Esdu 68045
Esdu 68045
Esdu 68045
68045
NOTATION
N/m2
lbf/in2
alternating stress (that is, half the range of stress) based on core
area
N/m2
lbf/in2
N/m2
lbf/in2
ft
endurance
Sa
Sm
Both SI and British units are quoted but any coherent system of units may be used.
2.
NOTES
The results of about 160 fatigue tests on solid steel bolts and studs with nominal thread diameter equal to
or greater than 1.5 in (38 mm) have been analysed to give curves of Sa /ft against N.
The ranges of the experimental variables and other details are listed in Table 2.1.
TABLE 2.1
Variable
Figure 1
Figure 2
Yield stress / ft
0.46 to 0.66
0.7 to 0.85
Sm / f t
0.15 to 0.4
0.2 to 0.5
2.0 to 3.0 in
(51 to 76 mm)
1.5 to 5.06 in
(38 to 129 mm)
cut or ground
threads
rolled threads
Method of thread manufacture
(see Table 2.2)
ft for nut material
Test frequency
Derivation (see Section 3)
Whitworth type
0.137 of thread pitch
Unified type
0.0320.114 of thread pitch
Not known
Not known
6, 7
68045
All tests were carried out at room temperature under a fluctuating tensile load. Care was taken to maintain
axiality of loading during the tests. All failures occurred in the threaded portion of the bolt or stud just
inside the nut, close to the loaded face. Steel nuts of standard thickness were used in all cases. The results
plotted are from unplated bolts.
The various methods of thread manufacture to which this Item refers are listed in Table 2.2.
TABLE 2.2
Method
Description of method
Location of data
Figures 1 and 2
Figures 1 and 2
Figure 2
Figure 1
Figure 1
Each figure shows a mean line and a scatter band including 90 per cent of the results; these bands have
been drawn so that 5 per cent of the results lie above the band and 5 per cent lie below. In Figure 1 the band
is divided, as dictated by differences in the method of thread manufacture. Figure 2 also shows scatter bands
for data from similar bolts not exceeding 1.0 in in diameter given in Item No. 84037, Fatigue strength of
external and internal steel screw threads under axial loading. (Standard forms not greater than 1.0 inch
diameter.).
For the results plotted here, differences between the two thread forms are not of practical significance.
The advantage of rolling the thread from fully heat treated material can be seen in Figure 1. The majority
of rolled thread results shown in this figure are from bolts that had been root-rolled after machining of the
thread form (Method F) and show no appreciable difference from the threads that had been fully form-rolled
(Method E). Either process induces residual compressive stresses in the surface layers of the material at
the root of the thread. The rolling process also tends to reduce the thickness at the thread root of any
decarburised layer remaining after heat treatment. The surface finish is usually improved by rolling and,
in the case of the results plotted in Figure 1, an increased root radius is provided by using a roller of section
slightly larger than the standard root radius (see Table 2.1). All these effects and in addition the work
hardening that occurs with some materials tend to increase the fatigue strength of the threads at long
endurances.
In Figure 2 results are plotted from a limited number of tests on bolts ranging from 1.5 to 5.0 in diameter.
The threaded portions of these bolts were either cut or ground to give root radii smaller than standard or
rolled to give a range of root radii. Although there are no appreciable differences shown by these results
other data suggest that a proportionately larger root radius is beneficial, see Item No. 67020, Fatigue
strength of steel screw threads with large root radii under axial loading.
68045
To ensure consistent improvements in fatigue strength due to root rolling it is important to use a roller load
sufficiently large to cause some plastic deformation of the thread root. Investigations have shown that for
a given bolt diameter the required roller loads increase with pitch, typical values for the 2.0 in diameter
bolts of Figure 1, made from 45 ton steel, being 600 lbf for 8 t.p.i. and 1100 lbf for 4 t.p.i. The rollers used
in this case had profiles 0.003 in larger than the standard root radius for Whitworth threads. Excessive roller
loads should be avoided.
To obtain a symmetrically rolled root with a good surface finish several roller passes both up and down the
thread are recommended. A minimum of 4 roller passes has been demonstrated as sufficient and the
additional benefits to be obtained from more than 8 passes have been shown to be insignificant.
The curves in both figures may be assumed independent of mean stress, except when the maximum load
in the cycle is sufficient to cause yielding over the whole core area. In practice, when calculating the mean
and alternating stresses in a bolt or stud, any pre-tension applied during assembly of the joint must be taken
into consideration.
This Item applies only to axially loaded threads, Any bending, for example that induced by a slightly
out-of-square seating for the nut, can produce a severe reduction in the endurance of a screw thread, as is
shown in Item No. 67034, Effect of inclined nut seatings on the fatigue strength of steel screw threads.
Further information on the strength of screw threads may be located by reference to the Engineering
Sciences Data Index.
3.
DERIVATION
1.
TAYLOR, B.
NEWBY, D.
2.
TAYLOR, B.
WILSON, G.J.
3.
DOWIE, W.F.
4.
COOK, R.
McCLIMONT, W.
5.
DOWIE, W.F.
6.
SNOW, A.L.
LANGER, B.F.
7.
FRITZ, R.J.
Cyclic stress for bolts and studs. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs, Preprint
67-Met-23, April 1967.
8.
MORRISON, J.
DOWIE, W.F.
0.6
0.5
Failure
Position
0.4
0.3
Axial Load
3
2
0.2
S a / ft
58 800 to
2
material
0.07
0.46 to 0.66
0.06
Sm/ft
0.15 to 0.4
0.05
2.0 to 3.0 in
Thread form
Whitworth type
0.08
Symbol
0.04
0.03
Threads formed by
Cutting (A)
Grinding (B)
Rolling (E, F)
Unbroken specimen
Test frequency
4.5 to 50 cycles/second
104
6 7 8
105
6 7 8
106
6 7 8
107
6 7 8
108
68045
0.02
0.60
0.50
Failure
Position
0.40
2* *
0.30
Axial Load
**
2
0.20
**
*
Sa
ft
0.10
0.09
130 000 to
material
**
0.7 to 0.85
Sm/ft
0.2 to 0.5
1.5 to 5.06 in
Thread form
Unified type
0.06
0.05
Thread diameter
1.5 in 3.0 to 4.0 in 5.06 in
0.032 to 0.114 of
thread pitch
0.136 to 0.16 of
thread pitch
Rolled threads
0.03
ft for nut material
Not known
Test frequency
Not known
&
%
Thread formed by
Cutting (A)
Grinding (B)
Rolling (D)
Unbroken specimen
0.02
103
6 7 8
104
6 7 8
105
6 7 8
106
68045
68045
THE PREPARATION OF THIS DATA ITEM
The work on this particular Item was monitored and guided by the Stress Analysis and Strength of
Components Committee which first met in 1964 and now has the following membership:
Chairman
Mr H.L. Cox
Vice-Chairman
Mr G.P. Smedley
Members
Prof. J.M. Alexander
Mr A.J. Batchelor
Mr C.E. Day
Dr J.R. Dixon
Dr H. Fessler
Mr N.E. Frost
Dr R.B. Heywood
Mr M.J. Kemper
Mr J. Spence
Mr J.V. Vint
The Item was also accepted for inclusion in the Fatigue Sub-series by the Fatigue Committee which first
met in 1955 and now has the following membership:
Chairman
Dr G. Forrest
Vice-Chairman
Mr R.H. Sandifer
Independent
Members
Mr K.E. Cheverton
Mr R.A. Clare
Mr H.L. Cox
Mr A.J. Fenner
Dr W.J. Harris
Mr J.A.B. Lambert
Mr N.H. Mason
Mr H.E. Parish
Mr E.L. Ripley
Mr V.A.B. Rogers