Indian Geography (2) .Unlocked
Indian Geography (2) .Unlocked
Indian Geography (2) .Unlocked
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CONTENTS
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
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INDIAN GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF INDIA
Indian Geographical Location
Lying between latitude 84 N to 376 N and from longitude 687 E to 9725
E, the country is divided into almost equal parts by the Tropic of Cancer
(passes from Jabalpur in MP).
The southernmost point in Indian Territory, (in Great Nicobar Island) is the
Indira Point (645), while Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the
southernmost point of Indian mainland. The country thus lies wholly in the
northern and eastern hemispheres.
The 8230 E longitude is taken as the Standard Time Meridian of India, as it
passes through the middle of India (from Naini, near Allahabad).
Area & Boundaries of India.
1. India stretches 3,214 km from North to South & 2,933 km from East to
West.
2. Geographical Area of India : 32,87,263 sq. km. Accounts for 2.4% of the total
world area and roughly 17.5% of the world population.
3. Mainland India has a coastline of 6,100 km. Including the Lakshadweep and
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the coastline measures about 7516.6 km.
4. In India, of the total land mass:
Plains
: 43.3%
Plateaus
: 27.7%
Hills
: 18.6%
Mountains
: 10.7%
5. In the South, on the eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar & the Palk Strait
separate India from Sri Lanka.
6. Total land neighbours: 7 (Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan,
Bangladesh and Myanmar).
7. Indias Islands include the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal and
Lakshadweep, Minicoy & Amindive islands in the Arabian Sea.
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PHYSIOGRAPHY OF INDIA
India can be divided into 3 units:
1. The Himalayas
2. The Great Northern Plains
3. The Peninsular India
To these can be added the fourth, namely, the coasts and islands
The Himalayas
Himalayas means Abode of Snow. They are one of the youngest fold mountain
ranges in the world and comprise mainly sedimentary rocks.
They stretch from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the
east. Total length is about 2400 km. The width of the Himalayas varies from
500 km in Kashmir to 200 km in Arunachal Pradesh. Their average height is
2000m.
The Eastern Himalayas-made up of Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Mizo Hills and the
Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills-are also known as Purvanchal.
The Pamir, popularly known as the Roof of the World, is the connecting link
between the Himalayas and the high ranges of Central Asia.
The Himalayas can be divided into 3 parallel or longitudinal zones, each with
separate features.
The Great Himalayas or The Himadri
Average elevation extends upto 6100m & some of the worlds highest peaks are
here:
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
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PENINSULAR MOUNTAINS
Aravalis
Total length:800km
Highest peak: Guru Sikhar(1,722m) of the Abu Hills.
Extending from the north east to the south-west of India.
Separates semi desert regions of Rajasthan from the fertile Udaipur and
Jaipur regions .
It is an example of relict mountain,One of the oldest fold mountains in
the world.
VINDHYAN RANGE
A block mountain which separates northern India from the southern
mainland.
Composed of sandstones, shales and quartzites.
South of it, Narmada River flows in the rift valley.
Acts as a natural watershed between north and south India.
SATPURA RANGE
Highest peak: Dhupgarh(1,350m) near Panchmarhi.
Average elevation: 1,030m above sea level.
Extending in east west direction, to the south of Vindhyans.
Situated between Narmada and Tapi River.
Starting from Rajpipla hills in the west through Mahadeo hill to Maikal
range.
MAIKAL RANGE
Eastern part of Satpura system is situated in Madhya Pradesh.
Mount Amarkantak is the highest peak
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IMPORTANT GULFS
GULF OF KACHCHH
Separates: Kachchh and Kathiwar Peninsula.
Location: West of Gujarat
Information: Region with highest potential of tidal energy generation.
GULF OF CAMBAY
Separates: Kathiawar Peninsula and Gujarat
Location: Gujarat
Information: Tapi, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati rive drain into the
Gulf.
GULF MANNAR
Separates: Sri Lanka and Southern India
Location: South east of Tamil Nadu
Information: Asias first marine biosphere reserves.
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ISLANDS OF INDIA
The
The
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RIVERS OF INDIA
In India, the rivers can be divided into two main groups:
Himalayan Rivers
Peninsular Rivers
Himalayan Rivers of India
In this three major river systems are there:
The Indus System
It has a total length of 2880 km (709 km in India). Rises in Tibet (China)
near Mansarovar Lake.
In Jammu and Kashmir, its Himalayan tributaries are: Zanskar, Dras,
Gartang, Shyok, Shigar, Nubra, Gilgit, etc.
Its most important tributaries, which join Indus at various places, are:
Jhelum (725 km), Chenab (1800 km), Ravi (720 km), Beas (470 km) &
Sutlej (1050 km).
Sources:
Jhelum from Verinag (SE Kashmir).
Chenab from Bara Lacha Pass (Lahaul-Spiti), Himachal pradesh.
Ravi from Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass in Himachal pradesh.
Beas from a place near Rohtang Pass in Himachal pradesh.
Satluj from Mansarovar Rakas lakes in W. Tibet.
According to the Indus Water Treaty signed between India and Pakistan
in 1960, India can utilize only 20% of the total discharge of Indus,
Jhelum and Chenab.
1.INDUS:(One of the worlds largest river)
Source: Tibet, at an altitude of 5,180 m near Mansarovar Lake.
Total length:2,880km (709km in India)
River Basin: 1,165,00 sq.km (321,290 sq.km in India)
Information:
Mountain tributaries; Gilgit Shyok, Skardu, Shigoo.
Plain tributaries: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
2.JHELUM:
(An important river of kashmir and is the main waterway)
Source: Rises in Verinag at the foothills of Pirpranjal.
Total length: 400 km
River Basin: 28,490 sq.km (in India)
Its basin lies between Great Himalaya and Pir Pranjal Range.
It flows through Vale of Kashmir and Wular Lake before entering into
Pakistan.
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3.CHENAB
(largest of all the Indus tributaries)
Source: Rises in snow covered Kullu hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Total length: 1,800 (in India)
River Basin: 26,755 sq.km (in India)
Flows through Chamba state for 160 km in the trough between the
Greater Himalaya and the Pir Panjal.
4.RAVI
Source: Kullu hills of H.P
Total Length: 725 km
River Basin: 5,957( in India)
5. SUTLEJ
(Second largest tributary of Indus)
Source: Rakas Lake, at an altitude of 4,555 m in Tibet
Total Length:1050km (in India)
River Basin: 25,087 sq.km(in India)
It enters India through Shipki La and flows through Himachal Pradesh
and Punjab before entering into Pakistan.
6. BEAS
Source: Kullu hills at an altitude of 4,000 m
Total Length:470 km( in India)
River Basin:25,900 sq.km (in India)
Information: It joins Stulej near Harike.
THE GANGA SYSTEM (GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES)
The Ganga:
Formed by two head streams Alaknada and Bhagirathi which join at
Devprayag.
Source: Rises in Gangotri glacier of the Great Himalaya. Above
Devaprayag it is called as Bhagirathi and below it is referred to as the
Ganga.
Total Length: Of its total length of 2,525 k.m, 1,450 k.m in Bihar and
520 km in West Bengal.
River Basin: 838,200 sq.km. Largest river basin in India, Covers more
than fourth of the countrys total surface
Left Bank tributaries; Ramganga, Gomati, Ghagra, Gandak, Burhi
Gandak,Kosi.
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River: Tapi
State: Gujarat
Purpose:Irrigation
Sardar Sarovar Project
River: Narmada
State: Gujarat, M.P., Rajasthan Maharashtra
Purpose: Irrigation, Hydroelectricity
Tawa project:
River: Tawa ( A tributary of Narmada)
State: Madhya Pradesh
Purpose: Irrigation
Mahi project (Jamnalal Bajaj Sagar)
River: Mahi
State: Gujarat
Purpose: Irrigation
.
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Regions & States: Tropical humid areas where rainfall is more than 200
cm e.g., Western Ghats, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Chotanagpur Plateau
and slopes of North Eastern states.
ARID OR DESERT SOIL
Distribution: 1.42 lakh km2
Formation: Sand and windblown. Weathering due to temperature help
in the formation of these soils. Developed under arid or semiarid
conditions in the north western part of the country.
Characteristics: Deficient in humus and nitrogen, rich in phosphorus,
Due to less leaching mineral content is high.
Regions& States: Punjab, Southern parts of Haryana, Western
Rajasthan and Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat.
MOUNTAIN SOILS
Formation: Formed by the deposition or organic matter derived from the
forest growth, Characteristic of soil varies with variation of rocks, ground
configuration and climate.
Characteristics: Rich in humus but deficient in potash, phosphorus and
like. Most suitable for plantation crops like tea, coffee etc.,
Region& states: Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh. Also in Western and Eastern Ghats as well as in some region of
Peninsular plateau.
PEATY AND ORGANIC SOIL:
Formation: Developed in hot humid conditions as a result of
accumulation of large amount of organic matter.
Characteristics: Dark and almost black in colour, very strongly acidic
and saline.
Region & States: They are confined to depression caused by dried lakes
in alluvial and coastal plain areas and developed under water logged
environments. For example, Regions like Kari in Kerala, T.N., coastal
Orissa, W.B. and North Bihar.
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These plants grow far apart from each other. They have long roots and
thick fleshy stems in which they store water to survive during the long
drought.
These vegetations are found in Rajasthan and parts of Gujarats, Punjab
and Karnataka.
Tidal or Mangrove forests: These forests grow along the coast and on the
edges of the deltas
The deltas of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. They
are called Tidal Forests.
In West Bengal these forests are known as Sundarbans. The sundari is
most significant tree in these forests.
The other notable trees of these forests are hogla, garan, gewa, golpata,
gilepata, pasur etc. These forests are supply timber and fire wood. Palm
and coconut trees adorn the coastal strip.
Mountain forests: Mountain forests vary considerably along the slopes of
mountain.
On the foothills of the Himalayas unto a height of 1500 meters, evergreen
trees, (Sal, teak, bamboo and cane) grow abundantly.
On higher slope between 1,500 meters to 3,500 meters, temperate
conifer trees, (pine, fir, oak, maple, deodar, laurel spruce, ceder) grow.
At the higher altitude of the Himalayas, rhododendrons and junipers are
found. Beyond these vegetation belts, alpine grasslands appear up to
snowfield
National Parks in India
State-wise list of National Parks in India
State / UT
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
Nicobar
Andaman and
National Park
Established
1992
1992
1983
1987
1987
1987
1996
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Nicobar
Andaman and
Saddle Peak National Park
Nicobar
Andaman and
South Button Island National Park
Nicobar
Andhra Pradesh Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Andhra Pradesh Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park
Andhra Pradesh Mrugavani National Park
Andhra Pradesh Sri Venkateswara National Park
Arunachal
Mouling National Park
Pradesh
Arunachal
Namdapha National Park
Pradesh
Assam
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
Assam
Kaziranga National Park
Assam
Manas National Park
Assam
Nameri National Park
Assam
Orang National Park
Bihar
Valmiki National Park
Bihar
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary
Bihar
Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary
Chhattisgarh
Indravati National Park
Chhattisgarh
Kanger Ghati National Park (Kanger Valley)
Chhattisgarh
Sanjay National Park
Goa
Mollem National Park
Gujarat
Vansda National Park
Gujarat
Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar
Gujarat
Gir National Park
Gujarat
Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park
Haryana
Kalesar National Park
Haryana
Sultanpur National Park
Himachal Pradesh Great Himalayan National Park
Himachal Pradesh Pin Valley National Park
Jammu and
Dachigam National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Hemis National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Kishtwar National Park
Kashmir
Jammu and
Salim Ali National Park
Kashmir
Jharkhand
Betla National Park
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1987
1987
1994
1994
1994
1989
1986
1983
1999
1974
1990
1998
1999
1989
1987
2009
1981
1982
1981
1978
1979
1976
1965
1980
2003
1989
1984
1987
1981
1981
1981
1992
1986
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Manipur
Manipur
Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Orissa
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
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1954
1975
1987
1974
1974
1987
1988
1978
2003
1982
1984
1982
1983
1955
1959
1973
1975
1981
1981
1979
2004
1987
1975
1975
1983
1955
1977
1982
1986
1986
1991
1997
1993
1988
1976
1980
1987
2004
1980
1981
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Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
West Bengal
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1960
1980
1982
1977
1976
1980
1989
1990
1990
19XX
1977
1936
1989
1990
1982
1983
1982
1992
1994
1986
1992
1984
1988
1986
Nilgiri
Biosphere
Reserve
Part
of Waynad, Nagarhole,
Bandipur andMuduma
lai, Nilambur, Silent
Valley and Anaimalai
Hills
Nanda Devi
National
Park &
Biosphere
Reserve
Parts of Chamoli
District, Pithoragarh
District &Bageshwar
District
Tamil
Nilgiri
Nadu,Kerala Western Tahr, Lion
5520
andKarnatak Ghats
-tailed
a
macaque
Uttarakhand
Western
Himalay
as
5860
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Gulf of
Mannar
Tamil Nadu
Coasts
Nokrek
Meghalaya
East
Himalay Red Panda 820
as
Sundarbans
Part of delta
of Ganges and Baraha West Bengal
maputra river system
Royal
Gangetic
Bengal
Delta
Tiger
Manas
Part
of Kokrajhar, Bongaiga
on, Barpeta, Nalbari,
Assam
Kamrup and Darrang
Districts
East
Golden
Himalay Langur,Re 2837
as
d Panda
Simlipal
Part of Mayurbhanj
district
Odisha
Gaur, Roy
Deccan
al Bengal
Peninsul
4374
Tiger, Wild
a
elephant
10
11
14
15
1988
1989
1989
1994
1998
DihangDibang
Part
of Siang and Dibang
Valley
Arunachal
Pradesh
Eastern
Himalay
a
Parts of Betul
District, Hoshangabad Madhya
District andChhindwar Pradesh
a District
1999
Pachmarhi
Biosphere
Reserve
2005
Part
Achanakamar
of Annupur, Dindori a
-Amarkantak
nd Bilaspur districts
2008
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Part
Great Rann of of Kutch, Rajkot, Sure
Gujarat
Kutch
ndranagar and Patan
Districts
SemiArid
Dugong or
10500
Sea Cow
5112
Giant
Squirrel,Fl 4981.
ying
72
Squirrel
Madhya
Maikala
Pradesh,Chha
Hills
ttisgarh
Desert
9630
3835
Indian
Wild Ass
12454
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Cold Desert
17
18
7770
2001
East
Snow
Himalay Leopard,R 2620
as
ed Panda
1989
1997
Western
Snow
Himalay
Leopard
as
2010
INSURANCE, RAILWAYS
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12
2000
2009
16
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885
East
Golden
Himalay
Langur
as
765
Seshachalam Hill
Seshachalam Ranges covering parts Andhra
Hills
of Chittoor and Kadapa Pradesh
districts
Eastern
Ghats
4755
Part
Madhya
of Panna and Chattarp
Pradesh
ur Districts
catchme
nt area
of the
Ken
River
DibruSaikhowa
Panna
Part
of Dibrugarh and Tins Assam
ukia districts
Saltwater
Crocodile
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AGRICULTURE OF INDIA
Careful and intentionally growing of the crops is termed as Agiculture
Indian Agriculture dates backs to 10000BC. Evidences are there in the
Kaibangan cite of the Indus Valley Civilisation that the man has grown food
crops in this region.
Types of Agriculture
1. Subsistence and commercial farming: Majority of farmers in India
practises subsistence farming. This means farming for own consumption. In
other words, the entire production is largely consumed by the farmers and
their family and they do not have any surplus to sell in the market. In this type
of farming, landholdings are small and fragmented. Cultivation techniques are
primitive and simple. In other words there is a total absence of modern
equipments like tractors and farm inputs like chemical fertilizers, insecticides
and pesticides. In this farming, farmers mostly cultivate cereals along with oil
seeds, pulses, vegetables and sugarcane.
Commercial farming is just the opposite to subsistence farming. In this case,
most of the produce is sold in the market for earning money. In this system,
farmers use inputs like irrigation, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides
and High Yielding Varieties of seeds etc. Some of the major commercial crops
grown in different parts of India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut etc.
Rice farming in Harayana is mainly for commercial purpose as people of this
area are predominantly wheat eaters. Howevr in East and North-Eastern states
of India, rice cultivation would be largely of subsistence type.
2. Intensive and Extensive Farming: The basic difference between these two
types of farming is the amount of production per unit of land. India does not
practise extensive cultivation. When we use large patch of land for cultivation
then we call it extensive farming. Here, total production may be high due to
larger area but per unit are production is low. Intensive Farming records high
production per unit of land. Best example of intensive cultivation is in Japan
where availability of land for cultivation is very limited. Similar kind of
situation can be observed in the state of Kerala in India.
3. Plantation Farming: It is an estate where a single cash crop is grown for
sale. This type of agriculture involves growing and processing of a single cash
crop purely meant for sale. Tea, coffee, rubber, banana and spices are all
examples of plantation crops. Most of these crops were introduced in India by
the Britishers in the 19th Century.
4. Shifting Cultivaton:
Called as Slash and Burn cultivation, normally
performed by the Tribal people.
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Area
India
Malaysia
Indonesia
Philippinnes
Thailand
Myanmar
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Cultivation
Podu
Bhera
Ponam
Dahiya
Dip
RAINBOW REVOLUTION
Green
Food Crops
White
Milk
Yellow
Oil seeds
Grey
Fertilisers
Gold
Fruits
Red
Meat/ Tomotos
Round
Potatoes
Silver
Eggs
Blue
Aqua culture
Black
Non Conventional Energy
FOOD CROPS DISTRIBUTION
RICE(KHARIF CROP)
Conditions Required
Temperature: not below 21o C
Rainfall: More than 125cm
Soil: Clayey loam best suited
Distribution (in order of Production)
1. West Bengal
2. U P
3. Andhra Pradesh
WHEAT (RABI CROP)
Conditions Required
Temperature: 10 15o C (winder) 21o - 26o C (Summer)
Rainfall: 75cm -100cm (moderate)
Soil: Well drained fertile, friable loams, and clay loams
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Punjab
3. Haryana
4. Madhya Pradesh
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Millets
BAJRA
Condition Required
Temperature: 25o - 30o C
Rainfall: 40 50cm
Soil: Poor light sandy soils, black and red soils
Distribution (in order of Production)
1. Rajasthan
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
BARLEY
Condition Required
Temperature: 10 - 15o C
Rain fall: 75 cm to 100cm
Soil: Light clay and alluvial soil
Distribution(In order of production)
1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Rajasthan
3. Madhya Pradesh
CASH CROPS
COTTON
Conditions Required
Kharif crop of tropical and subtropical areas.
Temperature : 21o - 30o C but not below 21o C.
210 frost free days.
Rainfall: 50 100cm or irrigation facility.
Soil: Deep black soil (regur), even grows in alluvial soils and laterite
soils.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
1. Punjab
2. Maharashtra
3. Gujarat
JUTE
Condition Required
Second important fibre crop of India, crop of hot and humid climate.
Temperature: 24o - 35o C
Rainfall: heavy rainfall of 120 150 cm with 80 90 percent of relative
humidity.
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(a) Tripura
(b) Karnataka
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Himachal Pradesh (Kangra valley)
COFFEE
Condition Required
Crops of hot and humid climate
Temperature: 15o - 28o C but does not tolerate frost.
Rainfall: 150 250cm
Soil: well drained rich friable loams with rich in humus, iron and
calcium.
Distribution (In order of Production)
1. Karnataka (80 percent of total coffee production)
2. Kerala (13 percent of total production)
3. Tamil Nadu
RUBBER
Condition Required
Temperature: 25o - 35o C
Rainfall: about 300 cm (well distributed throughout the year)
Soil: well drained loamy soil of hilly region.
Distribution ( In order of Production)
1. Kerala(above 90 percent of total production, Kottayam, Ernakulum,
Kozhikode and Kollan are the main producing districts)
2. Tamil Nadu
and 3. Karnataka
OTHER CROPS
MAIZE
Condition Required
Rainfall Kharif Crops
Temperature: 21o - 27o C
Rain fall: 50 100 cm
Soil: well drained alluvial, or red loams
Distribution (In order of production)
1. Bihar
2. Uttar Pradesh
3. Karnataka
4. Andhra Pradesh
JOWAR
Conditions Required
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Distribution:
Rajathan (largest producer of gypsum in India): Churu, Ganganagar,
Bikaner,Jaisalmer, Nagaur and Pali districts produce 95 percent of the
total gypsum of India.
Jammu and Kashmir Baramula and Doda districts.
Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli
DIAMOND:
Distribution:
Madhya Pradesh Panna
Andhra Pradesh Anantapur, Kurnool
Karnataka Bellary.
ATOMIC MINERALS
URANIUM:
Distribution:
Bihar Gaya
Jharkhand Jaduguda
Andhra Pradesh - Cuddapah(Thummalapalli)
Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur
Rajasthan Udaipur. Rohil region
Kerala Uranium from monazile sand of coastal regions.
THORIUM:
Distribution:Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Rajasthan
OIL FIELDS
Distribution:
Assam Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran, and Sibsagar.
Gujarat Mehsana, Cholka, Kalol, Nawagam, Ankaleshwar and Kosamba
OFF SHRE OIL FIELDS
Distribution:
Mumbai High
Bassein
Ravva
Aliabet
OIL REFINERIES:
Distribution:
Assam Digboi(IOC), Guwahati (IOC), Bongaigaon
Bihar Barauni (IOC)
Uttar Pradesh Mathura
Gujarat Koyali, Jamnagar (largest oil refineries)
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INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
Indian industrial segment is the back bone of the economy of India. we are
here giving a list of industries that are seen in India.
Nuclear Power Plants
Plant
Location
State
Capacity
Narora Atomic Power Station
Narora
Rawatbhata Rajasthan
1180 MW
Tarapur
Maharashtra
1400 MW
Kakrapar
Gujarat
440 MW
- MW
Kalpakkam
Tamilnadu
- MW
Kaiga
Karnataka
660 MW
Kalpakkam
Tamil Nadu
440 MW
Andhra Pradesh
Rashtriya (spat Nigam Ltd
1
2
Chattisgarh
Jindal Steel& Power Ltd.
Bhilai Steel Plant
1
2
Jharkhand
Bokaro Steel Plant (SAIL)
Tata Steels Ltd
Karnataka
JSW Steel Limited
1
2
Orissa
Tata Sponge Iron Limited
Rourkela Steel Plant
Tamil Hiithi
Salem Steel Plant
1
2
West Bengal
Durgapur Steel Plant
Indian Iron & Steel Company Ltd
Visakhapat
Raigarh
Bhilai
Bokaro
Jamshedpu
Bellary
Keonjhar
Rourkela
Salem
Durgapur
Burnpur
India(11 Plants)
3200000
3200000
MTPA
MTPA
1880000
3153000
5033000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
5885000
4000000
9885000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
2000000
2000000
MTPA
MTPA
240000
1671000
1911000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
156000
156000
MTPA
MTPA
1586000
426000
2012000
MTPA
MTPA
MTPA
24197000
MTPA
11
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Coal Reservers
(in million metric tonnes)
Type of Coalfield
Jharkhand
80,356.20
Gondwana
Orissa
71,447.41
Gondwana
Chhattisgarh
50,846.15
Gondwana
West Bengal
30,615.72
Gondwana
Madhya Pradesh
24,376.26
Gondwana
Telangana
22,154.86
Gondwana
Maharashtra
10,882.09
Gondwana
1,061.80
Gondwana
Uttar Pradesh
Meghalaya
576.48
Tertiary
Assam
510.52
Tertiary
Nagaland
315.41
Tertiary
Bihar
160.00
Gondwana
Sikkim
101.23
Gondwana
Arunachal Pradesh
90.23
Assam
TOTAL
2.79
Tertiary
Gondwana
293,497.15
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Railway Industry:
S.No.
Name of PU
1.
Chittaranjan
2.
Varanasi
3.
Chennai
4.
Kapurthala
5.
Bangalore
6.
Patiala
Maharatnas - 7
Navaratnas - 17
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Maharatna CPSEs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Navratna CPSEs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
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TRANSPORT IN INDIA
NATIONAL WATERWAYSIndia has about 190 ports in all, with 12 major and the rest intermediate and
minor.
The 12 Major Ports are:
Port
State
Kolkata (including Haldia)
West Bengal
Paradip
Orissa
Vishakhapatnam
Andhra Pradesh
Chennai
Tamil Nadu
Ennore
Tamil Nadu
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu
Cochin
Kerala
New Mangalore
Karnataka
Mormugao
Goa
Jawaharlal Nehru
Maharashtra
Mumbai
Maharashtra
Kandla
Gujarat
All these ports are administered by the respective Port Trusts, except the newly
constructed Ennore port which is under the Ennore Port Ltd. Company.
Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): was created by Indian
Government on 27 October 1986 for development and regulation of Inland
Waterways for shipping and navigation.
We have 6 national waterways in or country1) National waterway 1
Allahabad Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system.
Estd = October 1986. Length = 1620 km
2) National waterway 2
Sadiya -Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra river. Estd = September 1982. Length =
891 km
3) National waterway 3
Kottapuram-Kollam stretch of the West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal and
Udyogmandal Canal. Estd = February 1993 Length = 205 km
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4) National waterway 4
Kakinada - Puducherry stretch of Canals and the Kaluvelly Tank,
Bhadrachalam Rajahmundry stretch of River Godavari and Wazirabad
Vijayawada stretch of River Krishna. Estd = November 2008 Length = 1095 km
5) National waterway 5
Talcher - Dhamra stretch of the Brahmani River, the Geonkhali - Charbatia
stretch of the East Coast Canal, the Charbatia - Dhamra stretch of Matai river
and the Mangalgadi - Paradip stretch of the Mahanadi River Delta. Established
= November 2008 Length = 623 km
6) National waterway 6
Lakhipur to Bhanga of river Barak. Proposed Length = 121 km
RAILWAYS IN INDIA
Indian railway system is the largest in Asia and the fourth largest in the world.
It is the biggest departmental public undertaking in the country.
The first train ran in India between Bombay and Thane, a stretch of 34 km.
on April 16 1853.
The Indian Railways celebrated its 150th anniversary on April 16, 2003. To
commemorate the occasion, 16 January Shatabadi inter city express
trains were announced to be inducted.
The second train ran between Howrah and Hooghly in 1854.
The headquarters of Indian Railway is in New Delhi.
The first electric train in India was Deccan Queen. It was introduced in
1929 between Bombay and Poona.
Indian Railways has the second biggest electrified system in the world after
Russia.
The fastest train in India is the Shatabadi Express whose maximum speed
is 140 km/hr.
The total route covered is approx 63,000 km.
The total number of railway stations in India is 7,100.
The longest railway platform in India is at Kharagpur (W.B.).
Mumbai is the destination where maximum number of trains in India head
for.
The longest train route is of Vivekananda Express from Cochin to
Dibrugarh(Assam).
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The first Metro Rail was introduced in Kolkata (W.Bengal) on October 24,
1984. The two stations connected were
Dumdum and Belgachhia.
Railway Zones
Head Quarters
Central
Mumbai VT
Eastern
Kolkata
Northern
New Delhi
North Eastern
Gorakhpur
North-East Frontier
Maligaon-Guwahati
Southern
Chennai
South Central
Secunderabad
South Eastern
Kolkata
Western Mumbai
Churchgate, Mumbai
East Coast
Bhubaneshwar
East Central
Hajipur
North Central
Allahabad
North Western
Jaipur
South Western
Hubli - Karnataka
West Central
Jabalpur
South-East Central
Bilaspur
Metro railways
Kolkata
The Indian Railways operate in three different gauges :
1. Broad Gauge Railway (Distance between rails is 1.67 m).
2. Metre Gauge Railways (Distance between rails is 1.00 m).
3. Narrow Gauge Railways India (Distance between rails is 0.762 or 0.610 m).
The broad gauge accounts for nearly 50% route followed by metre gauge (43%)
and the remaining by narrow gauge.
Indian railways are divided into 17 zones, headed by a General Manager who is
responsible to the Railway Board, for all matters.
Northern Railway (NR) is the largest railway zone having length of 10,995
km.
North East Frontier (NEF) is the smallest railway zone having just 3,860
km route length.
Konkan Railways India : It is a project to shorten the distance between
Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The
total route length is 786 km between Apta (Maharashtra) and Mangalore
(Karnataka).
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CITY
Amritsar
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Cochin
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Jaipur
Mumbai
Hyderabad - Secundrabad
Madurai
Pune
Kolkata
Godavari
Godavari
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Coimbatore
Lucknow
Cochin
Damodar river
Kosi river
Nilgiri
Mussoorie (Uttarakhand)
Ganga
Mumbai
Kolkata
Punjab
Panipat
Srinagar
Jamshedpur (Called Tatanagar)
Varanasi
Kanpur
New Delhi
Jammu & Kashmir
Ahmedabad
Kerala
Kashmir
Prayag (Allahabad)
Jamshedpur
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River
At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna
Ganga
Ganga
Ganga
Ganga
Alaknanda
Yamuna
Yamuna
Yamuna
Satluj
Satluj
Jhelum
Gomti
Gomti
Saryu
Ram Ganga
Sabarmati
Chambal
Narmada
Mandovi
Kshipra
Tapti
Swarnarekha
Brahmaputra
Brahmaputra
Hooghly
Mahanadi
Mahanadi
Cauvery
Musi
Godavari
Krishna
Tungabhadra
Cauvery
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Gulmerg
2550
Ooty (Ootacamundalum) 2290
Shimla
2210
Pahalgam
2200
Darjeeling
2135
Kodaikanal
2120
Lansdowne
2120
Dalhousie
2035
Mussoorie
2006
Mukteshwar
1975
Nainital
1940
Kasauli
1985
Coonoor
1860
Gangtok
1850
Manali
1830
Ranikhet
1830
Ranchi
1800
Srinagar
1770
Almora
1650
Shillong
1500
Mahabaleshwar
1370
Kalimpong
1250
Mt. Abu
1220
Kullu Valley
1200
Panchgani
1200
Mannar
1160
Panchmarhi
1065
Periyar
915
Mandi
709
Lonawala
620
Khandala
620
Tribal Groups of India
Tribal Groups
Abhors
Adivasis
States
J&K
Tamil Nadu
H.P
J&K
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Uttarkhand
H.P
Uttarkhand
Uttarkhand
Uttarkhand
H.P
Tamil Nadu
Sikkim
H.P
Uttarkhand
Jharkhand
J&K
Uttarakhand
Meghalaya
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Rajasthan
H.P
Maharastra
Kerala
M.P
Kerala
H.P
Maharastra
Maharastra
Found in
North-East
MP (Bastar distt.)
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Angami
Apatamis
Badagas
Baigas
Bakkarwals
Bhils
Bhotias
Bhuia
Birhors
Chang
Chenchus
Chutia
Gaddis
Gallong
Garos
Gonds
Gujlars
Irula
Jaintias
Jarawas
Kanikar
Katkari
Kharia
Khond
Khas
Khasis
Khonds
Kol
Kolam
Kotas
Kuki
Lahaulas
Lepchas
Lushai
Murias
Minas
Moplahs
Mundas
Murias
Nishi
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Manipur
Arunachal Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
M.P
J&K
M.P & Rajastan
Uttarakhand
M.P
M.P and Bihar
North - East
A.P and Orissa
Assam
Himachal Pradesh
North-East
Assam and Meghalaya
M.P and Bihar
J & K and H.P
Tamil Nadu
Meghalaya
Little Andamans
Tamil Nadu
M.P
M.P
M.P
U.P
Assam and Meghalaya
Orissa
M.P
A.P
Tamil Nadu
Manipur
Himachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Tripura
M.P
Rajastan
Kerala
Bihar
M.P
North - East
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Nagas
Oarons
Onges
Pho
Santhals
Sangtam
Sema
Sentinelese
Shompens
Todas
Uralis
Wancho
Warlis
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Nagaland
Bihar and Orissa
Andaman & Nicobar
North - East
WB, Orissa and Bihar
North-East
Nagaland
Andaman & Nicobar
Andaman & Nicobar
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
North - East
Maharashtra
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State
Gujarat
U.P
U.P
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Punjab
Gujarat
Kerala
Haryana
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Batanagar
Bareilly
Bhilai
Barauni
Burnpur
Bhurkunda
Bhagalpur
Bhandara
Bhadravati
Bongaigaon
Bhadoi
Churk
Cyberabad
West Bengal
U.P
Chhattisgarh
Bihar
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Bihar
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Assam
U.P
MP
Andhra Pradesh
Chitranjan
Kolkata
Cochin
Calicut
Coimbatore
Dhariwal
Durgapur
Digboi
Delhi
Dalmianagar
Darjeeling
West Bengal
West Bengal
Kerala
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
West Bengal
Assam
Delhi
Bihar
W. Bengal
Industries
Cotton Textiles
Leather, Marble, Carpet
Locks, Cutlery
Oil Fields
Machine Tools
Woolen Clothes
Milk and its Products
Fertilizer, Monazite Factory
Scientific Instruments
Steel Plant
Telephones, Aircrafts, Motors, Cotton
Textiles, Toys
Shoes
Resin Industries, Match Factory
Steel Plant
Chemical Fertilizer
Steel Plant
Glass Industries
Silk industries
Explosives
Iron & Steel
Petroleum
Carpets
Cement
Electronics, Computers, Information
technology
Locomotive
Jute, Leather, Electric goods
Ship building, coconut oil, rubber
Coffee, coconut
Cotton industries
Woolen clothes
Steel
Petroleum
Textiles, Electronics, D.D.T
Cement
Tea
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Dindigul
Frozabad
Guntur
Gwalior
Gomia
Hardwar
Hatia
Haldia
Hazira
Jamshedpur
Jallundhur
Jaipur
Jharia
Jabalpur
Jainakot
Japla
Kanpur
Katni
Korba
Koyna
Koyali
Kolar
Kota
Kanchipuram
Karnal
Kandla
Khetri
Ludhiana
Lucknow
Chennai
Madurai
Mirzapur
Muradabad
Mathura
Mysore
Meerut
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Tamil Nadu
M.P
Andhra Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
Uttarakhand
Jharkhand
W. Bengal
Gujarat
Jharkhand
Cigar, Tobacco
Bangle works
Cotton industries
Pottery, Tobacco
Explosives
Heavy electricals
Heavy Engineering Corporation
Chemical fertilizer
Artificial Rayon
Iron & Steel, Locomotives, Railway
coaches
Punjab
Surgical goods and sports articles
Rajasthan
Cloth Printing, Brass
Jharkhand
Coal mines
Madhya Pradesh Bidi industry
Jammu & Kashmir H.M.T watch
Jharkhand
Cement
U.P
Cotton and Woollen mills, Leather,
Sugar
M.P
Cement
Chattisgarh
Aluminium factory, Thermal plant
Maharashtra
Aluminium factory
Gujarat
Petrochemical industries
Karnataka
Gold mining centre
Rajasthan
Atomic power plant
Tamil Nadu
Silk clothes
Haryana
Dairy product
Gujarat
Chemical fertiliser, famous port
Rajasthan
Copper industries
Punjab
Hosiery
U.P
Embroidery work, Chicken work
Tamil Nadu
Leather, cigarette, Integral coach
factory
Tamil Nadu
Cotton and Silk Weaving
U.P
Carpet, Pottery, Brass industries
UP
Brassware, cutlery
U.P
Oil refinery
Karnataka
Sandalwood oil, Silk goods
U.P
Publication work, Sports goods,
Scissors making
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Mumbai
Maharashtra
Cinema industries, Cotton textiles
Modinagar
U.P
Nylon thread
Moorie
Jharkhand
Aluminium
Majhagaon
Maharashtra
Ship building
Nagpur
Maharashtra
Cotton mills, Oranges
Nepanagar
Madhya Pradesh Newsprint
Nasik
Maharashtra
Security Printing Press
Neyveli
Tamil Nadu
Lignite industries
Nunamati
Assam
Oil refineries
Narora
U.P
Atomic Power Plant
Nangal
Punjab
Fertilisers
Panna
M.P
Diamond mining
Pinjore
Haryana
Hindustan Machines Tools
Perambur
Tamil Nadu
Integral coach factory
Pimpri
Maharashtra
Penicillin factory
Raniganj
W. Bengal
Coal mining
Rourkela
Orissa
Steel plant, Chemical fertiliser
Rana Pratap Sagar Rajasthan
Hydro Power Plant
Renukoote
U.P
Aluminium Plant
Roopnarayanpur W. Bengal
Cables
Rishikesh
Uttarakhand
Antibiotic Plant
Saharanpur
U.P
Cigarette factory, News print
Sindri
Jharkhand
Chemical fertilizers
Srinagar
Jammu & Kashmir
Woolen shawls, Silk, Woodwork
Surat
Gujarat
Cotton textiles, Diamond Cutting
Surajpur
Haryana
Cement factory
Suratgarh
Rajasthan
Agriculture implements
Singhbhum
Jharkhand
Copper, Iron
Singreni
Andhra Pradesh
Cool mining
Salem
Tamil Nadu
Iron and Steel
Samastipur
Bihar
Jute, Paper, Tobacco, Sugar
Tarapur
Maharashtra
Atomic Power Plant
Titagarh
W. Bengal
Paper & Jute
Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
Coir matting
Trombay
Maharashtra
Oil refinery
Tiruchirapalli
Tamil Nadu
Cigar
Tirupati
Andhra Pradesh
Scooter
Tanjore
Tamil Nadu
Silk clothes
Thumba
Kerala
Rocket launching Station
Vijaypur
M.P
Fertilizers
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Viiaynagar
Karnataka
Vishakhapatnam A.P
Varanasi
Worli
Zainkot
U.P
Maharashtra
J&K
SSC BANKING
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Steel Plant
Ship building, Iron and Steel, Oil
refinery
Rail Engines and Saari industries
Baby food
HMT Watches
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Ganges
Yamuna
Godavari
Godwin Austin (K2)
Wular Lake (Kashmir)
Bhakra Dam (Punjab)
Jama Masjid, Delhi
Grand Trunk Road
Gujarat
Jammu to Kanyakumari
Jawahar tunnel (Jammu & Kashmir)
NH - 7 which runs from Varanasi to
Kanyakumari
Hirakud Dam (Orissa)
Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna
Mumbai
National Museum, Kolkata
Sunderban Delta, W. Bengal
Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur (Karnataka)
Zoological Gardens, Alipur, Kolkata
Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Rihand Dam)
Thar (Rajasthan)
Pitampura Tower, Delhi
Goa
Sikim
Gersoppa waterfall (Karnataka)
From Delhi to Kolkata via Patna
West Bengal
Kailash temple, Ellora (Maharashtra)
Sonepur (Bihar)
Buland Darwuza, Fatehpur Sikri (Agra)
Oberai-Sheraton (Mumbai)
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Mausinram (Meghalaya)
Rameshwaram temple corridor
Howrah Bridge (Kolkata)
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Madhya Pradesh
Bhakra Dam
Kharagpur (W. Bengal)
Salt Lake (Yuva Bharti), Kolkata
Mumbai
Devatal (Garhwal)
Chilka Lake, Orissa
Bharat Ratna
Paramveer Chakra
Golden Temple, Amritsar
Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
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Place
Aurangabad (Mah.)
Agra (UP)
Agra (UP)
Sikandra (UP)
Agra (UP)
Allahabad (UP)
Lucknow (UP)
Bharatpur (Raj.)
Aurangabad (Mah.)
Hyderabad (AP)
Jammu & Kashmir
Lucknow (UP)
Ajmer (Raj.)
Mount Abu (Raj.)
Agra Fort (UP)
Ajmer (Raj.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Agra (UP)
Delhi
Patna (Bih.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Delhi
Jaipur (Raj.)
Delhi
Agra (UP)
Delhi
Puri (Ori.)
Delhi
Jaipur (Raj.)
Nainital (Uttar.)
Jodhpur (Raj.)
Mumbai (Mah.)
Delhi
Bangalore (Kar.)
Temple Delhi
Hyderabad (AP)
Built by
Gupta rulers
Babur
Akbar
Akbar
Noorjahan
Motilal Nehru
Asaf-ud-daula
Raja Surajmal Singh
Aurongzeb
Quli Qutub Shah
Zainul Abedin
Muhammad Ali Shah
Sultan Shyasuddin
Siddharaja
Shahjahan
Qutubuddin Aibak
Rashtrakuta rulers
Akbar
Ferozshah Tughlaq
British Government
British Government
Alauddin Khilji
Maharaja Pratap Singh
Hymayun's wife
Shahjahan
Shahjahan
Anantvarmun Ganga
Sawai Jai Singh
Sawai Jai Singh
Sir Malcom Hqilley
Rao Jodhoji
Buddhists
Ghyasuddin Tughlaq
Hyder Ali
Birla Family
Quli Qutub Shah
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Moti Masjid
Moti Masjid
Nahargarh Fort
Nishat Garden
Parana Qila
Pathar Ki Masjid
President House
Qutub Minor
Red Fort
Safdar Jung Tomb
Sabarmati Ashram
Shantiniketan
Shish Mahal
Shalimar Garden
Shershah's Tomb
Saint George Fort
Sati Burj
Sun Temple
Swarna Mandir (Golden
Taj Mahal
Bellure Math
Victoria Memorial
Vishnupad Temple
Viiaya Stambha
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Shahjahan
Aurangzeb
Sawai Jai Singh
Asaf Ali
Shershah Suri
Pervez Shah
British Government
Qutubuddin Aibak
Shahjahan
Shuja-ud-daula
Mahatma Gandhi
Rabindra Nath Tagore
Shahjahan
Jahangir
Shershah's son
East India Company
Raja Bhagwan Das
Narsimhadeva
Guru Ramdas
Shahjahan
Swami Vivekanand
British Government
Rani Ahiliabai
Maharana Kumbha
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POPULATION OF INDIA
India has a long and rich tradition of conducting Census taking. The earliest
references of census taking in the country are found in Kautilyas
Arthashastra (321-296 BC) and later in the writings of Abdul Fazls in
Ain-e-Akbari during the days of Emperor Akbar.
However, the first systematic and modern population Census, in its present
scientific form was conducted non- synchronously between 1865 and 1872
in the country. The first synchronous censusin India was conducted in
the Year 1881.
The Census 2011 was the fifteenth Census in this series as reckoned from
1872 and the seventh since independence. The successful conduct of
Census without any break since 1872 makes the Indian census unique and
unparalleled in the world.
The 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and
population enumeration.
House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved collection of
information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register
was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit
unique identification number to all registered Indians by Unique
Identification Authority of India.
The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 to 28
February 2011.
Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first
time biometric information was collected.
The motto of census 2011 was Our Census, Our future.
Spread across 35 states and union territories, the Census covered 640
districts, 5767 tehsils, 7742 towns and more than 6 lac villages.
2.7 million officials visited households in 7,935 towns and 6,40,867 villages,
classifying
the
population
according
to gender,
religion,
education andoccupation.
The cost of the exercise was approximately 2,200 crore this comes to less
than $ 0.5 per person, well below the estimated world average of $4.6 per
person.
Conducted every 10 years, this census faced big challenges considering
Indias vast area and diversity of cultures and opposition from the
manpower involved.
Information on castes was included in the census
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