Technology

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of

Transmission Line
The surge impedance loading (SIL) of a line is the power load at which the net reactive power is zero.
So, if your transmission line wants to absorb reactive power, the SIL is the amount of reactive power
you would have to produce to balance it out to zero. You can calculate it by dividing the square of the
line-to-line voltage by the lines characteristic impedance.
Transmission lines can be considered as, a small inductance in series and a small capacitance to
earth, a very large number of this combinations, in series. Whatever voltage drop occurs due to
inductance gets compensated by capacitance. If this compensation is exact, you have surge
impedance loading and no voltage drop occurs for an infinite length or, a finite length terminated by
impedance of this value (SIL load). (Loss-less line assumed!). Impedance of this line can be proved to
be sqrt (L/C). If capacitive compensation is more than required, which may happen on an unloaded
EHV line, then you have voltage rise at the other end, the ferranti effect. Although given in many
books, it continues to remain an interesting discussion always.
The capacitive reactive power associated with a transmission line increases directly as the square of
the voltage and is proportional to line capacitance and length.
Capacitance has two effects:
1 Ferranti effect
2 rise in the voltage resulting from capacitive current of the line flowing through the source
impedances at the terminations of the line.
SIL is Surge Impedance Loading and is calculated as (KV x KV) / Zs their units are megawatts.
Where Zs is the surge impedance.be awareone thing is the surge impedance and other very
different is the surge impedance loading.

Loading of any transmission line depends on,

Thermal limitation (I2R limitation)
Voltage regulation
Stability Limitation
This is defined as the load (of unity power factor) that can be delivered by the line of negligible
resistance.

Where VLL is the receiving end voltage in kV and Zo is the surge impedance in ohms, and SIL is the
surge impedance loading or natural loading of the line
The above expression gives a limit of the maximum power that can be delivered by a line and is
useful in designing the transmission line. This can be used for the comparison of loads that can be
carried on the transmission lines at different voltages
From the above expression power transmitted through a long transmission lines can be either
increased by increasing the value of the receiving end line voltage (V LL) or by reducing the surge
impedance (Zo). Voltage transmission capability is increased day by day, this is the most commonly
adopted method for increasing the power limit of the heavily loaded transmission line. But there is a
limit beyond which is neither economical nor practical to increase the receiving end line voltage
By applying some methods such as introducing series capacitors (capacitors in series with the
transmission line) or shunt capacitors (capacitors in parallel with transmission lines) can be used to
reduce the value of surge impedance (Zo).

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) can be increased by reducing the Surge impedance of the line. From
the above expression Zo can be decreased by either increasing the capacitance (C) of the line or by
reducing the inductance (L) of the line. Inductance (L) of the transmission line cannot be reduced
easily
By use of the series capacitors surge impedance (Zo) and the phase shift get reduced due to
decrease in the line inductance (L). This improves the system stability limit. These capacitors also
helps in reducing the line drops and so voltage variations. But this method causes difficulty under
short circuit conditions of system as capacitors will get damage.
By use of shunt capacitors though the surge impedance (Z o) is reduced but the phase shift of the
system increases this affects the poor stability in the system specially when synchronous machines
are under the load. This method is not employed in long transmission lines specially when stability
limits are present

Surge Impedance loading- download

Pumped Storage
Smart Grid Technology
Electricity is the most versatile and widely used form of energy and global demand is growing
continuously. The electrical power system was built up over more than a century. It is now one of the
most effective components of the infrastructure on which modern society depends. It delivers
electrical energy to industry, commercial and residential consumers. To satisfy both the increasing
demand for power and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, we need an electric system that
can handle these challenges in a sustainable, reliable and economic way. Today, existing grids are
under pressure to deliver the growing demand for power, as well as provide a stable and sustainable
supply of electricity. These complex challenges are driving the evolution of Smart Grid technologies.
Smart Grid is a modernized and evolved electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information and
communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors
of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics,

and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.

The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era
and will contribute to our economic and environmental health. The benefits associated with the Smart
Grid include:
More efficient transmission of electricity

Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances

Reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for

consumers
Reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates
Increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems
Better integration of customer-owner power generation systems, including renewable energy

systems
Improved security

Smart grids will make use of new design concepts and advanced materials in system components like
transformers and circuit breakers to improve efficiency, safety and operational performance.
Widespread use of power electronic devices will help maximize performance of existing assets and
make the grid more resilient in the event of disruptions. In general, smart grid technology can be
grouped into five key areas; Integrated communications, Sensing and measurement which includes
Smart meters and Phasor measurement units, Advanced components like Distributed power flow
control and Smart power generation using advanced components, Advanced control and Improved
interfaces and decision support. Implementation of smart grids will lead to reliable operation and
effective performance of distributed generations based on renewable energy resources, as well as
enabling better use of existing power stations and improving the efficiency of industries. Moreover,
this technology causes better operation of power grids and addresses the power quality issues
through using advanced controllers, power electronic equipments and economical and managerial
decisions making.
Electrical systems will undergo a major evolution, improving reliability and reducing electrical losses,
capital expenditures and maintenance costs. The smart grid is the future for electrical systems, as it is
designed to meet the four major electricity requirements of our global society: capacity, reliability,
efficiency and sustainability.

Phasor measurement unit (PMU)

A phasor measurement unit (PMU) or synchrophasor is a device which measures the electrical waves
on an electricity grid, using a common time source for synchronization. Time synchronization allows
synchronized real-time measurements of multiple remote measurement points on the grid. In power
engineering, these are also commonly referred to as synchrophasors and are considered one of the
most important measuring devices in the future of power systems.
A PMU can measure 50/60 Hz AC waveforms (voltages and currents) typically at a rate of 48 samples
per cycle (2880 samples per second for 60Hz systems). The analog AC waveforms are digitized by an
Analog to Digital converter for each phase. A phase-lock oscillator along with a Global Positioning
System (GPS) reference source provides the needed high-speed synchronized sampling with 1
microsecond accuracy. The resultant time tagged phasors can be transmitted to a local or remote
receiver at rates up to 60 samples per second.

KSEB

Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 31-3-1957 After Noon as per order no. EL16475/56/PW dated 7-3-1957 of the Kerala State Government. It had 5 members with Sri K P
Sreedharan Nair as Chairman. All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department of Thirukochi was transferred to the Board.
After the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission
Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10.12.2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act,
2003.Accordingly, with effect from 25.09.2008, all the functions, properties and all interests, rights in
properties, all rights and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State Government. All these
functions and undertakings of the Board as vested in Government shall be re-vested in a company to
be incorporated as a fully owned Government company under the Companies Act, 1956.
Generation
At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total
annual internal generation of 441.35 MU.At present, KSEB has a total installed capacity of 2234.4
MW(as on 31.10.2011) including the two Diesel power plants at Brahmapuram and Kozhikode.
Transmission
The Kerala power system grid is connected to the Southern Region Transmission system through two
400kV double circuit lines. They are (1) Udumalpet- Madakkathara line and (2) ThiruneveliPallippuram( Trivandrum) line. There are 6 major inter-state transmission lines. at 220KV level and
110KV level.The transmission sector of KSEB comprises of two zones namely North and South, and a
System Operation wing each headed by a Chief Engineer. The System Operations wing with
headquarters at Kalamassery is responsible for the real time management of Kerala Power System
and also the activities connected with communication and protection fields.
Contact information email: ceso@sldckerala.com
Distribution
KSE Board distributes electricity in the State of Kerala except in the Thrissur Municipal Corporation
and Munnar (Kannan Devan Hills). For operational conveniences the distribution wing is divided into
three zones namely South, Central and North
IT Wing Of KSEB

Kseb has its own IT development Team working at Kozhikode, Ernakulam and Thiruvanathapuram
and developed many applications to support daily activities, Billing and HRM . ORUMA, SARAS and
HRIS are some of these softwares.
SOP
Standards of Performance of KSEB has set new dimensions to customer service. Click HERE
Kerala State Electricity Board Ltd (KSEBLtd) is a public sector agency under the Government of
Kerala, India, that generates, transmits and distributes the electricity supply in the state. Established
in 1957, the agency comes under the authority of the Department of Power.
The Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala
government, on 31 March 1957. The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed
by the Chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the
Thiru-Kochi state were transferred to the KSEB.

At the time of its inception, in 1958, the KSEB had an installed capacity of 109.5 MW, with a total
annual internal generation of 441.35 MU. Over the years, as demand increased, the board has
imported power from neighbouring states and private entities. The board also set up several more
hydel power stations within the state. As of 2008, the KSEB Ltd has a total installed capacity of State
to 2657.24 MW and a consumer base of over 91,59,399. As per the Central Electricity act 2003,KSEB
was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was dissolved and
its assets and liabilities were transferred to the government initially and then transferred to the newly
formed company KSEB Limited

The Kerala State Electricity Board, constituted by the Government of Kerala, by order dated 7.3.1957,
under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 is in the business of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution of electricity and striving to provide quality electricity at affordable cost to all classes of
consumers in the state of Kerala.

As per section 172 (a) of the Electricity Act 2003 and as mutually decided by the Government of India
and Government of Kerala, KSEB has continued as Transmission utility and Distribution licensee till
24-09-2008.

In exercise of powers conferred under sub-sections (1), (2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 of the
Electricity Act, 2003, State Government vide the notification G.O (Ms).37/2008/PD dated 25
September 2008 has vested all functions, properties, interests, rights, obligations and liabilities of
KSEB with the State Government till it is re-vested the same in a corporate entity.

Accordingly, KSEB has been continuing all the functions as a Generator, State Transmission Utility
and a Distribution Licensee in the State. Kerala State Electricity Board commenced functioning on 313-1957 After Noon as per order no. EL1-6475/56/PW dated 7-3-1957 of the Kerala State Government.
It had 5 members with Sri K P Sreedharan Nair as Chairman.

All the staff belonging to the erstwhile Electricity Department was transferred to the Board. The Board
consisting of the Chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body. The State Government
by their notification EL3-9345 dated 21-2-1958 constituted the State Electricity Consultative Council
under section 16 of the Electricity Supply Act. The Council functions as consultative body and the
Board is required to place before the council the annual financial statement and supplementary
statements if any before submitting such statements to the State Government.
The Board consisting of the Chairman and the Members is the Supreme Governing Body. The Board
consists of seven members and is headed by the Chairman. The Government of Kerala and KSE
Board issued orders for the restructuring of KSE Board into profit centers in April 2002. Members
head the profit centers. There is a Corporate Office to co-ordinate and control the activities of the
Board.

After the enactment of Electricity Act, 2003, KSEB has been functioning as the State Transmission
Utility (STU) and a distribution licensee w.e.f 10.12.2004 under section 172(a) of the Electricity Act,
2003. The Central Government had approved the continuation of KSEB as a State Transmission
Utility & Licensee only up to 24.09.2008. In exercise of the powers conferred under sub-sections (1),
(2), (5), (6) and (7) of section 131 and section 133 of the Electricity Act 2003 (Central Act 36 of 2003)
the Government of Kerala had issued notification vide G.O. (MS) No.37/2008/PD, Dated,
Thiruvananthapuram, 25 September 2008 for the purpose of vesting of functions, properties, interests,
rights, obligations and liabilities of the Kerala State Electricity Board in the State Government on such
terms as agreed to by the Kerala State Electricity Board and the State Government and revesting
thereof by the State Government in a Corporate entity and also for the transfer of Personnel of the
Board to the Corporate entity and for determining the terms and conditions on which such transfers
and vesting shall be made. Accordingly, with effect from 25.09.2008, all the functions, properties and
all interests, rights in properties, all rights and liabilities of the Board are vested in the State
Government.

KSEB was converted to Kerala State Electricity Board Limited in 2014. The original KSEB was
dissolved and its assets and liabilities were transferred from government to the newly formed
company KSEB Limited.

The first generating station of the state was set up on the right bank of a tributary of River Periyar in
1940. It was a hydroelectric project and that tributary named Mudirappuzha continues to be the site of
large a number of hydroelectric projects in the state. After a spell of 17 years, the attention of the state
authorities turned to newer forms of generating energy. The Government of Travancore set up a
facility to supply electricity to the households of Thiruvananthapuram town. In 1927, a Thermal Power
Station was established under government ownership at Thiruvananthapuram for production of
electrical energy on commercial lines. Three oil engine generators, of a capacity of 65 kW each, were
installed and commercial production started in 1929.This station was located at Thampanoor at
Thiruvananthapuram. An Electrical Wing under the State Public Works Department was entrusted with
the administration of the scheme. The next significant development was the formation of a separate

department for electricity in 1932 by His Highness Sri Chithirathirunal Maharaja and his Diwan Sir C P
Ramaswami Iyer. The formation of the Electricity Department paved the way for notable
developments in the field. Thermal generating stations were set up at Kollam, Kottayam and Nagerkoil
in 1934. By that time, the possibilities of hydroelectric generation attracted the attention of the
technologists and the authorities. Kerala being a land of mountains and rivers, it presented a fertile
field for hydroelectric generation. The vast potential for hydroelectric generation in the state prompted
the state authorities to take steps to establish stations for hydroelectric generation. The first of these
ventures was the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Project, the construction of which was started in 1933. The
first stage of the project was commissioned in 1940. Its capacity was 13.5 mW. By that time, a
comparable electric transmission network had also been completed with 66 kV substations at
Alappuzha, Mavelikkara, Kothamangalam, Kundara, Kalamasserry, Viyyur, Aluva, and
Thiruvananthapuram, which were also commissioned in 1940 itself during April -May months The
Kerala state Electricity board started functioning under the direction of a newly formed Kerala
government, on 31 March 1957. The first governing body consisted of 5 members, and was headed
by the Chairman K P Sreedhara Kaymal. The staff of the erstwhile Department of Electricity of the
Thiru-Kochi state were transferred to the KSEB.
Source: Wikipedia
KSEB News
Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 Implementation in KSE Board Clarification Orders

issued.For more details [download id=149]

Honble Chief Minister of Kerala has deferred the agenda for formation of KSEB Ltd and re-

vestment of assets, in the Cabinet Meeting on 30/05/2012 and informed that all outstanding issues
with employees will be cleared before re-vestment. Many thanks to Honble Chief Minister, Sri.
Oommen Chandy for his bold and right decision to protect the interest of employees of KSE
Board before formation of the company
KSEB had filed the proposals for revising the existing tariff structure of all categories of

consumers including Bulk Supply to other Licenseesbefore the Honble Commission on 30-032012. In the petition, KSEB has requested for permission to submit the re-categorization of certain
categories of consumers as per the direction of the Honble Commission, orders of CGRF/
Ombudsman, recommendation from field offices etc as an addendum to the petition. Further,
Honble Commission vide the letter No. 507/ CT/ KSERC/2012/256 dated 03-04-2012 has directed
to submit the following proposals also to be considered along with the petition.
(1) The proposals of re-categorization of different categories of consumers.
(2) The proposals for Transmission charges, Wheeling charges and cross subsidy surcharge for
open access consumers.
(3) Proposals for TOD tariff for LT consumers with connected load above 10kW. For more
details [download id=146]
General Transfer Probable list has been published in KSEB site for all eligible cadres
Consumer Grievance Redressal forum -CGRF of KSEB on web http://cgrf.kseb.in/ . Now

consumers can make use of this on-line portal for registering grievance.
Power Department Kerala State Electricity Board Limited Appointment of new Directors

and Transfer of shares vide GO (MS)No.06/2012/PD order dtd 29-3-2012. Shri T.M Manoharan,
Shri Pradeepkumar and Shri. V.P Joy are appointed as share share holder and Director of KSEB
Limited and Shri M Muhammed Ali Rawther appointed as Director of KSEB LTD
KPSC Department Test January 2012 is published.

KSERC Order dated 26.04.2012 in OP No. 21/2012 dated 13/4/2012 filed by the KSE Board

in the matter of extension of power restriction to LT consumers Compliance-Orders issued .

Download [download id=131]
IT wing of KSEB Constitution of Selection Committee for selection of employees from

KSEB in IT Wing Sanctioned -Orders issued.

Instructions are issued to all custodians of KSEB CUG/FCT phones to achieve the purpose

of the service by prompt response.

Revision of Pension and other related benefits to the Pensioners of the Kerala State

Electricity Board Obtaining approval of Government Orders issued. The Director (I T) is

authorised to develop software for revision of pension including One Rank-One Pension
Scheme and to develop software for the computerisation of pension download
Notification for JULY 2012 Department Test is published on KPSC website. Last date for

registration is on 13-06-2012
CUG Directory Of KSEB
Please click here CUG Phone Directory

Energy Quiz Answers

Multiple Choice:
1. Energy efficiency is defined as:
A. energy that escapes in an unusable form.
B. (Energy in bonds broken) - (energy in bonds formed).
C. The content of energy in a fossil fuel.
D. the amount of energy extracted from a system divided by the total
energy you put into the system.
2. "Fossil fuels" refers to:
A. coal.B. oil. C. natural gas. D. All of the above.
3. The best type of coal in terms of purity is:
A. lignite. B. anthracite. C. bituminous. D. subbituminous.
4. Coal liquefaction refers to the process of:
A. washing coal to remove impurities. C. turning coal into syncrude.
B. turning coal into natural gas.D. none of the above.

5. The main method of natural gas transportation is:

A. tankers. B. truck. C. pipeline. D. none of the above.
6. Crude oil is called "sweet" if:
A. it smells good. C. it removed from oil shale.
B. it is easy to recover. D. it has <= 1% sulfur.
7. We use most of our oil products for:
A. transportation. C. home heating.
B. electricity generation. D. industrial uses.
8. Effects of acid rain include:
A. deterioration of monuments. C. damage to lakes and their wildlife.
B. damage to vegetation. D. all of the above.
9. Ways we utilize energy from the sun include:
A. passive solar heating. C. wind power
B. photovoltaics. D. All of the above.
10.Types of spontaneous radioactive decay include:
A. gamma emission. C. alpha bombardment.
B. transmutation. D. nuclear fission.
True/False
1. T F Potential energy is really a type of mechanical energy.
2. T F A BTU is smaller than a Joule.
3. T F Scientists worry that coal reserves may run out in the next 100 years.
4. T F There is only one way to recover oil--drilling.
5. T F OPEC is an organization which regulates the solar power industry.

6. T F The greenhouse effect refers to global warming due the burning of fossil
fuels and the subsequent trapping of the waste heat by the atmosphere.
7. T F Solar ponds are a neat idea, but they can't make the water very hot.
8. T F The use and production of biomass is such that eventually, we'll be able
to use it for all of our energy needs.
9. T F An accident like the one at Chernobyl could not happen in the United
States.
10.T F Ordinary objects are radioactive, and you are bombarded with radiation
every day.
Short Answer
1. Name three different types of energy.
Answers will vary. Chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, radiant,
nuclear.
2. The law that states that the energy in the universe is constant is the first law
of thermodynamics.
3. Two ways to mine coal are: strip mining and deep mining.
4. List 4 products of crude oil:
Answers will vary. Gasoline, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, still gas,
lubricants and wax, coke, LPG, asphalt.
5. Natural gas is found in reservoirs.
6. Give one example of geothermal energy on the surface of the earth.
Volcanoes, geysers, hot springs.
7. An alpha particle is really a helium atom.
8. In order for a chain reaction to occur, it is necessary to have a moderator.
9. The type of nuclear reactor that makes more fissile fuel than it consumes is
called a breeder reactor.
10.The amount of high-level radioactive waste could fit under your coffee
table.

Here I am providing the Kerala State Electricity Board Officers Asso Power Quiz
Questions and answers which you are looking for .
1 First Electricity Minister of Kerala V R Krishna Iyer
2 Installed capacity of Idukki Power Station 780MW
3 A hydel project in Kerala is planned to construct in Nayagra Model. Which is it
Athirappalli
4 Owner of Kayamkulam Thermal Power project NTPC
5 Smallest Hydel power project of KSEB Mattuppetti
6 When Bimonthly spot billing was extended all over Kerala 1/1/2001
7 From where 400 KV line is comming to Madakkathara Sub Station Udumalpett
8 Where is the load despatch centre of KSEB Kalamassery
9 Installed capacity of Brahmapuram Diesel Power Station 106MW
10 Which hydel project in Kerala is generating electricity with lowest quantity of water
Sabarigiri
11 Installed capacity of Kuttiadi Extension Scheme 50MW
12 In which district Kakkad hydel project is located Pathanamthitta
13 Largest Consumer of electricity in Kerala Indian Aluminium Company
14 Which corporation is supplying electricity to 400 KV Madakkathara sub station PGCIL
15 Where is pooyamkutty situated Idukki
16 Second largest hydel station of Kerala Sabarigiri
17 Installed capacity of Sabarigiri power station 300MW
18 Moozhiyar Hydel project utilises water from which river Pampa
19 During first five year plan, installed capacity of Kerala 36MW
20 At the time of starting first five year plan, Hydel generation of Kerala 151MU
21 No. of electricity consumers in Kerala during 1951 28119

22 In 1951 average cost of electricity/unit in Kerala 6 Paise

23 In 1951, Per capita consumtion in Kerala 13 Unit
24 No. of generators in Idukki Power station 6
25 Firm Generation of Idukki Hydel project 2015 MU
26 Maximum water level of Idukki Power station in m 732.62
27 Effective storage capacity of Idukki Power Station in mm3 1459.5
28 Wind Farm in Kerala Kanjikode
29 Kerala's Underground power station Moolamattom
30 In 1957, Installed capacity of KSEB (MW) 85.5MW
33 In Kerala, highest transmission Voltage is 400 KV
34 Meter rental per month for single phase meters in KSEB Rs.10
35 Where is Kaiga Neuclear Power Station situated ? Karnataka
36 Where is Dhabol Power Project located? Maharashtra
37 Largest Dam in India Hirakud
38 India's first High voltage DC line links these states ? AP-MP
39 Which River in India is having most hydel power potential ? Brahmaputra
40 Dhabol Power project is located in which district ? Ratnagiri
41 India's first nuclear power project ? Tarapur
42 NPC was formed in which year? 1987
43 Which state in India is having highest per capita consumption of electricity? Punjab
44 Kakrapara project was commissioned in ? 1993
45 Who said " No power is costlier than No Power " ? Homy J Bhaba
46 Bombay- Pune Railway line was electrified in ? 1929

47 India's highest AC transmission voltage in KV ? 400

48 PGCIL was formed in ? 1992
49 India's First Hydel Project ? Sidrapong
50 During Independence installed capacity of India in MW? 1362
51 India's First Barge mounted power project ? Thaneerbavi
52 Rajastan's first Super Thermal Power station ? Soorath Nagar
53 Proposed 401 Km East-West transmission network connects? Raipur- Rurkela
54 Indian Electricity Act 2003 has come into force with effect from ? June 10th 2003
The Kerala Public Service Commission is a body created by the Constitution of India. This
is a government commission that organised a entrance for its employee.