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Files-1. Introduction To Control Systems SE302 Topic 1 - Introduction To Linear Systems PDF

This document provides an overview of linear systems and control engineering. It discusses how control systems engineers work to understand and control systems to provide useful products. It describes some historical control systems examples and how automation has impacted productivity. The document outlines the key foundations of feedback theory, linear systems analysis, and other relevant areas of knowledge. It defines what a control system is and discusses open-loop and closed-loop systems as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Examples of control systems like automobile steering and boiler generators are also presented. The design process and objectives are summarized along with examples of designing open-loop and closed-loop control systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

115 views

Files-1. Introduction To Control Systems SE302 Topic 1 - Introduction To Linear Systems PDF

Uploaded by

AHMED

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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SE 302 Linear systems

Introduction
Dr. Fouad M. AL-Sunni

Role
z

Automation/Control systems engineers

are concerned with understanding and
controlling segments of their
environment (Systems) to provide useful
economic products for society

Activities
z

Understanding
z Modeling
z Designing
D i i
z Testing
z Implementation
z Monitoring

Some historical examples

James Watts
Watt s Fly ball governor (Europe
(Europe-1769)
1769)

Some historical examples

Water Level float (russia
(russia-1765)
1765)

Automation impact
p
z
z
z
z
z
z
z

PRODUCTIVITY
and to obtain high-quality products
M
Material
i lh
handling
dli
Condition Based Monitoring
Condition Based Maintenance (Predictive
maintenance)
Safety and Security
Transportation
Etc

Foundation/knowledge
g
z
z

Feedback theoryy
Linear system analysis

Knowledge
z
z
z
z

Network theory
Communication theory
Reliability and maintenance theory
S f t theory
Safety
th

Definition
z

A control system is an interconnection of

components forming a system
configuration that will provide a desired
system response.

Analysis in general involves:

Linear system Theory : Assumes Causeeffect relationship for the components of a

y
system.

Control System
y
Definition

A control system consists of subsystems and processes (plants)

assembled for the purpose of controlling the outputs of the
processes.
processes

Response
p
Characteristics

Advantages
g of Control Systems
y
We build control systems for four primary reasons:
Power amplification (gain)
ex: Positioning a large radar antenna by low-power
rotation of a knob.
ex: Opening and closing valves
Remote control
ex: Robot arm used to pick up radioactive material.
ex: Unmanned Aerial Vehicules.
ex: Remote Terminal Unit in oil production
Convenience of input form
ex: Changing room temperature by thermostat position.
ex: Quality Control using limit switch
Compensation for disturbances
ex: Controlling antenna position in the presence of
large wind disturbance torque.
ex: Control Inventory under variable demand

Open-Close-Multivariable
p

Usual Representation
p
z

Every component (or process) can be

represented by a block
Effect

Cause
Input

Process

Output

SISO: Single
g input
p Single
g output
p

Usual Representation
p

Desired
es ed
Output response

SIMO:
MISO:
MIMO:

Act ator
Actuator

Single input multimulti-output

Process

Output

Open-Loop
p
p Control System
y
z

An open-loop
open loop control system utilizes an
actuating device to control the process
directly without using feedback
feedback.

Desired
Output response

Actuator

Process

Output

Open
p loop
p system
y

Close-Loop
p Feedback Control
z

A close-loop
close loop system uses a
measurement of the output and feedback
of this signal to compare it with the
desired output (reference or command)

Desired
Output

Comparison

Actuator

Measurement

Process

Output

Advantages/Disadvantages
g
g
Open-Loop
p
p Systems
y
z Simple
z Inexpensive
z Cannot correct for
disturbances or plant
variations
variations.

Closed-Loop
p Systems
y
z Complex & expensive
z Less sensitive to noise,
disturbances, plant
variations
z Better
B tt control
t l off transient
t
i t&
steady-state response
z Better accuracy
z Self-sustained oscillations
possible

An Example:
Effect of automation
z

In 1925 588
588,000
000 pp were needed to mine
520 million tons of coal
z In 1980,
1980 only 208,000
208 000 pp were needed to
mine 774 million tons.

Examples:
Automobile steering

Examples:
A boiler generator

Examples:
National income

The design
g p
process
z

Definition
Design is the process of inventing the
forms,, parts,
p
, and details of a system
y
to
achieve a specific goal
Terminology
gy
z
z
z
z
z

Specifications
alternatives
Trade-off
Synthesis
optimization
ti i ti

The design
g p
process

Design
g Objectives
j
z

Produce desired transient response

response.
z Reduce steady-state error.
z Achieve
A hi
closed-loop
l
dl
stability.
t bilit
Total Response = Natural Response +
Forced Response
The closed-loop
closed loop system
systems
s natural
response must not dominate! The output
must follow the input
input.

A design example
Open loop

A design example
Closed loop
Closed-loop

Another example
p

Another example
I/O

Case Study: Antenna Azimuth Position

Control System
A. System Concept

B. Detailed Layout

Case Study: Antenna Azimuth Position

Control System (continued)
C. Schematic diagram

D. Functional block diagram

Case Study: Antenna Azimuth Position

Control System Response
System normally operates to drive pointing error to zero.
Motor is driven only when there is a pointing error.
The larger the error the faster the motor turns.
turns
Too large a signal amplifier gain could cause overshoot/instability.

Satisfactory design revolves around a

balance between transient performance,
steady-state performance, and stability.
Adjusting gain & adding compensators are
the tools a control engineer has to achieve
this balance.