Internship Training Report

132 KV Substation
Peshawer, PESCO

Waqas hussain
Sarhad university of
science and information
technology
B.E Electrical Engineering
PESCO (132 KV INDUSTRIAL GRID STATION)

Internship Report
Training Duration: Two months (23 Sep 2016
23 Nov 2016 )

to

PREFACE
The purpose of this internship report is to share the process of learning and
experiences that I underwent during the course of my internship with
PESCO. The major reason behind choosing this field was to grasp the idea
of electricity distribution. However during the internship I was able to grasp
the procedure , processes and basic function of the entire field.
I underwent the training at 132 Industrial grid stations. I am thankful to the
internship in charge , the staff and the member of the grid station in general
and in particular who give me full opportunity to learn all and taught me
how to work in the practical field
Waqas Hussain
B.E Electrical Engineering

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ACKNOWLEGMENT
First of all I thanks to my Allah Almighty who gives
me courage and interest to complete internship,
without whose help it was not possible. I pay my
sincere gratitude to my kind parents whose love,
affection and priceless prays are always for me.
It is a great honor and fortune for me to have
internship with PESCO.I would like to acknowledge
and extend my heartfelt gratitude to the human
resource manager, for providing me the
opportunity so that I become familiar with the
future fields activity and gain practical experience.
I am thankful to the incharge , Imtaiz khan, Arkam
naiz for their support.

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I.

Single Line Key Diagram 132KV GSS Peshawer, Industrial

There are two main 132 KV bus incoming for the substation. These buses are:1. 132 KV Sheikh Mohhamadi Line
2. 132 KV Peshawer UNTY Line

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II.

SUBSTATION (Grid Stations)

Substation is an intermediate switching; transforming or converting station between the

generating station and the low tension distribution network situated generally the
consumers load centre.
The sub-station receives power from the generating station by a single or more feeders at
a high voltage, transform the same to the different distribution voltages and sends to
different consumers through distribution network.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:-

1. According to the service requirement:

Transformer substation
Switch substation
Power factor correction substation
Frequency change substation
Converting substation
Industrial substation
Collector Substation
Convertor Substation
Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

III.

Indoor substation
Outdoor substation
Underground substation
Pole mounted substation

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:

a) Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
b) Should be able to withstand its self in any conditions. These conditions may
comprise self-weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit
forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
c) Should be corona free at rated voltage.
d) Should have the minimum number of joints.
e) Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
f) Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminum. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
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In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and
these include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors.

IV.

STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR 132 KV LINES

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminum of
dia 3.00 mm.

V.

SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS

1. Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does
not necessarily result in loss of supply.
2. A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer
and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit
breaker.
3. A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the
substation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4. Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.

VI.

TRANSFORMERS

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at

same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage &
high voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static
induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.

I.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
i) Power Transformer
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater than 33 KV &
100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to distribution transformer, it
used in generating station and Transmission substation at high insulation level. They can
be of two types: Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

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2. Instrument Transformers
These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points where standard
voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two types:a). CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement
of alternating electric currents. When current in a
circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to
measuring and recording instruments. A current
transformer isolates the measuring instruments from
what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit.

b).POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential
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transformers (PT)) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer, used for metering and protection
in high-voltage circuits or phasor phase shift isolation.
They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to
enable accurate metering. A potential transformer may
have several secondary windings on the same core as a
primary winding, for use in different metering or
protection circuits.

3. On the basis of working

On the above basis, transformers are of two types:
Step up Transformer
Step down Transformer

4. Auto Transformers
An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only
one winding. The "auto" prefix refers to the single coil
acting on itselfand not to any kind of automatic mechanism.
In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as
both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.
The winding has at least three taps where electrical
connections are made.
Autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter,and cheaper than
typical dual-winding transformers, but the disadvantage of not providing electrical
isolation.

5. Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that
provides the final voltage transmission in the
electrical power distribution system, stepping down
voltage to the level used by customers.
VII.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is
to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once
and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes,
from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear
designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There are different types of
circuit breakers which are:-

1. Low-voltage circuit breakers

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in
domestic, commercial and industrial application, and include
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Molded Case Circuit
Breaker (MCCB).

2. Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet)
whose pulling force increases with the current. Certain
designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition to those of
the solenoid.

3.Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type
found in most distribution boards, incorporate both
techniques
with
the
electromagnet
responding
instantaneously to large surges in current (short circuits)
and the bimetallic strip responding to less extreme but
longer-term over-current conditions. The thermal portion of
the circuit breaker provides an "inverse time" response
feature, which trips the circuit breaker sooner for larger
over currents.

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5. Common trip breakers
Three-pole common trip breaker for supplying a
three-phase device. This breaker has a 2A rating.
When supplying a branch circuit with more than
one live conductor, each live conductor must be
protected by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live
conductors are interrupted when any pole trips, a
"common trip" breaker must be used. These may
either contain two or three tripping mechanisms
within one case.
6. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers
A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts
surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the
arc. They are most often used for transmission-level
voltages and may be incorporated into compact gasinsulated switchgear.

7. Oil circuit breakers

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn
in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the
intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a
gas whose high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid
through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to
prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its
elongation upon parting of contacts and because of
intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor. They are
further of two types: Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB)
and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB).

7. Air circuit breakers

Rated current up to 6,300 A and higher for
generator circuit breakers. Trip characteristics are

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often fully adjustable including configurable trip
thresholds and delays.
Usually electronically controlled, though some
modelsare microprocessor controlled
via
an
integral electronic trip unit. Often used for main
power distribution in large industrial plant, where
the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures
for ease of maintenance.

VIII.

ISOLATERS

Isolator can be rewritten as isolator is a manually

operated mechanical switch which separates a part
of the electrical power system normally at off load
condition.

IX.

BUS BARS

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be

directly connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus
bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.
The following are the important bus bars arrangements used at substations:
Single bus bar system
Single bus bar system with section alisation.
Duplicate bus bar system

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X.

INSULATORS

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow

freely, and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the influence
of an electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus
bar) and confine the current to the conductors. The most common used material for the
manufacture of insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators

. Shackle insulator
In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators.
But now a day, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution
lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in
a vertical

Pin type insulator

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on

a pin on the cross-arm on the pole. There is a groove on the
upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes through this
groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the

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same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used for
transmission and distribution of electric power at voltages up to
33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type
insulators become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Suspension insulator

For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual

practice to use suspension type insulators shown in Figure.
Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series
by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is
suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other
end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower.
The number of disc units used depends on the voltage.

. Strain insulator
A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a
straight section of line ends, or angles off in another
direction. These poles must withstand the lateral
(horizontal) tension of the long straight section of
wire. In order to support this lateral load, strain
insulators are used.
For low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators.
However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators are
used, attached to the crossarm in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is
exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.
position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

XI.

RELAYS

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be
quickly detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted
apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from
spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the
desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the
information to the circuit breaker.

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The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current
flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in
turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the
faulty section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the
circuit equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the
system.
Relay works on two main operating principles: Electromagnetic Attraction
Electromagnetic Induction

RELAY USED
SUBSTATION

IN

CONTROLLING

PANEL

OF

.Differential Relay
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of
the two or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined
value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the
pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to
isolate the faulty section.

. Over Current Relay

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the
predetermined value. The actuating source is the current in the
circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These
relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow
in the either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase
fault occurs.

. Earth Fault Relay

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This type of relay sense the fault between the lines and the
earth. It checks the vector sum of all the line currents. If it
is not equal to zero, it trips.

. Tripping Relay
This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay.
When main relay sense any fault in the system, it
immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the
faulty section from the section.

. Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing
bulb or showing various flags.

XII.

PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION
LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

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A lightning arrestor is a device used in
power systems and telecommunications systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system
from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical
lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels
along the power line to the arrester, the current
from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in
most cases to earth.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even
a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the
system. This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible
faults. Various protection methods used for transformers are:-

Buchholz Relay
Buchholz
relay is
a
safety
device
mounted
on
some
oil-filled
powertransformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called
a conservator. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects
of dielectric failure inside the equipment.Depending on the model, the relay has multiple
methods to detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to
slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of
the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an
alarm signal.

Depending on design, a second float may also serve to

detect slow oil leaks.If an arc forms, gas accumulation
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is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This
flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located
in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will
operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before
the fault causes additional damage

Conservator and Breather

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the
temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in main
tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing
it above the level of the top of the tank. Breather is connected
to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as
it spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the
contraction and expansion of oil air is drawn in or out through
breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride.
Silica gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when
necessary.

Marshalling box
It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the
oil and winding of main tank. If temperature of oil or
winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates
to sound an alarm. If there is further increase in
temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to
open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

Transformer cooling
There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:
1. Air natural cooling
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In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding
air is used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage
small transformers.
2. Air blast cooling
It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition that
continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for
better cooling. A fan produces the blast.
3. Oil natural cooling
Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core immersed in
oil, which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat
produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to
the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.
4. Oil blast cooling
In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.
5. Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling
Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a
cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.
6. Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling
In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat
exchanger.

XIII. Three Phase Transformer Connections

Three phase transformer connections In three phase system, the three phases can be
connected in either star or delta configuration. In case you are not familiar with those
configurations, study the following image which explains star and delta configuration. In
any of these configurations, there will be a phase difference of 120 between any two
phases.
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Three Phase Transformer Connections

Windings of a three phase transformer can be connected in various configurations as (i)
star-star, (ii) delta-delta, (iii) star-delta, (iv) delta-star, (v) open delta and (vi) Scott
connection. These configurations are explained below.

Open Delta (V-V) Connection

Two transformers are used and primary and secondary
connections are made as shown in the figure below. Open
delta connection can be used when one of the transformers
in - bank is disabled and the service is to be continued
until the faulty transformer is repaired or replaced. It can
also be used for small three phase loads where installation of
full three transformer bank is un-necessary. The total load
carrying capacity of open delta connection is 57.7% than
that would be for delta-delta connection.

Star-Star (Y-Y)

Star-star connection is generally used for small, high-voltage transformers.

Because of star connection, number of required turns/phase is reduced (as phase
voltage in star connection is 1/3 times of line voltage only). Thus, the amount of
insulation required is also reduced.

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The ratio of line voltages on the primary side and the secondary side is equal to
the transformation ratio of the transformers.
Line voltages on both sides are in phase with each other.
This connection can be used only if the connected load is balanced.

Delta-Delta (-)

This connection is generally used for large, low-voltage transformers. Number of

required phase/turns is relatively greater than that for star-star connection.
The ratio of line voltages on the primary and the secondary side is equal to the
transformation ratio of the transformers.
This connection can be used even for unbalanced loading.
Another advantage of this type of connection is that even if one transformer is
disabled, system can continue to operate in open delta connection but with reduced
available capacity.

Star-Delta OR Wye-Delta (Y-)

The primary winding is star star (Y) connected with grounded neutral and the
secondary winding is delta connected.
This connection is mainly used in step down transformer at the substation end of
the transmission line.
The ratio of secondary to primary line voltage is 1/3 times the transformation
ratio.
There is 30 shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.

Delta-Star OR Delta-Wye (-Y)

The primary winding is connected in delta and the secondary winding is

connected in star with neutral grounded. Thus it can be used to provide 3-phase 4wire service.
This type of connection is mainly used in step-up transformer at the beginning of
transmission line.
The ratio of secodary to primary line voltage is 3 times the transformation ratio.
There is 30 shift between the primary and secondary line voltages.

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XIV.

CAPACITOR BANK

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low
power factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore
take lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in
current, resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for
a supply system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power
factor as close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device
taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such device
can be capacitor bank. The capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely
neutralize the lagging reactive component of load current.
Main functions of Capacitor Bank are: Supply Reactive Power
Improve Terminal Voltage
Improve Power Factor

XV.

CONCLUSION

Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life.
Thats why various protective measures are taken to protect the substations from various
faults and its smooth functioning. At the end of the training, I came to know about the
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various parts of substations and how they are operated

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