S.H.M-Theory

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
1. PERIODIC MOTION
(i) When a body repeats its motion continuously
on a definite path in a definite interval of time
then its motion is called periodic motion and
the interval of time is called time period, T.
(ii) The constant interval of time after which the
motion is repeated is called the 'Time period
of motion.'
Example : Time period of hour hand is 12 hours.
2. OSCILLATORY MOTION
(i) If a body in periodic motion moves along the
same path to and fro about a definite point
(equilibrium position), then the motion of the
body is a vibratory motion or oscillatory
motion
Note: Resultant force acting on the particle is
zero in equilibrium condition.
(ii) It is to be noted here that every oscillatory
motion is periodic but every periodic motion
is not oscillatory.
3. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M.)
Simple Harmonic Motion is the simplest form of
vibratory or oscillatory motion.
Equil. Cond
3.1 Necessary Condition to execute S.H.M. :

(a) Motion of particle should be periodic oscillatory
(b) Total mechanical energy of particle should
be conserved. KE + PE = constant
(c) In linear S.H.M.: the restoring force (or
acceleration) acting on the particle should
always be proportional to the displacement
of the particle & directed towards the
equilibrium condition
F y
a y
() ve sign shows that direction of force &
acceleration is towards equilibrium position
and y is displacement of particle from
equilibrium position.
(d) In angular S.H.M.: the restoring torque (or
acceleration) acting on the particle should
always be proportional to the angular
displacement of the particle & directed
towards the equilibrium condition.

.
3.2 COMPARISON OF LINEAR & ANGULAR
S.H.M.
S.No.
a.
Linear S.H.M.
F y
F = ky
where k is restoring
force constant
b.
a =
r
y
r
-y
S.H.M. are of two types :
(a) Linear S.H.M. :
K
m
When a particle moves to and fro (or up and

down) about a fixed point (Called equillibrium
position) along a straight line then its motion
is called linear simple harmonic motion.
Example : Motion of a block connected to spring
(b) Angular S.H.M.
c.
dt
k
y = 0
m
d.
a = 2y
e.
2 =
When a system oscillates angularly with

respect to a fixed axis then its motion is
called angular simple harmonic motion
Example : Motion of a bob of a simple pendulam.
d2 y
k
y
m
k
m
Angular S.H.M.

= C
Where C is
restoring torque
constant.
=
d 2
dt
I
C
= 0
I
= 2
=
C
2
= 2n =
I
T
k
2
=
m
T
3.3 Geometrical Interpretation of S.H.M. :

If a particle is moving with uniform speed along
the circumference of a circle, then the straightline motion of the foot of the perpendicular drawn
from the particle on the diameter of the circle is
called 'SHM'
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107
Description of S.H.M. Based on Circular

Motion :
quantity, so the dimensions of frequency are

M0L0T1
Angular frequency
= 2 f =
2
; Its unit is
T
radian/second
(a) Draw a circle, having radius equal to

amplitude (A) of S.H.M.
(b) Suppose particle is executing S.H.M. with
angular frequency on the circum ference of
the circle.
(c) Shadow of particle performs S.H.M. on
vertical or horizontal diameter of circle.
(d) Position of particle shadow can be
represented on diameter at t = 0 or any
instant & position of particle performing
circular motion can be determined by
direction of velocity.
(e) By joining centre of circle to particle position,
angle is determined from horizontal or
vertical diameter.
After time t, radius vector will turn t. Based
on these unknown values can be calculated.
3.4 Some Definitions
Restoring force When a system is displaced from its equillibrium
position, then a force acts on it in such a direction
so as to restore the system back to its equilibrium
position. This force is called restoring force. It is
directed opposite to the displacement.
Comments
(i) For a periodic motion, a restoring force is
required.
(ii) In general the time period T, frequency f,
depends on the amplitude of the motion. Only
in the special case of simple harmonic
motion, the time period T and frequency f are
independent of the amplitude A. SHM means
that the periodic motion is a sinusoidal
function of time
4. GENERAL DISPLACEMENT EQUATION OF
S.H.M.
Q we know that force acting on the particle,

ma = ky
ky
m
dv
ky
v
=
dt
m
v dv =
ky
dy
m
v2
ky 2
=
+ C
2
2m
At y = 0 , v = v0
v2
C= 0
2
v2
2
Displacement The displacement x is defined as the distance

the body moves from its equilibrium poistion.
v =
Amplitude The maximum displacement A is called the

amplitude of the motion
Period T The period T is the time for one complete

oscillation.
Frequency f.
It is the number of complete oscillations or cycles
made in unit timef = 1/T
The unit of f is hertz (Hz). 1 hertz = 1 cycle per
second (cycle is a number not a dismensional
dv
ky
=
dt
m
dy
[Q v = dy/dt]
dt
a=
2y 2
+
2
v 20
2
[Q 2 = k/m]
v 20 2 y 2
dy
= v 20 2 y 2
dt
dy
= dt
2
v0 2y 2
FG IJ
H K
y
1
sin1 v
= t + c1
0
y = A sin (t + c 1)
[Q v0 = A]
Q At t = 0, y = 0 & if velocity is in +y direction
y = A sin t
if velocity is in () ve direction,
y = A sin t
108
Points regarding displacement of S.H.M.
Ex.2
Sol
(i) x = a sin (t + )
or x = a cos(t + f)
or x = a1 sint + a2 cost
dy
= PA cos PT PB sin PT
dT
Again differentiate w.r.t. to T,
a =amplitude
f =phase constant
T = time period
n = frequency
2
T
(iii) Phase : The physical quantity which
represents the state of motion of a particle is
called phase.
(iv) The quantity (t + ) represent in the equation for
displacement of an oscillator is the phase angle
(v) The difference in phase angles of two ocillators
is called phase difference.
(vi) The difference in phase angles at different
times of an or cillator is also called phase
difference
(vii) = 2 1 = (t + 2) (t + 1) where
(t + 1) and (t + 2) are phase angles of
two oscillators at time t.
If equation of displacement of a particle is

y = A sin PT + B cos PT then motion of
particle is
(A) Simple harmonic motion
(B) Linear motion
(C) Uniform circular motion
(D) Uniform elliptical motion
y = A sin PT + B cos PT
Differentiate w.r.t. to T,
d2 y
dT 2
(ii) (angular speed) = 2n =
Examples
based on
Ex.1
Sol
d2 y
dT 2
= P2 [A sin PT + B cos PT]
d2 y
+ P2y = 0
dT 2
This is equation for S.H.M
Hence correct answer is (A)
5. VELOCITY OF S.H.M.
First Method :
y = A sin t
we know that
v=
dy
= A cos t
dt
v = A 1 sin 2 t
Displacement of particle
Periodic time of a simple pendulum is

2 second and It can travel to and fro from
equilibrium position upto maximum 5cm. At
the starting of motion pendulum is at
maximum displacement in right side from
equilibrium position.
(A) y = 5 sin t
(B) y = 5 cos t
(C) y = 5 cos 2t
(D) y = 5 sin 2t
Displacement expression for S.H.M.
y = a sin(t + )
Time period of simple pendulum
T = 2/ = 2sec
= amplitude of pendulum = a = 5cm
y = 5 sin (t + ) cm
Now at t = 0, displacement y = 5 cm
5 = 5 sin( x 0 + )
sin = 1 = /2
Therefore, y = 5 sin (t + 1/2)
y = 5 sin (t + /2) y = 5 cos t
Hence correct answer is (B)
= P2A sin PT BP2 cos PT
v = A 1
v=
y2
A2
A 2 y2
Second Method :
Velocity component of Particle P
Parallel component to the normal = v sin
perpendicular component to the normal = v cos
component v cos is equal to the velocity of foot N
V = V cos
V = A cos t
[Q v = a & = t]
V = A 1 sin 2 t
V = A
V=
1 ( y2 / A 2 )
(A2 y 2 )
109
Points regarding velocity :

(i) Velocity will be maximum when the
displacement x = 0 i.e. at mean position
vmax = a
(ii) Velocity will be minimum when x = a i.e. at
the position of maximum displacement vmin = 0
(iii) Velocity is always ahead of displacement by
phase angle /2
(iv) The graph between displacement and velocity
is ellipse, as
Component parallel to Normal = (v2/A) cos

Component perpendicular to Normal = (v2/A) sin
Acceleration of foot N, = (v2/A) sin
Q sin = y/A
= (v2/A) y/A
= 2 y
y
Special points regarding Acceleration :
(i) Acceleration will be man when x = a i.e.
fman = 2a (towards mean position)
(ii) Acceleration will be minimum when x = 0 i.e.
fmin = 0
(iii) Acceleration is ahead of displacement by an
angle . i.e. opposite to displacement.
x2
= 1
A
A2
if = 1, then curve would be a circle
Examples
based on
Ex.3
Velocity
Amplitude of harmonic oscillator is a, when

velocity of particle is half of maximum
velocity, then position of particle will be
3
a
2
(C) a/2
(A)
Sol
3
a
2
(B)
Vmax
a
=
2
2
2 a2
= (a2 x2) a 2 = 4 (a2 x2)
4
4a2 a 2
3a 2
x2 =
=
x =
4
4
Hence correct answer is (D)
6. ACCELERATION IN S.H.M
Examples
based on
Ex.4
3
a
2
Sol
First Method :
QV=
a =
dy
= A cos t
dt
dv
d2 y
=
= A2 sin t
dt
dt 2
y
a = A2
= 2 y
A
a y
Second Method :
(v) The graph between acceleration and

displacement is straight line and which
passes through the origin and has slop (2)
(vi) The graph between velocity and acceleration
is an ellips if = 1, then the graph is in the
for m of circle.
(D) a
v2 = 2 (a 2 x2) but v =
(iv) Acceleration leads the velocity by an angle
Acceleration
A particle executing S.H.M. having amplitude

0.01m & frequency 60Hz. Maximum
acceleration of particle is(A) 14.4 2 m/s2 (B) 144 2 m/s 2
(C) 1.44 2 m/s2 (D) .144 2 m/s2
Maximum acceleration = 2a
where a is amplitude of motion & = 2n
= 42n 2a
= 42 (60) 2 (0.01)
= 1442 m/s2
7. ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M.

(a) Potential Energy (PE) :
in terms of displacement
Force acting on particle = F =
z z
dU =
ky dy
U = 1/2 ky2 + c
c = U0
U = 1/2 ky2 + U0
dU
= ky
dy
At x = 0, U = U0
110
Where U0 is potential energy at equilibrium

position if at equilibrium position U0 = 0, then,
P.E. = 1/2 ky2
1
m2A2
2
(ii) At y = A, K.E. min = 0
Note : (i) At y = 0, k Emax =
(b) P.E., in terms of time,

P.E. =
K.E. in terms of time,
1
KA2 sin 2(t + )
2
K.E. =
1
m2a2 sin2 (t + )
2
Note : (i) At x = 0 , P.E. = U = U0 (minimum)
1
KA2 cos2 (t + )
2
1
m2A 2 cos2(t + )
2
Special Note :
P.E. =
K.E. =
1
(ii) At x = A, U = Umax =
KA2 + U0
2
(1) If U0 = 0 then KEmax = PEmax = TE =
1
KA2
2
1
(2) If U 0 0 then PEmax = TE =
KA 2 + U0 &
2
(c) Kinetic Energy :

in terms of displacement
If mass of particle is m & velocity of particle
is v at any instant.
1
KA2
2
(3) If frequency of S.H.M. is f then frequency of
oscillation of KE = Frequency of oscillation
of PE = 2f
Frequency of K.E. to P.E. = Frequency of
PE to KE = 4f & frequency of total energy = 0.
KE =
1
1
mv2 =
m2 (A2 y2)
2
2
1
K.E. =
k(A2 y2)
2
K.E. =
ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M. (TABULAR FORM) :

K.E.
P.E.
if U0 = 0
In
terms
of
dis.
In
terms
of
time
1
K(A2y 2)
2
1
KA2cos2(t+)
2
1 2
ky
2
T.E.
else U0 0 if U0 = 0 else U00
1 2
ky +U0
2
1
KA2sin2(t+)
2
Average Energy in S.H.M.

(i) For average time, (in one period - time)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii)
1
< KE >T =
KA2
4
1
< PE >T =
KA2 + U0
4
1
< TE >T =
KA2 + U0
2
For average displacement
(between x = 0 to x = A)
KEmax
1 2
kA
2
1
KA2+U 0
2
1 2
kA
2
1
KA2 + U0
2
Examples
based on
Ex.5
1
(a) < KE >y =
KA2
3
1
(b) < PE > y =
KA2 + U 0
6
1
(c) < TE > y =
KA2 + U 0
2
P.Emax
if U1 = 0 else U0 0
1
KA2
2
1
KA2
2
1
KA2
2
1
KA2
2
1
KA2+U0
2
1
KA2 + U0
2
Energy
Two objects A and B of equal mass are

suspended from two springs of spring
constants k A and k B if the objects oscillte
vertically in such a manner that their
maximum kinetic energies are equal, then
the ratio of their amplitudes is
(A)
KB
KA
KA
(C) K
B
(B)
KB
KA
(D)
KA
KB
111
Sol.
(B)
Sol.
Suppose the velocities in the equillibrium

position before and after placing the object m
and v and v, and the amplitudes are A and
A respectively. By conservation of energy,
we have
1
1
m2A2 =
KA 2
2
2
1
1
Thus it is given that
K A 2=
K A 2
2 A 1
2 B 2
A1
KB
A = K
2
A
A horizontal spring block system of mass M
executes simple harmonic motion. When the
block is passing through its equillibrium
position, an object of mass m is put on it
and the two move together. Find the new
amplitude
The maximum KE =
Ex.6
(A)
M
A
M+m
(C)
m
A
M+m
1
1
Mv2 =
KA2
......... (1)
2
2
1
1
and
(M + m)v 2 =
K A2 ......... (2)
2
2
and by conservation of momentum
Mv = (M + m) v.
1 M2 v 2
1
Hence
=
KA2 ......... (3)
2 (M + m)
2
(B)
M+m
A
M
dividing (C) by (A) we get
(D)
M+m
A
m
A' =
M
A '2
=
(M + m)
A2
M
A
M+m
8. GRAPHICAL STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ENERGY

S.No.
Inform of t
1.
Displacement
2.
Velocity
3.
Acceleration
4.
Energy TE
y = A sin t
v = A cos t
a = 2 A sint
TE = K.E. + P.E.
Inform of y
Max. value
y = y
v =
y = A
A 2 y2 v = A
a = 2y
TE =
1
KA2
2
a = 2A
T.E. =
1
KA2
2
112
9. SIMPLE PENDULUM
If a heavy point-mass is suspended by a
weightless, inextensible and perfectly flexible
string from a rigid support, then this arrangement
is called a simple pendulum
Derivation for Time Period of Simple
Pendulum :
(b) If radius of earth is more in comparison to

length of simple pendulum then time period
(c)
(d)
(e)
Restoring force acting on pendulum

F = mg sin
fig, sin = OA / SA = y/l
F = mg (y/l)
(f)
(g)
Q F = ma
ma = mg (y/l)
a = (g/l) y
.........(1)
a y
It proves that simple pendulum performs S.H.M.
if displacement is negligible.
Q We know that,
2
T =
& a = 2y 2 = a/y
a
y
2
T=
= 2
By equation (1),
a
Displacement
= 2
y
Acceleration
Displacement
y
=
Acceleration
a
l
=
g
l
g
T = 2
Note :
(a) If angular amplitude of simple pendulum is
more then time period
T = 2
l
g
F1 + I
GH 16 JK
0 is in radians.
2
0
lR
g(R + l)
T = 2
Where R = Radius of earth

l = length of simple pendulum
On increasing length of simple pendulum,
time period increases, but time period of
simple pendulum of infinite length is 84.6 min
which is maximum.
Time period of second pendulum is 2sec and
l = 0.993 m.
Simple pendulum performs angular S.H.M.
but due to small angular displacement, it is
considered as simple S.H.M.
If time period of clock based on simple
pendulum increases then clock will be slow
if time period decrease then clock will be
fast.
If g remains constant & l is change in
length, then
T
1 l
100 =
100
T
2 l
(h) If l remain constant & g is change in

acceleration then,
T
1 g
100 =
100
T
2 g
(i) If l is change in length & g is change in
acceleration then,
LM
N
1 l 1 g
T
100 = 2 l 2 g
T
OP
Q
100
Here (+) ve sign indicates increasing value

& () ve sign indicates decreasing value
(j) Time-period (T) of simple pendulum
decreases with increasing value of g.
9.1 Periodic Time of Simple Pendulum in
Reference System :
l
T = 2 g
eff.
where geff. = Effective gravity
acceleration in reference system

geff = Total downward force/mass
(a) If reference system is lift,
(i) If velocity of lift is constant,
v = constant
a = 0 geff = g
113
(f) One pendulum of density d1 is drown in liquid

of density d2 then,
l
g
T = 2
(ii) If lift is moving upwards with acceleration a

geff = g + a
l
g+ a
T = 2
geff =
wt. ofpendulum wt. of displacedliquidcolumnbybuyoancy force
Mass
geff =
(iii) If lift is moving downwards with acceleration a,

geff = g a
(iv) If lift falls downwards freely,

geff = 0
T=
(b) If reference system is vehicle moving with
acceleration a,
geff =
g2 + a 2
(c) One charged sphere is oscillating in electric

field E. For it,
mg qE
m
geff =
(d) If d distance & v potential are between two

plates then electric field E = V/d
mg + qE
m
geff = g +
FG
H
IJ
K
g 1
d2
d1
IJ
K
Time period
Ex.7
If Length of simple pendulum is increased by
6% then percentage change in time-period will
be(A) 3%
(B) 9%
(C) 6%
(D) 1/9 %
Sol % change in time period
l
100%
l
l
according to question,
100% = 6%
l
l
T = 2 g qE
m
geff =
T = 2
Examples
based on
g2 + a2
T = 2
FG
H
d2
geff = g 1 d
1
l
g a
T = 2
vd1g vd2g
d1g d 2g
=
vd1
d1
T
1
100% =
T
2
T
100% = 1/2 6% = 3%
T

10. COMPOUND PENDULUM
qV
md
ax is
of ro t
a tio
T = 2
l
q V
g+
m d
2
(e)
geff =
(mg) + ( qE)
m
l
T = 2
(mg) 2 +
FG qE IJ
HmK
P'
When a rigid body is isolated from a axis and

made to oscillate then it is called compound
pendulum.
Torque acting along the equilibrium position =
= mg l sin mgl
Where l, is distance of suspension point O from
mass centre CM.
114
Q=
Examples
based on
Where is moment of inertia relative to

suspension point.
Ex.8
mgl
I
2
=
=
mgl
= 2
I
T = 2
mgl
I
Sol.
I
mgl
I = ICM + ml2
ICM = moment of inertia relative to the axis which
L
L2
and k2 =
putting these values
2
12
in equation we get L = 1.5 m.
Hence correct answer is(A)
Here l =
I CM + ml 2
mgl
where I CM = mk2
k = gyration radius passes from centre mass
T = 2
mk 2 + ml2
mgl
T = 2
k2 + l 2
lg
Ex.9
10.1 Method to Determine Periodic -Time,

Angular Frequency & frequency in S.H.M. :
(a) If conditions of equilibrium are given then
equilibrium state of system is determined.
(b) System is displaced by x distance from
equilibrium state.
Sol.
F = kx
ma = kx
a = kx/m
Q k/m = 2 =
a = 2x
k
2
= 2n =
m
T
[C] Q
and given
q = MK2 + M
FK I
GH l JK
l = 0.5 m and
....... (1)
K2
= 0.3 m
l
k2 = 0.15m
putting these values in equation (A) we get
= 0.48kg-m 2.
(d) Resultant force acting towards equilibrium

position is determined
F x
The time period of a bar

pendulum when suspended at
distances 30 cm and 50 cm
Q
from its centre of gravity 30cm K2/l
comes out to be the same if
the mass of the body is 2kg
50cm l
then its moment of inertia
P
about an axis passing
through first point will be :
(A) 4800 kg-m2
(B) 0.30 kg-m2
2
(C) 0.48 kg-m
(D) 3000 kg-m2
2
(c) In displaced form, free body diagram is

formed of the system
(e) It can be proved by using equilibrium position,
A rod with rectangular corss section oscillates

about a horizontal axis passing through one
of its ends and it behaves like a seconds
pendulum. its length will be
(A) 1.5 m
(B) 1 m
(C) 3 m
(D) 2m
(A)
k2
+l
Q T = 2 l
= 2 sec
g
k2
or
+ l = 1
............. (1)
l
(Q 2 = g)
passes from centre mass & parallel to axis of

oscillation.
T = 2
Compound Pendulum
11. SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

Case(A) : System, given in figure, is in equilibrium
condition.
Mass m is displaced by x distance in + x
direction.
From F.B.D.
k
F = kx
m
a = k/m x
a = 2x
115
k
2
=
= 2n
m
T
n =
1
2
x=
k
or T = 2
m
F
F
k
k1
2
LM
N
m
k
OP
Q
LM
N
OP
Q
1
1
k1 k2
x = F k + k F = k +k x
1
2
1
2
CASE (B) :
equivalent constant in series combination
In figure (a) only spring is hanging . One mass is
= 1/k = 1/k1 + 1/k 2
hanged as shown in figure. It displaces spring to

T = 2
x0 distance. At condition of balance,

mg = kx0
n =
m
k
1
2
T = 2
k
, =
m
m(k 1 + k 2 )
k1 k 2
k
m
Note :
(a) In series combination same force exerts in
all spring & extension will be different.
(b) In series combination, extension of springs
will be reciprocal of its spring constant.
x0
m
(c) Spring constant of spring is reciprocal to its

length
0
x
Q k 1/l
F
(b)
(a)
k 1l1 = k2l2 = k3l3

(d) If n pieces are made of spring then spring
constant of one piece will be nk.
(c)
CASE D Parallel combination of springs :

In fig (c) mass m is displaced by x distance
Extension is same for both spring but force acting

will be different.
Then,
F = k(x + x0) + mg
F = kx kx0 + mg
F = kx [
Force acting on the system = F
Q kx0 = mg]
k
x
m
a = 2x
a=
Q F = (k1 x + k2x)
k1
F = (k 1 + k2)x
F = kx
k2
k = k1 + k2
k
2
=
= 2n
m
T
k1 + k2
1
, n =
m
2
k1 + k 2
m
CASE (C) : Series combination of springs :

Total displacement x = x1 + x2
T = 2
Force acting on both springs

F = k1x1 = k2x 2
x1=
F
F
& x2 =
k1
k2
k1
m
k1 + k2
k2
m
116
Examples
based on
System of Springs
Ex.11
Ex.10 Infinite springs with force constants k, 2k,

4k, 8k, .......................respectively are
connected in series. The effective force
constant of the spring will be
(A) 2k
(B) k
(C) k/2
(D) 2048
Sol
1
k eff
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
+ .............
k
2k
4k
8k
=
LM
N
LM OP
1
1 M
1P
k M 1 P
MN 2 PQ
Sol
OP
Q
1
1 1 1
1 + + + +........
k
2 4 8
= 2/k
keff = k/2
Hence correct answer is (C)
One body is suspended from a spring of

length l & springs constant k then time period
is T. Now if spring is divided in two equal
parts & joined in parallel and same body is
suspended then new time period will be(A) Double
(B) Half
(C) Same
(D) None
Spring constant in parallel combination

k' = 2k + 2k = 4k
T' = 2
m
= 2
k'
T' = 2
1
4
m
4k
T
4
T
2
117
POINTS TO REMEMBER
(1) Unit of k is N/m
(2) In S.H.M. work is done by force against
displacement. This force is called restoring force.
(3) Velocity leads displacement in phase by angle
/2
(4) Acceleration leads displacement in phase by
angle
(5) Acceleration leads velocity in phase by angle /2
(6) Energy E of particle executing S.H.M.
E (frequency)2
E (amplitude) 2
E (mass)
(16) Time-period of spring-mass system does not

depend on gravity acceleration. Therefore time
shown by clock based on spring remains same
at every place.
(17) Time period of simple pendulum does not depend
on amplitude
(18) Value of displacement w.r.t. time :
t
y 0 +
T/8 T/4 3T/8 T/2 5T/8

A
2
+A +
A
2
A
2
3T/4 7T/8 T
A
A
2
(19) At equilibrium state, displacement, acceleration

& potential energy are zero while velocity & kinetic
energy are maximum
(7) Law of conservation of energy is valid in S.H.M.

(8) Potential energy of simple harmonic pendulum
follows parabolic shape.
(9) Force acting in S.H.M. is conservative in nature
(10) Motion of particle is bounded between two points.
This bounded region is called potential well.
(11) Effect of pasting a magnet on pendulum time
period of simple pendulum remains constant
because it does not depend on mass and there
are only increase in mass.
(20) At extreme condition velocity & kinetic energy of

particle are zero while displacement, acceleration
& potential energy are maximum.
(21) If two masses are attached by a spring & both
masses are free to oscillate then time period of
system is T = 2
m1 m2
where, = m + m
1
2
(12) Time-period of simple pendulum placed in satellite

is
(13) Time-period of pendulum increases above or below
the surface of earth because value of g
decreases.
(14) Generally length of second pendulum is 1m.
(15) From mean position at a distance of
a
2
(where
a is amplitude), potential energy & kinetic energy

of pendulum is same.
120
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1
Two linear S.H.M., having equal amplitude

frequencies & 2 are superimposed on a
particle in x & y directions. If initial phase
difference is /2 between two S.H.M. then
resultant path of particle is-
F xI
(A) y = 4x G1 J
H aK
F xI
(C) y = 4x G1 J
H aK
2
(B) y2
Sol
F xI
= x G1 J
H aK
F xI
= 4x G1 J
H aK
2
Equation of motion in x direction,

x = a cos t
Equation of motion in y direction,
y = a cos (2t + /2)
y = a sin 2t
y = 2 a sin t cos t
On eliminating t,
y = 2a 1
A
= A sin (t + )
2
(D) y2
x2
a
FG xIJ
H aK
Ex.4
Sol
sin(t + ) = 1/2
t + = 300 or 1500
When particles are in opposite direction at
that moment, phase of both particle will be
300 & 1200 respectively.
For a simple pendulum, graph between
velocity (v) & displacement (x)
(A) Parabolic
(B) Circular
(C) Elliptical
(D) Straight line
Qv=
Ex.2
4x2
F1 x I
GH a JK

Equation of two S.H.M.
x1 = 5 sin (2t + /4)
Ex.5
x2 = 5 2 (sin2t + cos2t)
Sol
Ex.3
ratio of amplitude & phase difference will be

(A) 2 : 1, 0
(B) 1 : 2, 0
(C) 1 : 2, /2
(D) 2 : 1, /2
x1 = 5sin (2t + /4)
x2 = 5 2 (sin 2t + cos 2t)
x2 = 10 (sin 2t cos /4 + cos2 t sin /4)
x2 = 10 sin (2t + /4)
Ratio of amplitude = 5 : 10 = 1 : 2
Phase difference =(2t + /4) (2t + /4) = 0
Two particle executes S.H.M. in same
straight line, Their amplitude & freqeuency
are equal. When their displacement is half of
amplitude, they passes each other in opposite
direction. Phase difference will be
[All Engg. 86]
a2 x2
v2 = 2 (a 2 x2)
y2
(B) 1500
(D) 1200
= A sin (t + )
half of amplitude
A
2
y =
Sol
(A) 300
(C) 1800
Equation of S.H.M. y
when displacement is
Sol
x2
a2
v2
(a)2
= 1
..............(1)
Equation (A) represents elliptical curve.

A particle is executing S.H.M. from mean
position at 5cm distance, acceleration is
20cm/sec2 then value of angular velocity will
be
(A) 2 rad/sec2
(B) 4 rad/sec2
2
(C) 10 rad/sec
(D) 15 rad/sec2
f = 2y
2 =
Ex.6
f
20
=
= 4
y
5
= 2 rad/sec2
The maximum velocity of a harmonic
oscillator is and its maximum acceleration
is . Its time period will be
(A)
(C) 2
(B)
(D)
121
Sol
Vmax = a =
............(1)
2
Amax = a =
............(2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1)
1
mv 2 = mgh = mg (l
2
1
mv2 = mgl (1 cos)
2
Ex.7
Sol
T=
2
2
=

If harmonic oscillator have mass 0.8kg,
amplitude 1.0 m & time period 11/7 sec then
particle velocity & kinetic energy at
displacement 0.6m will be
(A) 4J
(B) 4.11 J
(C) 4.01 J
(D) 4.1 J
At y displacement , velocity of particle is
v=
Ex.9
One solid sphere, having mass 1kg &

diameter 0.3m is suspended from a wire. If
the twisting couple per unit twist for the wire
is 6 10-3 N-m/radian, then the time period
of small oscillations will be(A) 0.7 sec
(B) 7.7 sec
(C) 77 sec
(D) 777 sec
Sol
T = 2
a2 y2
where is constant & a is amplitude

if T is time period, then = 2/T
v=
2
T
v=
2 22 / 7
11 / 7
a y
Sol
1
mv2
2
k=
1
0.8 (3.2)2
2
.............(2)
2MR2
5C
1kg
0.15 m
6 103 N-m/rad.
?
T = 6.28
(A) mgl
(B) mgl/2
(C) mgl (1 cos)
(D)
mgl sin
2
At maximum angular displacement ,
l l cos
By law of conservation of energy

1
mv2
2
2
MR 2
5
given, M =
R =
C =
T =
(10
. )2 (0.6)2
k=
mgh =
.............(1)
T = 2
k = 4.1J
Maximum angular displacement is of
pendulum of length l . Maximum kinetic
energy of sphere having mass m is-
h=
I
C
By equation (A) & (B)
v = 3.2 m/sec.
kinetic energy of particle at displacement
Ex.8
l cos )
T = 6.28
0.4 1 (0.15) 2
6 10 3
9 10 3
6 10 3
= 6.28
15
.
T = 7.7 sec.
Ex.10 Length of spring 2cm increases, when a body
of 1kg mass is suspended from a weightless
spring. This body is stretched up to 10cm.
Time period of vibration of spring & kinetic
energy of spring oscillation will be
(A) 2.5 sec, 0.2 J
(B) 2.05 sec, 0.28 J
(C) 0.28 sec,2.05 J
(D) 0.28 sec, 2.5 J
Sol
Spring constant k = F/y
Where F is that force which causes y
increases in length
here, F = 1.0 10 N and y = 2cm = 0.02m
k=
10
. 10
= 500 N/m
0.02
122
After suspension of 1.0 kg body & stretching

it, Time period of oscillation,
T = 2
m
10
.
2 314
.
=2
=
= 0.28 sec
k
500
22.36
Ex.13 One body of mass m is suspended from three

springs as shown in figure each spring has
spring constant k. If mass m is displaced
slightly then time period of oscillation is-
Ex.11
(A)
mg
k
(B)
mg
2k
(C)
2k
mg
(D)
Sol
mg
k' k
2k
2k 2
2k 2
=
=
=
k '+k
3
2k + k
3k
Time period of system
m
3m
T = 2
k' '
2k
Ex.14 One mass m is suspended from a spring.
Time period of oscillation is T. Now if spring
is divided into n pieces & these are joined in
parallel order then time period of oscillation if
same mass is suspended.
mg
& mg = ky '
k
mg
k
2mg
k

Exa.12 A body of mass 0.1 kg is attached to two
springs of force constants 8N/m & 2N/m and
supported by two rigid supports. If the body
is displaced along the length of the spring,
the frequency of vibration will be
(A) 16 sec1
(B) .16 sec1
(C) 1.6 sec
(D) 1.6 sec1
Sol
T = 2
mg
Amplitude a = y + y ' =
Sol
3k
m
m
Resultant spring constant of parallel
combination
= k ' = k + k = 2k Resultant spring constant
of series
combination of spring k and k'
(D) 2
mg
y'
mg = ky
y ' =
2m
(C) 2
3k
k'' =
2mg
k
y =
3m
2k
(B) 2
1
1
kx2 =
500 (.1)2 = 2.5 J
2
2

A block of mass m is suspended from a
spring of spring constant k. Amplitude of
S.H.M. will be-
m
3k
(A) 2
kinetic energy of oscillation of spring

= work done to stretch spring up to 10cm
( = 0.1m)
1
n=
2
k1 + k 2
1
=
m
2
Sol
8+2
5
=
0.1
= 1.6 sec-1
8N/m
2N/m

(A) 2
n 2m
k
(B) 2
n 2k
m
(C) 2
m
n 2k
(D) 2
k
n 2m
T ' = 2
m
k'
nk
nk
nk
nk
m
Spring constant of each part of n pieces = nk

Effective constant of spring mass system = k'
k ' = nk + nk + ................+ nk
k ' = n(nk) = n2k
m
n 2k
T ' = 2
123
Ex.15 Time period of spring mass system will be

Sol
K
K
m
2K
3k
m
(A) 2
(C)
1
2
m
3k
m
4 2m
m
T2 = 2 k k2 =
T = 2
2
k'
T2
2
2K
(B) 2
3m
k
(D) 2
m
3k
1
1
1
=
+
k'
k1
k2
4 2m 4 2m
. 2
T12
T2
k1 k 2
k ' =
=
k1 + k 2
4 2m 4 2m
+
T12
T22
Sol
K
2K
m
m
4 2m
T1 = 2 k T12 = 42 k k1 =
T12
l
l
4 2m
2K
k ' =
Effective constant of spring (B) & (C) = k '
4 2m
1
1
1
2
1
=
+
=
k ' = k
k'
2k
2k
2k
k'
K
K
1
5
Effective constant of spring (A) & (5) = k''

k'' = k + k = 2k
4
2K
m
Time period = T = 2
T = 2
m
k '''
(A)
T12 T22
(B)
T1 + T2
(C)
T12 T22
(D)
T12 + T22
2
2
K2
LM 1 + 1 OP
MN T T PQ
2
1
2
2
2
2
4 2m
T12 + T22
K1
m
4 2m
T12 + T22
T12 + T22
K2
m
T12 + T22
Ex.17 One wooden cylinder of uniform cross section
is floating in water vertically. When it is
slightly pressed, it oscillates. If l length of
cylinder is drowned in water then its time
period.
m
3k

Ex.16 Periodic time of oscillation T1 is obtained
when a mass is suspended from a spring if
another spring is used with same mass then
periodic time of oscillation is T2. Now if this
mass is suspended from series combination
of above springs then time period will be-
2
1
m
T = 2
= 2
k'
Effective constant of spring (D) & (6) = k"'
k"' = k + 2k = 3k
T12 + T22
T12 T22
LM 4 m OP
MN T T PQ
4 2m
T12 T22
k ' =
K1
Sol.
T =
(A) T = 2
g
l
(B) T = 2
(C) T = 2
k
m
(D) T = 2
m
k
l
g
m
APg
Where m is mass of cylinder, A is crosssection area & is density of water . To
float, weight of cylinder is equal to buyoancy
force.
mg = Alg
where l is length of drowned cylinder in water
l
T = 2
g
T = 2
124

S.H.M-Theory

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SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

3.1 Necessary Condition to execute S.H.M. :

When a particle moves to and fro (or up and

When a system oscillates angularly with

3.3 Geometrical Interpretation of S.H.M. :

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Description of S.H.M. Based on Circular

quantity, so the dimensions of frequency are

(a) Draw a circle, having radius equal to

Q we know that force acting on the particle,

Displacement The displacement x is defined as the distance

Amplitude The maximum displacement A is called the

Period T The period T is the time for one complete

Q At t = 0, y = 0 & if velocity is in +y direction

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Points regarding displacement of S.H.M.

If equation of displacement of a particle is

(ii) (angular speed) = 2n =

= P2 [A sin PT + B cos PT]

Periodic time of a simple pendulum is

= P2A sin PT BP2 cos PT

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Points regarding velocity :

Component parallel to Normal = (v2/A) cos

Amplitude of harmonic oscillator is a, when

(v) The graph between acceleration and

(iv) Acceleration leads the velocity by an angle

A particle executing S.H.M. having amplitude

7. ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Where U0 is potential energy at equilibrium

Note : (i) At y = 0, k Emax =

(b) P.E., in terms of time,

K.E. in terms of time,

(1) If U0 = 0 then KEmax = PEmax = TE =

(c) Kinetic Energy :

ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M. (TABULAR FORM) :

Average Energy in S.H.M.

Two objects A and B of equal mass are

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Suppose the velocities in the equillibrium

dividing (C) by (A) we get

8. GRAPHICAL STUDY OF DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY, ENERGY

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

(b) If radius of earth is more in comparison to

Restoring force acting on pendulum

Where R = Radius of earth

(h) If l remain constant & g is change in

Here (+) ve sign indicates increasing value

where geff. = Effective gravity

acceleration in reference system

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

(f) One pendulum of density d1 is drown in liquid

(ii) If lift is moving upwards with acceleration a

(iii) If lift is moving downwards with acceleration a,

(iv) If lift falls downwards freely,

(c) One charged sphere is oscillating in electric

(d) If d distance & v potential are between two