A Case For Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) Power For Distribution Applications (MVDC) Power For Distribution Applications

A CASE FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT
(MVDC) POWER FOR DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS

IEEE-PES Power Systems
y
Conference and Exposition
p
Paper Session: Substation Innovations from Conventional Design
March 23, 2011 Phoenix, AZ

Authors:
D Gregory
Dr.
G
Reed,
R d Dr.
D G
George K
Kusic
i University
U i
it off Pitt
Pittsburgh
b
h
Dr. Jan Svensson, Dr. Zhenyuan (John) Wang ABB Inc., R&D
Background, Motivation, and Introduction
A New Era of DC Power Systems

Corporate research centers, universities, and industry are
beginning
g
g to (re)consider
( )
the premise
p
of DC power
p
in future
transmission and distribution system applications.
Historically, AC has dominated the power industry
W
Westinghouse,
i h
Tesla,
T l Edison,
Edi
and
d others
h
intensely
i
l fought
f
h the
h initial
i ii l
AC/DC Wars at the turn of 20th Century
AC proved superior for all the right reasons at the time
H
However, we continue
ti
ttoday
d to
t depend
d
d on a legacy
l
century-old
t
ld and
d
aging AC approach, concept, technology-base, and infrastructure
What has changed for DC in the 21st Century?

The era of Power Electronics Technologies
Continued improvements and efficiencies in semiconductors, devices,
circuits, designs, systems, and applications scaled at all levels
Consumer devices, emerging resources, energy storage, and other
systems operating at or supplying absolute DC power
3
DC Applications in Modern Society

Rapidly Emerging DC Applications in the 21st Century
Consumer Electronics
Devices and Equipment Operated at Low-Level DC (Res/Comm)
Renewable Energy Systems

Generation Systems Producing DC Output Power (e.g.,
(e g Solar)
Transportation Electrification
Electric Vehicles Powered by DC
Information Technology and the Internet

Enhancement of Energy Efficiency via DC (e.g., Data Centers)
Energy Storage Technologies

DC O
Output and
d Integration
I
i through
h
h DC Interconnections
I
i
Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Systems (i.e., Transmission)
What is Missing?
Medium Voltage DC (MVDC) Distribution Infrastructure
4
Medium Voltage DC Networks

MVDC Technology Development
Benefits for installations of large
g and small scale wind / solar
farms, and other forms of bulk and distributed generation; as
well as for DC-loads, energy storage, EV integration, etc.
Efficiency is expected to increase due to minimized power
conversions; but overall complexity may increase
New technical requirements, standards, protective devices,
schemes, and other concepts require development / proof
R&D is necessary for evaluating the MVDC potential
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Systems

Proven benefits and merit over high voltage AC transmission
for long distance power delivery applications and recent offshore and other generation interconnections
MVDC, however, is not a simple scaling of voltage level

Focused research, development, and demonstration is needed
The MVDC Distribution Network Concept
Medium Voltage DC Network Concept

Existing AC
Infrastructure
AC Transmission
Supply
FACTS
Compensation
Future HVDC
Intertie
Fuel Cells
Non-Synchronous
Generation(Wind)
STATCOM / SVC
DC
DC
DC
DC
HVDC System
Photovoltaic
Generation
AC
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
HVDC / MVDC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
Distribution DC
Load Circuits
DC
DC
DC
AC
DC
AC
Electric Vehicle
Future DC
Industrial Facility
Future DC
Data Centers
DC
AC
Electronic and
AC Loads
Motor
Distribution Level
Sensitive Load
Storage
Variable
Frequency Drives
Control Algorithm
MVDC Network Applications

Development Program Applications
Renewable energy resource integration and end
end-use
use aspects:
Solar energy distributed, remote
Wind energy distributed, off-shore, remote
Fuel cell integration
Electric vehicle integration
Variable frequency drives supply
Sensitive
S
iti and
d electronic
l t
i load
l d supply
l
Data centers supply infrastructure
Power plants internal plant distribution systems
Greenfield industrial parks
Energy storage interconnection and control

DC/AC power factor correction for distribution load circuits
Dynamic voltage and VAR optimization
High Voltage AC and DC transmission integration
Preliminary Work
Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis
Preliminary MVDC Development

Subsystem 1
+
1.4 MW
Supply
Wind Turbine
MOD 2 Type
575 V / 14 kV
#1
#2
Six Pulse
Graetz
Bridge
AC/DC
Rectifier
Three Level
20 kV / 460 V
Neutral Point
IM
Clamp
#1 #2
Multilevel
Inverter
10 kW
Bidirectional
DC/DC
Converter
AC
C
Load
n=5
GRID
69 kV / 14 kV
#1
Transmission
Five Level 20 kV / 460 V

Neutral Point
IM
Clamp
#1 #2
Multilevel
I
Inverter
t
10 kW
#2
69 kV
20 kV
10
Research Objectives
Subsystem 1
Analysis conducted within the PSCAD simulation environment
Evaluating
a uat g tthe
e pe
performance
o a ce o
of ttwo
op
practical
act ca topo
topologies
og es o
of
multilevel inverters which include the neutral point clamp
converter and flying capacitor circuitry.
PWM Techniques: Phase Disposition
Disposition, Phase Opposition
Disposition, and Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition
Total Harmonic Distortion: THD appears to be the best metric for

g their performance.
p
evaluating
Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Network

Wind Speed Adjustments: Average wind speed will be modeled
initially without ramp and fluctuation effects in the wind source.
source
DC Bus and Motor Faults: Analyze the effects of capacitor

balancing of the power electronic inverters and effects of motor
torque and speeds.
Load Energizing: Impacts on THD distribution as certain loads

are connected in and out of the circuitry.
11

Subsystem 2
60 0 [MVA]
60.0
230.0 [kV] / 20.0 [kV]
#1
#2
MW MVAR
60.0 [[MVA]]
575 [V] / 20.0 [kV]
#1
#2
12
MVAC System for Comparison

Subsystem 2
60.0 [MVA]
230 0 [kV] / 20
230.0
20.0
0 [kV]
#1
#2
60.0 [MVA]
20.0 [kV] / 4.0 [kV]
60.0 [MVA]
5.0 [kV] / 20.0 [kV]
#1
#1
#2
#2
MW MVAR
60.0 [[MVA]]
20.0 [kV] / 5.0 [kV]
#1
#2
60.0 [MVA]
575 [V] / 20.0 [kV]
#1
#2
13
Factors for Comparison of MVDC/AC

Subsystem 2
Performance under the following conditions
Loss of Generation
i.e., PV Array is lost due to a fault, how does the system
react and recover from this loss?
Dynamic Changes in Renewable Generation

Similar to loss of generation but generation is not
completely lost
lost, only its voltage and thus power are altered
Switch Misfiring
If the power electronics do not react in an ideal manner
manner,
how is voltage and power flow affected?

Subsystem 3
15
Research Objectives
Subsystem 3
DC Distribution for Future Industrial Facilities
Manufacturing/Industry
Direct DC Supply for VFDs, Industrial Automation and
Electronics Equipment
Data Centers and IT

Direct DC Supply for Computer, UPS and Battery Systems,
LED lighting
DC Bus Architecture
Easily incorporates on-site solar generation and hybrid
electrical storage options
Next Steps in MVDC Development

Program Objectives, Goals, and Future Vision
Complete the modeling,
modeling analysis,
analysis and verification of all
subsystems of the MVDC concept
Integrate the various subsystems, resources, and loads into

one model for full-scale
full scale analysis
Development and integration of control concepts

Establish full verification of total system concepts, including
operation and control
Model and test various improvements and enhancements for

parameter evaluation (e.g., advanced semiconductor
characteristics, optimized converter designs and control, etc.)
Scaled proto-type development and testing

Full scale deployment
p y
and demonstration
Application for retrofit or green-field facility/site as a complete
DC-based network
Summary
18
Summary
MVDC Technology Development Benefits
Improved efficiency for renewable energy integration
Support for the continued evolution of greater penetrations of
DC-based loads and resources
Enhanced integration of energy storage systems and EVs
Advancements in optimization, design, and applications of high
capacity power electronics converter technologies
Advanced semi-conductor device developments
Advanced smart grid methodology development for integrated
resource/load energy management and control
Enhancement of existing interconnecting alternating current (AC)
infrastructure
p
of additional HVDC delivery
y infrastructure
Enabled development
Increased efficiency and lower operating losses in overall power
system delivery, generation, and end-use applications
Acknowledgments
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

Dept. of Community and Economic Development,
Ben Franklin Technology Development Authority
University of Pittsburgh
Electric
ect c Power
o e Research
esea c G
Group
oup Graduate
G aduate Students:
Stude ts
Brandon Grainger, Matthew Korytowski, Emmanuel Taylor
Q&A
THANK YOU

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A CASE FOR MEDIUM VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT

(MVDC) POWER FOR DISTRIBUTION APPLICATIONS

March 23, 2011 Phoenix, AZ

Background, Motivation, and Introduction

A New Era of DC Power Systems

What has changed for DC in the 21st Century?

DC Applications in Modern Society

Renewable Energy Systems

Information Technology and the Internet

Energy Storage Technologies

Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure

Medium Voltage DC Networks

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Systems

MVDC, however, is not a simple scaling of voltage level

The MVDC Distribution Network Concept

Medium Voltage DC Network Concept

MVDC Network Applications

Energy storage interconnection and control

Preliminary MVDC Development

Five Level 20 kV / 460 V

Total Harmonic Distortion: THD appears to be the best metric for

Dynamic Performance Evaluation of Network

DC Bus and Motor Faults: Analyze the effects of capacitor

Load Energizing: Impacts on THD distribution as certain loads

Preliminary MVDC Development

MVAC System for Comparison

Factors for Comparison of MVDC/AC

Dynamic Changes in Renewable Generation

Preliminary MVDC Development

Data Centers and IT

Next Steps in MVDC Development

Integrate the various subsystems, resources, and loads into

Development and integration of control concepts

Model and test various improvements and enhancements for

Scaled proto-type development and testing

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

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