3
3, Jalan SS21/39
47400 Petaling Jaya
Selangor Darul Ehsan
Malaysia
Tel: +603-7723 8200
Fax: +603-7722 4100
Email : info@my.lafarge.com
Cement plant: Teluk Ewa, Mukim Air Hangat,
Pulau Langkawi
Appx G - 3
APPENDIX H
Tyre Retreaders in Peninsular Malaysia
Final Report
APPENDIX H: TYRE RETREADERS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

State
No.
Pulau Pinang
Company Name
Tai Hin & Son (Pg) Sdn. Bhd.
2410, Jalan Perusahaan
Kawasan Perusahaan Prai
13600 Perai
Pulau Pinang
Tel: 04-3990108/0109
Fax: 04-3991117
OLYMPIC RETREADS (M) Sdn. Bhd.

6424, Jalan Permatang Pauh,
Mak Mandin Industrial Estate,
13400 Butterworth, Penang, Malaysa.
Tel: (60 4) 332 9206, 333 2706
Fax: (60 4) 332 9219
KAYEL RETREADS SDN BHD

Lot 395, lorong Perusahaan 8,
Kawasan Perusahaan Prai,
13600 Prai, Penang
Tel: 604 390 8753 / 7568 / 2886
Fax: 604 390 2881
Perak
PINE CASTLE SDN BHD

Kawasan Perusahaan Kamunting Raya,
P.O.Box No. 1, 34600 Kamunting
Taiping, Perak
Tel: 605 891 9119
Fax: 605 891 7025
Kelantan
SIN HUA TYRES RETREADING SDN BHD

Lot 2458 Kws. Perindustrian Pengkalan Chepa
2, Mukim Panchor, Kemuning,
16100 Kota Bahru,
Kelantan Darul Naim
Tel: 609 774 5555 / 5666
Fax: 6079 774 5999
Appx H - 1
State
No.
Selangor
Final Report
Company Name
AUTOLI TYRE RETREADING SDN BHD
No. 4A, Lorong Kilang,
Jalan 206, 46050 Petaling Jaya,
Tel: 603 7781 0031 / 7782 8299
Fax: 603 7781 0490
AUTOWAYS (MALAYSIA) SDN BHD

Jalan Ribet 15/15,
40702 Shah Alam , Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tel: 603 5519 2300
Fax: 603 5519 2508
FIRST UNITEX TYRE RETREADING S/BHD

Lot 1316, Jalan Padu 25/127,
Seksyen 25, Batu 8,
Off Jalan Kemuning,
40400, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan
Tel: 603 5122 1168
Fax: 603 5122 8168
SIME TYRES INTERNATIONAL (M) S/BHD

No. 2, (3rd floor)
Sime Darby Technology Centre,
Jalan Tandang
46050, Petaling Jaya,
Tel: 603 7783 0905
Fax: 603 7783 3627
10
YOONG SING TYRE RETREADERS S/BHD

Lot 1029, Kampung Baru Balakong,
Jalan Balakong, Batu 13,
43300 Seri Kembangan
Tel: 603 8961 4180 / 4187 / 7881
Fax: 603 8960 4189
Appx H - 2
State
No.
11
Final Report
Company Name
eTyres
No. 20, Jalan Utama 2 / 12, Puchong, Selangor.
Taman Perindustrian Puchong Utama,
Puchong, Selangor.
Website: http://www.etyres.com.my/
Tel: +6016-3420888
Kuala Lumpur
12
ASTA SALES & SERVICES Sdn. Bhd.

lot 3, Lorong Enggang 31,
Kawasan Perindustrian Ulu Klang,
54200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 603 4257 8955
Fax: 603 4251 8697
13
SYARIKAT NAM MEOW SDN BHD

58-59 Jalan Loke Yew,
55200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 603 9074 7542 / 7543
Fax: 603 9074 7551
14
SING TONG LEE FILL CIRCLE TYRE RETREADING SDN

BHD
Lot No 284, Jalan Tiga,
Off Jalan Chan Saw Lin,
55200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 603 9221 5094 / 1046 / 1092
Fax: 603 9221 9499
15
USMETA MANUFACTURING SDN BHD

No. 2, Lorong Enggang 4
Taman Keramat,
54200 Kuala Lumpur
Tel: 603 4256 6198
Fax:603 4257 6332
Appx H - 3
State
No.
Negeri Sembilan
16
Final Report
Company Name
Sun Tyre Industries Sdn. Bhd.
53, Senawang Industrial Estate
70450 Seremban
Negri Sembilan Darul Khusus
Website :www.suntex.com.my
Telephone: 06-6771711
Fax: 06-6777872
17
SUN ORGANISATION SDN BHD

53, Senawang Industrial Estate,
70450 Seremban
Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus
Tel: 606 677 1711 / 2993
Fax: 606 677 7872
Johor
18
JOBA TYRE RETREADING SDN BHD

No 5, Jalan Taruka,
Kawasan Perindustrian Tampoi,
80350, Johor Bahru,
Johor Darul Takzim
Tel: 607 335 6700
Fax: 607 335 6703
Appx H - 4
APPENDIX I
Data from Department of Road and Transport (DOT)
Final Report
APPENDIX I: DATA FROM DEPARTMENT OF ROAD AND

TRANSPORT (DOT)
Appx I - 1
Appx I - 2
Final Report
Appx I - 3
Final Report
Appx I - 4
Final Report
APPENDIX J
Example of Survey Form
APPENDIX J: EXAMPLE OF SURVEY FORM
Appx J - 1
Final Report
Appx J - 2
Final Report
Appx J - 3
Final Report
Appx J - 4
Final Report
Appx J - 5
Final Report
APPENDIX K
Summary from the Survey Conducted for Treatment
Facilities
Final Report
APPENDIX K: SUMMARY FROM THE SURVEY CONDUCTED FOR

TREATMENT FACILITIES
Appx K - 1
Appx K - 2
Final Report
Appx K - 3
Final Report
Appx K - 4
Final Report
Appx K - 5
Final Report
Appx K - 6
Final Report
Appx K - 7
Final Report
Appx K - 8
Final Report
Appx K - 9
Final Report
Appx K - 10
Final Report
Appx K - 11
Final Report
Appx K - 12
Final Report
Appx K - 13
Final Report
APPENDIX L
Summary from the Survey Conducted
Final Report
APPENDIX L: SUMMARY FROM THE SURVEY CONDUCTED

Summary of survey findings conducted in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
1. Date: 11 April 2011
Location: Tanjong Malim, Slim River, Taiping, Simpang Perak
Results from survey:
No
Description
No. of survey
Tyre shop / workshop
Tyre retreading shop
Motorcycle workshop
Reclaim tyre (Rubplast)
Customer
Total
20
Total no. of workshops / tyre shops not interviewed = 3 samples
Pusat Tayar Meng Fatt
Pusat Tayar & Servis Kereta Ideal
Pusat Servis Tayar Hoe Hup
Appx L - 1
Final Report
Rubplast Sdn. Bhd.

Rubplast is a pioneer reclaim manufacturer in Malaysia. Currently, the plant houses about 200
tonnes of tyres. The plant collects rubber waste and produced a variety of end products from the
reclaim processes such as Rubplas GRV, tyre reclaim, tyre dust, glove reclaim and tube reclaim.
Besides producing reclaim, the environmental-friendly plant also recovers steel to be sold and
used the oil extracted from burning the rubber waste as a fuel to run the plant.

Location: Kampar, Ipoh, Nibong Tebal, Taiping Perak & Pulau Pinang
No
Description
No. of survey
Tyre Depot
Landfill (Sungai Siput Selatan)
Customer
Total
15
Appx L - 2
Final Report
99 Car Link Sdn. Bhd.
Pusat Servis Tayar & Bateri Wing Tick
Findings & observations:

(i)
Most of the workshops were not yet open early in the morning. It was only after 9.00am to
10.00am that most of the workshops were seen opened.
(ii)
Most of the tyre workshops do not know who the collectors of scrap tyres were and where
the tyres were sent to.
(iii)
One of the respondents claimed that the scrap tyres were sent to Cameron Highlands to be
used in the prevention of landslides.
(iv)
One of the respondents has also sent the scrap tyres to the Pulau Burong landfill when the
tyres have accumulated and the collectors did not come to collect them.
Majlis Daerah Kampar (MDK)

MDK manages the Sungai Siput Selatan landfill. Similar to the above, the landfill did not
Appx L - 3
Final Report

Location: Pulau Pinang & Seberang Perai
No
Description
No. of survey
13
Collector
Transfer station (Batu Maung)
Customer
Total
23

(i)
Island Tyre Sdn. Bhd.
(ii) Michelin
During one of our surveys at a workshop, a person was noticed collecting commercial vehicle
tyres. The collector was interviewed and he informed that he collects scrap tyres of commercial
vehicles around Seberang Perai. The tyres collected will then be sent to a factory to be
retreaded. Upon being retreaded, the tyres will then be sold to the workshop.
It was found out that there were no tyre shops / workshops in Batu Feringhi and Tanjung Bungah
area.
Appx L - 4
Final Report
Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP)

MPPP manages the Batu Maung Transfer Station which is located in Penang island. The transfer
station did not specifically receive tyre waste unless sometimes when a few tyres which were
collected during the normal domestic waste collection.
Location: Sungai Petani Kedah
No
Description
No. of survey
14
Motorcycle workshop
Collector
Recycler (G-Cycle)
Customer
11
Total
28
Total no. of workshops / tyre shops not interviewed = 0 sample

There were no major findings and observations. From our surveys with the motorcycle
workshops, it can be concluded that 90% of the scrap tyres will be disposed of into the dustbins
and collected by the local council as domestic waste.
G-Cycle
G-Cycle was founded in 1971 as a small retailer of tyres, wheels, batteries and wheel alignment
servicing in Kedah. In 2005, G-Cycle entered the tyre recycling business. Their plant has an area
about 25,000ft2. The plant receives and treats about 200 large scrap tyres per day from all
around Kedah and Seberang Perai and other places in the northern part which were within
100km radius from their plant. G-Cycle produces rubber powder and recovers steel from the
tyres.
Appx L - 5
5.
Final Report
Date: 15 April 2011

Location: Kangar Perlis & Alor Setar - Kedah
No
Description
No. of survey
10
Motorcycle workshop
Landfill (Padang Siding)
Customer
Total
22
Total no. of workshops / tyre shops not interviewed = 0 sample

As observed during the surveys on 12th April, 6 tyre shops / workshops in Alor Setar, Kedah were
not yet opened when the survey was carried out.
The Perodua Service Centre in Perlis was surveyed and it was found out that no scrap tyres
were generated in the centre as the centre only services the vehicles and did not provide the
service of changing tyres for the customers.
Appx L - 6
Final Report
Majlis Perbandaran Kangar (MPK)

MPK manages the Padang Siding landfill which is the only landfill in Perlis. It is an open dump
and receives about 180 tonnes of waste per day. The landfill did not specifically receive tyre
waste but whenever tyres were collected during the domestic waste collection, they will not be
segregated but will be disposed of at the landfill.
Summary of survey from Northern Peninsular Malaysia
No.
Description
Perlis
Kedah
Pulau Pinang
Perak
16
16
10
Motorcycle workshop
Depot
Collector
Retreader
Customer
14
14
Landfill / transfer
station
Treatment

not interviewed
16
34
29
36
Total sample
Total samples collected = 108 samples interviewed, 7 samples rejected
Appx L - 7
Final Report
Summary of survey findings conducted in Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia

Date: 8 April and 11 April 2011
Peninsular Malaysia- Central (Selangor, Wilayah Persekutuan KL)
Observation/Findings:
Shah Alam/Kelana Jaya(i)
It was observed that most tire/workshop which covered under the survey in this area have
been visited by one or more groups of collectors/traders.
(ii)
Only few of the respondents informed that they have contacts of collectors who will come
to remove the scrap tires that are piling up in the property upon request.
(iii)
None of the respondents informed that they are charged for the pick-up request.
(iv)
Most respondents do not care how much the scrap tires can be sold for, and would
appreciate anyone to remove the scrap tire piles from the properties the sooner the better.
Though they will not mind the collectors/traders paying them for the scrap tires in contrary
to when they had to pay for removal of scrap tires many years ago.
(v)
One particular tire/workshop only serves their membership customers who own sport cars
and luxurious vehicles as depicted by the staff. This respondent informed that most scrap
tires left behind from their customers are with tire warranty and thus will be delivered to
the tire manufacturer for claim. Only a very small portion of used tires which were
considered worn and expired may be let collected by those going around the surrounding
area in search of scrap tires.
Summary of survey from Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia

No.
Description
Selangor
Kuala Lumpur
29
11
Collector
Customer
21
Tyre shop / workshop not interviewed
14
63
12
Total sample
Appx L - 8
Final Report
Summary of survey findings conducted in Southern Peninsular Malaysia
Date: 12-15 April 2011

Observation/Findings:
General(i)
It was observed that ALL tire/workshop which covered under the survey have been visited
by one or more groups of collectors/traders.
(ii)
All respondents of tire shop/workshop do not know where and how the scrap tires are
disposed.
(iii)
Most respondents are rather keen on collectors offering higher price on the scrap tires,
than to know how the scrap tires will be taken care of.
(iv)
While respondents are aware that officers from Department of Health may turn up to
investigate the tire piles subjected to mosquitoes breeding spot, most will still keep the
tires for collector/trader who offers better price to get the scrap tires.
(v)
Some have the intention to keep tires only to those collectors they acquainted, however,
these group of respondents also tend to steer clear from releasing the contact information
as well as providing basic information for our survey in fear of causing trouble to the
collectors they associated with regardless of our intention on the study.
(vi)
Since there is more than one group of traders/collectors, tire/workshop located in urban
area tends to be visited every day to three days by collectors. Some tire/workshops in
rural area may have less frequent visit, about once a month or every two months.
Melaka State(i)
Majority of respondents in Melaka informed that they are paid by the collectors/traders;
only a few responded that the tires may have been collected free of charge (neither they
received payment nor paid to get rid)
(ii)
Many do not know what the scrap tires will be used for. Few mentioned of there are local
factories collecting the scrap tires for reprocess but could not confirm the whereabouts of
these facilities.
(iii)
All respondents, however, informed that the collectors/traders are mainly from Johor (i.e.
Muar). None knows the exact destination the tires will be sent to.
(iv)
These collectors/traders, usually offered RM 0.30~RM 0.50 per tire (car) and RM3.00 per
tire (truck) at present.
Appx L - 9
Final Report
Johor State(i)
All cooperative respondents informed that the collectors/traders paid for the scrap tires
they piled up.
(ii)
Most of the respondents knew that there are factories/facilities that collect or recycle the
scrap tires but the locations are either unknown to them or they are unwilling to disclose.
(iii)
Many tire/workshop keep scrap tires within their properties inside the building after hours,
except few whose space are limited for keeping the storage of scrap tires. The latter
usually leave the tires out front, and may keep eyes on the scrap tires being picked up by
scavengers during the night.
(iv)
Respondents in this state are more prompted to sell the scrap tires than to simply let
collectors to pick up for free.
(v)
According to a respondent in rural area, their customers (only Malay) tend to reclaim the
tires after replacement. Most of them are using the scrap tires for landscaping purposes.
This trend however is not observed in urban area.
(vi)
One particular respondent informed that he used to operate one of those facilities where
liquid substances were extracted by compressing the scrap tires. He also stored
excessive scrap tires for further transport. The facility/warehouse was forced to be shut
down due to high operation cost and transportation cost that eventually compromised the
profit. He does not have contact or address of any still operating facility but heard that
there are in Kluang, and Johor Bahru(the interview was interrupted by the arrival of
MPJBT officers, thus the detail of the process involved in his past facility was not
acquired).
(vii)
A collector informed that there are other groups of collectors like his, all are individuals
that make living by collecting scrap tires and sell to factory. He does not know of any
company that is out collecting the scrap tires. He sent the collected tires to factories of
three locations depending on his last collection sites. He identified three factories in Muar,
Kulai/Senai, Kluang but did not disclose the address or he does not know but the
direction.
Negeri Sembilan State(i)
Some of the respondent in rural area will bring the tires back for landscaping purpose
after replacement.
(ii)
Some of the lorries driver will bring the tyre to the workshop to retreat then reuse back the
retreaded tyre
(iii)
Most of the workshops informed that the collectors/traders collected the tyre free of
charge
Appx L - 10
Final Report
Voices/Concerns(i)
Many especially those are unhappy with government expressed skepticism on how the
study may benefit them. In fact, the current situation in which they have no worry that the
tires will be left uncollected unlike the past when they needed to pay for collectors to clean
up the piles and they also see the current ongoing scheme a feasible income from selling
the wastes left behind by most customers.
(ii)
Some critical respondents would question how the government may implement the scrap
tires management policy with the outcome of this study as well as the objective of the
study.
(iii)
A few respondents are wondering why the rubber tubes within tire are not surveyed in this
study as they are usually not collected by dump trucks and ended up together with scrap
tires, although they are easier to be disposed with other solid waste in the dumpster
(these tubes were used to be collected by certain collectors but were no longer an interest
to collectors/traders today).
Summary of survey from Southern Peninsular Malaysia

No.
Description
Melaka
Johor
Negeri Sembilan
11
16
Motorcycle workshop
Retreader
Customer
Collector
Tyre shop / workshop not

interviewed
15
21
12
Total sample
Appx L - 11
Final Report
Summary of survey findings conducted in Eastern Peninsular Malaysia

1.
Date: 11 April 2011
Location: Kota Bharu, Kelantan

No
Description
No. of survey
12
Depot
Customer
Total
19
Jabatan Perkhidmatan Perbandaran & Kesihatan, Kota Bharu

(i)
Interview Mr. Mat Seman (Head Department) and Mr. Mohd. Dazuki (Health Officer) for
understanding on the collection of scrap tyre in landfill.
(ii)
They informed that there was no segregation of tyres in the landfill. They are mixed with
household waste.
(iii)
They charged RM20 for less than 5T and RM40 for more than 5T lorry load as tipping fees.
(iv)
High demand from Fishery Department for fish farming few years ago.
Syarikat Seng Soon Hin Sdn Bhd, Kota Bharu (Retreader)

(i)
Interview Mr. Lee Kok Peng (Factory Manager) for understanding on retreading of
commercial tyres.
(ii)
He informed that scrap tyres were collected for the usage in road construction by JKR.
Findings:
(i)
Unlike before where they had problems disposing the scrap tyres, all scrap tyres are being
collected nowadays by collectors FOC and unscheduled (but generally daily or few times a
week).
(ii)
They just leave the scrap tyres outside of the shops and the next day (or few days) later,
they are collected.
(iii)
Most informed that the scrap tyres are sent outside of Kelantan and Terengganu but they
are not exactly sure where they are sent to. Some heard that they are sent to Perak, KL
or Johor for recycling to make into rubber powder, oil and recover steel.
Appx L - 12
Final Report
Observation:
A few scrap tyres were seen in the MPKB waste bin.
Date: 12 & 13 April 2011
Location: Terenggannu
No
Description
No. of survey
19
Depot
Customer
11
Total
31
Jabatan Kerja Raya, Terengganu

(i)
Interview Mr. Mat Noor (JKR Depot Officer)
(ii)
He informed us that JKR vehicles are sent to the tyre shops for repair.
(iii)
Eventhough they have garage in the depot and will eventually leave the scrap tyres in the
tyre shops. The 2 tyre shops are Pusat Servis Tayar Ramaco and Hin Long Hang Sdn Bhd.
Appx L - 13
Final Report
Sungai Ikan Landfill, Kuala Terengganu

(i)
Interview the landfill gate keeper for understanding on the collection of scrap tyres in
landfill.
(ii)
He informed that the landfill only receive waste from the municipal waste trucks. Besides,
he added that only few tyres (motorcycle scrap tyres) will send to the landfill together with
other domestic waste.
Findings:
(i)
We were informed that scrap tyres are used in palm oil estate. The scrap tyre is used to
protect the palm oil seedling from wild boars.
(ii)
Villagers take scrap tyres from the tyre shops (outskirts of KT) for landscaping and burning
purposes.
(iii)
Majority of the tyre shop personnel informed us that their scrap tyres were collected by the
same collector from Bukit Payung.
(iv)
We were also informed that the scrap tyres are sent to Penang for recycling.
Date: 14 & 15 April 2011

Location: Kuantan & Pekan, Pahang
No
Description
No. of survey
Kuantan
Pekan
11
Collector
Customer
12
Total
Appx L - 14
Final Report
Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK), Jalan Bukit Ubi

(i)
Interview Mr. Abdul Halim bin Yusoff (Monitoring Unit Officer from Bahagian Perkhidmatan
Perbandaran and Keselamantan.
(ii)
According to him, MPKs vehicles (MPV, lorries and trucks) are sent to Yamotor Tyre
Service Sdn. Bhd.
(iii)
He then lead us to Jabor Jerangau Landfill.
Jabor Jerangau Landfill, Pahang

(i)
The landfill is operated by Terang Bersih Sdn. Bhd.
(ii)
Interviewed Mr. Hj. Mohd. Fadzli bin Darus (Landfill Engineer) for understanding on the
collection of scrap tyres in landfill.
(iii)
According to him, approximately 8 hectares of land were proposed sanitary landfill.
(iv)
According to their statistic, apart from the 500T of waste receive daily, 1% of the waste are
rubber waste (mostly motorcycle scrap tyres)
(v)
They informed that there is no segregation of scrap tyres with other domestic waste in the
landfill as it is costly and require large area (bulky).
(vi)
They charged RM18 for 1T of domestic waste as tipping fees.
(vii)
Besides, he informed that most of the scrap tyres sent in were from the government
agencies (e.g. Malaysia Maritime Academy) and workshops.
(viii) He informed that scrap tyres in landfill affected the performance of compactor thus affected
the structure of landfill. Moreover, scrap tyres in landfill obstruct drilling process and
caused the collection of rain water.
Majlis Daerah Pekan (MDP), Pahang.

(i)
Interview Mdm. Cheam Siew Kan (Penolong Pegawai Kesihatan Persekitaran).
(ii)
According to her, MDPs vehicles (MPV, lorries and trucks) are sent to tyre shops for repair
purposes.
(iii)
Previously they do store used tyre in depot but due to the current 5S Programme, all the
scrap tyres were disposed.
(iv)
She informed that Keledang Landfill received 30T of waste per day.
(v)
She then lead us to a scrap tyre collector in Kg. Pelak (45 mins drive from Pekan)
Appx L - 15
Final Report
Scrap tyre collector in Kg. Pelak.

(i)
Interview collector name Pak Mee
(ii)
He collect scrap tyres from Kemaman, Kemasek (Terengganu) to Kuantan with his 1T
covered lorry.
(iii)
He stores the scrap tyres outside his house and send them to a pyrolysis plant nearby.
(iv)
Previously he supply scrap tyres to the Go-Kart track in Pekan.
(v)
According to him, the pyrolysis plant uses scrap tyre to produce tar oil used in road
construction. He added that the plant is owned by the Chinese and operated by the Nepals.
(vi)
He informed that there are another 2 pyrolysis plants operating in Perak and Johor.
Go-Kart Track in Taman tasik Sultan Abu Bakar, Pekan

(i)
Large amount of scrap tyres are used in the tracks as safety barriers.
(ii)
For further enquiries, call Mr. Azizul (013-900 3140)
Appx L - 16
Final Report
Summary of survey from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

No.
Description
Kelantan
Terengganu
Pahang
12
19
13
Motorcycle workshop
Retreader
Customer
11
Collector
Depot
Tyre shop / workshop not

interviewed
19
31
15
Total sample
Appx L - 17
APPENDIX M
Summary Total No. of Samples Collected by State
Final Report
APPENDIX M: SUMMARY TOTAL NO. OF SAMPLES COLLECTED BY STATE

No
Type of
respondent
Total No of sample
Selangor
Kuala
Lumpur
Total
Pahang
Kelantan
Terengganu
N9
Melaka
Johor
Perak
Penang
Kedah
Perlis
Tyre
Workshop
29
11
13
12
19
11
16
10
16
16
166
Motorcycle
workshop
Tyre
retreading
workshop
Tyre Depot
Customer
21
11
14
14
87
Recycling
Plants
Collector
16
Transfer
station/ Landfill
Rejected
14
27
Total (without
rejected)
58
12
16
19
32
12
14
18
34
27
35
16
293
Total (with
rejected)
72
13
16
19
32
12
16
21
38
30
35
16
320
Appx M - 1

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National Solid Waste Management Department

Ministry of Housing and Local Government

CHEMSAIN KONSULTANT SDN BHD (130904-U)

A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia

SCRAP TYRE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA; STATUS QUO .................... 5

A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia

Incentive System ........................................................................................... 97

A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia

The Team Members for the Study on Scrap Tyre Management in

List of Primary Stakeholders and Their Primary Functions or Roles ...................6

The Institutional Capacity of Malaysian Governmental Agencies in the

Proposed Sampling Size for Tyre Industries .....................................................27

Estimation of Annual and Daily Tonnage for Scrap Tyres Generation by

Estimation of Annual and Daily Tonnage for Scrap Tyres Generation by

Projection of Number of Registered Vehicle from 2011 - 2015 .........................34

Total Number of Survey Samples .....................................................................38

Total Number of Interviewees According to State .............................................39

List of Local Authorities Interviewed ..................................................................39

Total Number of Scrap Tyres Collectors Interviewed........................................46

Type of Treatment Facilities Visited ..................................................................48

List of Landfill and Transfer Station Visited .......................................................53

Components of a Tyre, Legends and Definitions26 ...........................................62

Percentage of Main Components of Car and Truck Tyres ................................62

Weightage of Different Type of Tyres ...............................................................63

ELTs Treatment and Recycling Technology ....................................................65

Calorific Value and Emission Rate of Tyres in Comparison to Other

Coal-Fired Power Plants in Peninsular Malaysia ..............................................73

Examples of Successful TDF Application in Cement Kilns in Foreign

Cement Kilns Operational in Peninsular Malaysia37 ..........................................80

Products of Scrap Tyre Pyrolysis ......................................................................82

A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia

Economic Analysis of Pyrolytic Products from Scrap Tyres39 ...........................86

Investment Cost for a Pyrolysis Plant40 .............................................................87

Uses of Crumb Tyres of Different Mesh Sizes ..................................................93

Economic Evaluations of Various Technology Options in Tyre

Projected Annual Variation of Scrap Tyres Generation in the

Options for Tax on New Tyres in Sarawak (EPU, 2001) .................................101

End of Life Tyre Management Models ............................................................104

Summary of Scrap Tyre Management in Different Countries of the

Type of Systems Adopted for Managing Scrap Tyres in Various

Economic Evaluations of Various Technology Options in Tyre

Correlation Between Sarawak Scrap Tyre Management Study and

Action Plan for the Implementation of the Proposed Scrap Tyre

Proposed Time Schedule for the Implementation of the Proposed

A Study on Scrap Tyre Management In Peninsula Malaysia

Institutional Analysis of Scrap Tyre Management in Malaysia :

Material Flow of Scrap Tyres and Stakeholders Diagram ...................................8

Methodology for Estimation of the Generation of Tyre by Year ....................... 25

Zoning of Scrap Tyre Survey Areas ................................................................. 26

Number of Vehicles by Year in the Peninsular Malaysia ..................................28

Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) by Different

Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) in Peninsular

Quantity of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/ Year) in Peninsular

Total Projection for Number of Registered Vehicles in Peninsular

Total Projection of Scrap Tyre Generated (Tonne/Year) in

Proposed Developmental Methodologies for Mass Flow

JKR Depot .........................................................................................................41

Used Tyre at JKR Depot ...................................................................................41