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    Adaptation in Plants

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    Abhisek Sarkar
    Plants have various adaptations for different environmental conditions: - Xerophytes in dry areas have modifications like deep taproots, reduced or spiny leaves to minimize water loss, and thick, waxy stems to store water. Examples include acacia and opuntia. - Mesophytes in average moisture levels have well-developed root and branch systems and green leaves with cuticles and lower stomata. Examples are mango, maize, tomato and wheat. - Hydrophytes in water have poorly developed roots or none, and stems that are reduced, long and spongy or leaves that are thin, dissected or ribbon-like to float. Examples include duckweed and lotus.

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    Adaptation in Plants

    Uploaded by

    Abhisek Sarkar
    575 views3 pages
    Plants have various adaptations for different environmental conditions: - Xerophytes in dry areas have modifications like deep taproots, reduced or spiny leaves to minimize water loss, and thick, waxy stems to store water. Examples include acacia and opuntia. - Mesophytes in average moisture levels have well-developed root and branch systems and green leaves with cuticles and lower stomata. Examples are mango, maize, tomato and wheat. - Hydrophytes in water have poorly developed roots or none, and stems that are reduced, long and spongy or leaves that are thin, dissected or ribbon-like to float. Examples include duckweed and lotus.

    Original Description:

    Botany note. Adaptation in plant

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    Plants have various adaptations for different environmental conditions: - Xerophytes in dry areas have modifications like deep taproots, reduced or spiny leaves to minimize water loss, and thick, waxy stems to store water. Examples include acacia and opuntia. - Mesophytes in average moisture levels have well-developed root and branch systems and green leaves with cuticles and lower stomata. Examples are mango, maize, tomato and wheat. - Hydrophytes in water have poorly developed roots or none, and stems that are reduced, long and spongy or leaves that are thin, dissected or ribbon-like to float. Examples include duckweed and lotus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    575 views3 pages

    Adaptation in Plants

    Uploaded by

    Abhisek Sarkar
    Plants have various adaptations for different environmental conditions: - Xerophytes in dry areas have modifications like deep taproots, reduced or spiny leaves to minimize water loss, and thick, waxy stems to store water. Examples include acacia and opuntia. - Mesophytes in average moisture levels have well-developed root and branch systems and green leaves with cuticles and lower stomata. Examples are mango, maize, tomato and wheat. - Hydrophytes in water have poorly developed roots or none, and stems that are reduced, long and spongy or leaves that are thin, dissected or ribbon-like to float. Examples include duckweed and lotus.

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    Adaptation in plants:

    Xerophytes
    These are plants that grow in places with scanty water such as deserts and sandy hills. The plant is
    modified so that it can withstand prolonged periods of drought conditions without getting harmed.
    The following parts of the plant undergo modification.

    Root - Produce a long taproot that grows deep into the soil in search of water.E.g. Alhagi

    Leaf- Undergo various types of modifications in order to reduce transpiration(loss of water


    through the leaves), or even store water.

    In Acacia and Prosopis the leaves are reduced in size.


    In Calotropis the epidermis of the leaf is covered with fine hair.
    In Nerium there is multiple epidermis and sunken stomata.
    In Opuntia (prickly pear) and Euphorbia the leaves are reduced to spines.

    Stem: In Opuntia the stem performs the function of storage of reserve water and so becomes
    thick and fleshy. It also turns green because of the presence of chlorophyll as it performs
    photosynthesis. The epidermis of the stem is covered with a waxy layer to prevent loss of
    water.

    Mesophytes
    These are plants that grow under average conditions of temperature and moisture. This group of
    plants is intermediate between Xerophytes and Hydrophytes. They show the following adaptations.

    Root - The root system is well developed with the taproot in dicotyledons and fibrous roots in
    monocotyledons.

    Stem - The stem is solid and well branched.

    Leaves - The leaves are green and well developed. They are provided with cuticle. The
    leaves have stomata on the lower surface.

    Example:
    Mango, Maize, Tomato and Wheat

    Hydrophytes
    These are plants that grow in water or in very wet places. They may be floating, rooted and floating
    or submerged. The following are the adaptations found in this group.

    Root - The root system is poorly developed as in Eichhornia or absent as in Ceratophyllum

    Stem - The stem may be reduced as in Lemna (Duckweed) or may be long, slender, flexible
    and spongy as in Nelumbo (Lotus). The spongy nature is due to the large air spaces which
    makes them buoyant.

    Leaves - The leaves may be thin and finely dissected as in Hydrilla or ribbon-like as in
    Vallisneria. In Nelumbo the leaves are large and flat with their upper surface coated with wax.
    Stomata are found only on the upper surface in floating plants. They are absent in
    submerged plants.

    Why Transpiration is a Necessary Evil:


    i. Transpiration has paramount importance as transpiration pull help in ascent of sap and
    influence the rate of water absorption by plants.
    j. Transpiration cause cooling thus controls the internal temperature of plant body.
    k. It helps in gaseous exchange, besides the above importance transpiration cause.
    l. Water deficit in plant resulting wilting permanent wilting or death of plants.
    m. It causes shedding of leaves.
    n. Unnecessary wastage of water from soil and plant body.
    o. Structural adoptions required with expense of tissue in xerophyes.
    Inspite of above diadvtages plant cannot avoid transpiration, for which curtis (1926) called
    transpiration as a necessary evil.

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