MSE203 Structure and Characterization of Materials: L-2 10-1-17, Tuesday
MSE203 Structure and Characterization of Materials: L-2 10-1-17, Tuesday
Natural Crystals
https://s-media-cacheak0.pinimg.com/originals/ee/99/29/ee992930e52f7f65456328acd19a
327b.jpg
Crystallography
The science that deals with the shapes and structures of
crystals.
In its origins, Crystallography was dedicated exclusively to the
study and description of the external appearance
(morphology) of crystals, mainly minerals.
X-ray Crystallography
If Rntgen's discovery was important for the development of
Crystallography, it was especially due to the experiment
conducted in 1912 by Max von Laue (1879-1960), which led to
the conclusion that crystals have a regular internal structure.
Laue showed in 1912 that X-rays are electromagnetic waves and that crystals have a regular
internal structure.
Crystalline State
Symmetry
http://haezn.deviantart.com/art/Symmetry-in-Nature-94003079
http://agatelady.blogspot.in/2012/01/what-is-snowflake.html
http://www.treknature.com/gallery/photo256103.htm
Symmetry
An object
or event
Transformation
under the
application of
an operation
Identical object
or event
Then
Object or the event is symmetric with respect to that
operation/transformation
Symmetry
SYMMETRY OPERATION
If the object, collection of objects, crystal etc. (which is under consideration) has some symmetry then
the whole need not be described, but only a part can be described along with the symmetry operators.
For example consider a square (as below). An infinite tiling of squares can be thought of as a single
square repeated in x and y directions Further one half of the square with a mirror plane (mirror line
in 2D) can give the whole square. Or a quarter of a square with two mirror planes or a diagonal
half of the quarter with three mirror planes. (note: mirror planes in 2D are lines)
Consider an infinite pattern made of squares
Else one could have considered a quarter of the object along with a 4-fold rotation operation (with symbol and
which rotates space by 90).
Now imagine that the 1/8th triangle had a 1000 atoms in it- we will have to give the coordinates of a 7000
atoms less!
Rotational
Symmetries
Rotational Symmetry
Motif
+
Motif
+
Motif
(What to
repeat)
Symmetry
operation
(How to
repeat)
Mirror Symmetry:
Enantiomers
Point symmetry
In rotation and mirror there is at least on point which is
not at all affected by the operations.
Plane Point-Groups
Combination of Rotation and Reflection Operation