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    Limestone: - Composition and Properties

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    eseem
    Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate that is formed from the accumulation of shells and skeletons of marine organisms. It has a variety of uses including in construction, agriculture, chemical, and metallurgical industries. Limestone is mined through open pit or underground quarrying, then processed by crushing, grinding, sorting, and other methods depending on its intended application. The United States is a leading producer of limestone, with Indiana being the top producer of dimension limestone. While limestone mining can impact the environment through habitat disruption and pollution, the material also plays an important role in environmental protection through uses like wastewater treatment and reducing industrial emissions.

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    Limestone: - Composition and Properties

    Uploaded by

    eseem
    72 views17 pages
    Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate that is formed from the accumulation of shells and skeletons of marine organisms. It has a variety of uses including in construction, agriculture, chemical, and metallurgical industries. Limestone is mined through open pit or underground quarrying, then processed by crushing, grinding, sorting, and other methods depending on its intended application. The United States is a leading producer of limestone, with Indiana being the top producer of dimension limestone. While limestone mining can impact the environment through habitat disruption and pollution, the material also plays an important role in environmental protection through uses like wastewater treatment and reducing industrial emissions.

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    Limestone, production, mining, issues

    Original Title

    Limestone

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    Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate that is formed from the accumulation of shells and skeletons of marine organisms. It has a variety of uses including in construction, agriculture, chemical, and metallurgical industries. Limestone is mined through open pit or underground quarrying, then processed by crushing, grinding, sorting, and other methods depending on its intended application. The United States is a leading producer of limestone, with Indiana being the top producer of dimension limestone. While limestone mining can impact the environment through habitat disruption and pollution, the material also plays an important role in environmental protection through uses like wastewater treatment and reducing industrial emissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    72 views17 pages

    Limestone: - Composition and Properties

    Uploaded by

    eseem
    Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate that is formed from the accumulation of shells and skeletons of marine organisms. It has a variety of uses including in construction, agriculture, chemical, and metallurgical industries. Limestone is mined through open pit or underground quarrying, then processed by crushing, grinding, sorting, and other methods depending on its intended application. The United States is a leading producer of limestone, with Indiana being the top producer of dimension limestone. While limestone mining can impact the environment through habitat disruption and pollution, the material also plays an important role in environmental protection through uses like wastewater treatment and reducing industrial emissions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 17

    Limestone

    EM SC 121 Class Presentation


    April 14, 2003
    Team 1:
    Melanie Brockway, Brian Janis, and Emily Weidenhof

    Composition and Properties


    Uses
    Mining and Processing
    Production Statistics
    Effects on the Environment

    Composition
    Sedimentary Rock
    Formed by the compaction of millions of
    shells and skeletons from decayed sea
    creatures

    Calcareous Rock Family


    Monomineralic
    Up to 95% Calcite (CaCO3)
    Calcium Carbonate is an insoluble base

    Composition
    Medium Constituents
    Dolomite
    Siderite
    Quartz
    Feldspars
    Mica
    Clay

    Physical Properties

    Fine grained
    Crystals not visible by naked eye
    Fine grained, dull fracture
    Not translucent at edges
    Occasional cavities
    Frequent fossils

    Color
    Wide variations in color due to accessory
    constituents
    Pure 888888888.....Snow White
    Limonite & Siderite8888.Yellow/Brown
    Hematite88888888...Reddish
    Glauconite & Chlorite888.Greenish
    Bitumen888888888Grey/Black

    Limestone Variety

    Major Uses of Limestone

    Manufacturing of lime
    Agricultural
    Metallurgical
    Chemical
    Building and construction

    Agricultural Uses
    Farmers add finely ground limestone to
    their fields to:
    Neutralize soil acidity
    Increase plant nutrients
    Increase organic matter
    Increase soil organisms
    Increase trace elements

    Metallurgical Uses
    Steel Manufacturing
    Limestone is mixed with molten steel to
    remove impurities by forming slag
    The slag can then be separated and removed

    Chemical Uses
    Calcium Carbonate is an insoluble base
    that neutralizes positive hydrogen ions in
    acids
    Limestone is used in:
    Sewage treatment and water softening &
    purification
    Exhaust gas scrubbers in industrial and power
    plants (lime used)
    acid mine drainage remediation

    Building & Construction Uses


    Crushed Limestone
    Concrete aggregate
    Portland Cement Concrete
    Asphalt Cement Concrete

    Pulverized Limestone
    Mixed with portland cement
    Mortar

    Mixed with asphalt


    Road and highway surfaces
    Surface roof shingles

    Building & Construction Uses


    Dimension Stone
    Exterior facades
    Floor and pavement surfaces
    Roman Travertine

    Highly polished for surface decoration

    Mining and Processing Methods


    Site Preparation
    Mining
    Processing
    Reclamation

    Site Preparation
    Clearing, grubbing, and topsoil removal
    Erosion and Sedimentation control
    Haul road construction
    Install processing equipment

    Mining
    Generally open-pit mining and quarrying
    (when economical, underground mining methods with
    the same processing procedures are used)
    Procedure:

    Drilling and blasting (not for dimension stone)

    Mining
    Excavation
    Transport

    Determining how the mined stone will be used:


    Dimension stone must be free from flaws and have an
    attractive color and texture.
    There are tolerances on the amount of calcium present
    in the limestone used to make lime and in some
    chemical applications.
    Stone used in construction applications must meet:
    requirements for resistance to degradation and
    freeze-thaw cycles
    tolerances on strength, permeability and porosity, skid
    resistance, weight, color, and appearance.

    Limestone Processing
    crushing: reducing the stone to desired,
    manageable sizes
    grinding: certain applications require the
    limestone to be pulverized into a fine powder
    sorting and grading: other applications of
    limestone follow specifications that require
    certain gradations for a mixture of stone as well
    as maximum and minimum sizes of the stones in
    the blend

    Making Lime
    Limestone is calcined (heated or burnt) at temperatures
    ranging from 900C~1400C in a kiln.
    The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the limestone turns
    into Calcium Oxide (CaO), known commonly as lime,
    and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
    CaCO3  CaO + CO2
    Depending on the intended uses of the lime, various
    solutions and additives are added.
    typical steps in the lime production procedure

    10

    Mining and Processing Dimension Stone


    Limestone is relatively soft compared to other dimension
    stone such as marble
    Stone is typically cut in 10 x 4 x 4 blocks
    In a dimension stone quarry only 15~20% of the stone
    that is cut ends up being used as dimension stone
    Processing includes:
    cutting the stone to its final dimensions
    finishing and polishing exposed faces

    Lime and Limestone Production


    Statistics

    11

    Lime Production
    International production
    -China leads the world in production of lime, producing 22,000
    metric tons per year.

    Domestic Production of Lime


    In 2002, 18.4 million tons of lime were produced.
    Alabama, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
    Texas are the principal producing states. In 2001, these seven
    states produced 11.6 million tons.

    Lime Production
    Since 1998, lime production has remained
    consistent, with only slight decreases from year
    to year. Therefore, environmental hazards
    caused by its production are expected to
    remain steady as well.

    12

    Lime Production
    Recycling
    Large quantities of lime are recycled by paper
    mills yearly.
    Lime is also recycled by municipal water
    treatment plants, after it is used to soften
    sludge
    Quicklime is regenerated from waste hydrated
    lime in the carbide industry.

    Limestone production
    Limestone is available in all 50 states, although,
    the grade varies greatly.
    Indiana is the highest dimension limestone
    producer in the U.S.. It accounts for 80% of the
    dimension limestone produced.
    Tennessee, Alabama, and Texas are among
    other leading dimension limestone mining
    states.

    13

    Environmental Issues
    Limestone and Lime both have
    negative and positive effects on
    the environment

    Negative Effects of
    Mining and Processing
    -Destruction of Landscape
    -Dust
    -Erosion and sedimentation
    in streams
    -Safety hazards around
    abandoned mines
    -Hazardous Emissions from
    refining lime
    - Noise pollution from
    blasting

    14

    How the industry protects the environment

    Silt fences around loose


    overburden
    Lime or water spray to
    controls dust
    Compliance with the
    Clean Air Act (CAA)
    - Maximum Available Control
    Technology (MACT)

    Reclaim site

    Limestone and Lime protect the


    environment
    Waste Water
    Management
    Treatment of sewage and
    industrial effluents
    Balance ph in Acid Mine
    Drainage
    Softening and purification
    of drinking water

    15

    Limestone and Lime protect the


    environment
    Industrial Applications
    Exhaust gas scrubbers

    Household and Sanitary cleansers


    and paints
    Kills molds and mildew

    Limestone is a major component of the


    places we are familiar with, the
    infrastructure we depend on, and the
    goods and services we have grown
    accustomed to. Without it, they would not
    exist in as we know them.

    16

    References

    Boshkov, S.H.. Quarrying. AccessScience @ McGraw-Hill. www.accessscience.com Accessed on 13 April 2003.

    Detwiler, R.J. and Tennis, P.D.. The Use of Limestone in Portland Cement: A State-of-the-Art Review. Skokie,
    IL: Portland Cement Association, 1996.

    Eser, S. and Halleck, P. M.. EM SC 121 Clean Water and Clean Air Acts Lecture. 24 Mar. 2003.

    Eser, S. and Halleck, P. M.. EM SC 121 Effects of Mining on the Environment. 5 Mar. 2003.

    Eser, S. and Halleck, P. M.. EM SC 121 Surface Mining Lecture. 5 Feb. 2003.

    Miller, M.M.. Lime. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries Jan. 2003.

    Miller, M.M.. Lime. U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 2001.

    Schumann, Walter. Handbook of Rocks, Minerals, and Gemstones.Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1993.

    Sowers, George. Building on Sinkholes. New York: ASCE Press.,1996.

    Lawrence County Indiana. Lawrence County Tourism Commission.


    http://www.limestonecountry.com/Home.html Accessed 13 April 2003.

    Lime Production. Lhoist Group. Accessed on 13 April 2003


    http://www.lhoist.com/WinsomeProduction/Frame_Virtual/Frame_Virtual.htm.

    National Mining Association. http://www.nma.org Accessed 13 April 2003.

    17

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