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HTML Tutorial

HTML

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HTML Tutorial

HTML

Uploaded by

HarrySinghKhalsa

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HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language
to write Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML
to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to
structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents
like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific
information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.

Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes
here.....</p> </body>
</html>
Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to
check the result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your
favorite text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google
Chrome, or Firefox etc. It must show the following output:

HTML

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags,
most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its
closing tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:
Tag

Description

<!DOCTYPE...>

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

<html>

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises
of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and
document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

<head>

This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
tags like <title>, <link> etc.

<title>

The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
document title.

<body>

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags
like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

<h1>

This tag represents the heading.

<p>

This tag represents a paragraph.

HTML

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of
different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from
HTML 4.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure:
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related
tags </body>
</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see
what is document declaration tag.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version
of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the
following declaration:
<!DOCTYPE html>
There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending
on what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing
<!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags.

2. HTML
BASIC TAGS

HTML

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML
also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,
<h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one
line after that heading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>

</html>
This will produce the following result:

HTML

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each
paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as
shown below in the example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Here is a first paragraph of text.
Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line.
This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and
closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you
miss the forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break

Example</title>

</head>
<body>
5

HTML

<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment on time.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Mahnaz

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This text is not in the center.

This text is in the center.

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag
creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks
the line accordingly.
6

HTML

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given
example below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is paragraph one and should be on top

This is paragraph two and should be at bottom

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening
and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If
you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while
if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the
HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
7

HTML

<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>

</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText )
{ alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser
to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a
nonbreaking space entity   instead of a normal space. For example, when coding
the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following
code:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie
"12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>
8

3. HTML
ELEMENTS

HTML

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as
shown below with few tags:
Start Tag

Content

End Tag

<p>

This is paragraph content.

</p>

<h1>

This is heading content.

</h1>

<div>

This is division content.

</div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element.

There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr
/> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML
documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an
HTML document.

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag.
For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same
paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

HTML

<title>Nested Elements Example</title>

</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result:

This is italic heading

This is underlined paragraph

4. HTML
ATTRIBUTES

HTML

We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph
tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the
HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:

The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p>
element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can
use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.
The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put
within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align
attribute: left, center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align="left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align="right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result:

This is left aligned

This is center aligned
This is right aligned

HTML

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although
not all) are:

Id
Title
Class
Style

The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an
HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on
an element:
If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify
just that element and its content.
If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet),
you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same
name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to
distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.

Example
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
<p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title
attribute is similar as explained for id attribute:
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is
often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is
loading.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
13

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Titled Heading Tag Example

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that
whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the
class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will
learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:

class="className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the
element.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Some text...
At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering
much about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they
can be used while formatting content.

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not
all) XHTML elements.
14

HTML
dir
lang
xml:lang

The dir Attribute

The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the
text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table
that follows:
Value

Meaning

ltr

Left to right (the default value)

rtl

Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be
presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the
text's direction for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML.
This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.
Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>
<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>
</html>

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
thexml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous
section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.

Attribute

Options

Function

align

right, left, center

Horizontally aligns tags

valign

top, middle, bottom

Vertically aligns tags within an HTML

element.

bgcolor

numeric, hexidecimal, RGB

values

Places a background color behind an

element

background

URL

Places a background image behind an

element

User Defined

Names an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.

class

User Defined

Classifies an element for use with Cascading

Style Sheets.

HTML

width

Numeric Value

Specifies the width of tables, images, or

table cells.

height

Numeric Value

Specifies the height of tables, images, or

table cells.

title

User Defined

"Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete list
of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.

5. HTML
FORMATTING

HTML

If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold,
italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how
text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a bold typeface.

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses an italicized typeface.

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

The following word uses an underlined typeface.

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with
strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
19

HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.

Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts
are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for
example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each
letter has the same width.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a monospaced typeface.

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used
is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's
height above the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
20

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a

superscript

typeface.

Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is
the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height
beneath the other characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a

subscript

typeface.

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
21

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the
rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
22

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a big typeface.

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than
the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a

small

typeface.

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to
create sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div>
element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the
footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using
a special set of style rules.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
23

HTML

<body>
<div id="menu" align="middle"
> <a
href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a
href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT

CONTENT ARTICLES
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So,
if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you
could use the <span> element as follows

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the
<span style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a
page.

HTML

6. HTML
PHRASE TAGS

HTML

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed
in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in
previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so
let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses an emphasized typeface.

Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked
with yellow ink.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word has been marked with yellow.

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important
text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a strong typeface.

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags.
If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is

</body>
27

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
My best friend's name is Abhy.

Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and
</acronym> tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the
<acronym> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.

Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to
override the current text direction.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
28

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This text will go left to right.
This text will go right to left.

Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that
you are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a
paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most
recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word is a special term.

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of
the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
29

HTML

<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening
<cite>tag and closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered
in italicized text by default.
30

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside
<code>...</code>tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a
monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Regular text. This is code. Regular text.

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text,
you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in
this example.

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to
indicate that the content of that element is a variable.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
document.write("user-name")

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script
etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
32

HTML

<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Result produced by the program is Hello World!

Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills -

Hyderabad</address>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad

7. HTML META
TAGS

HTML

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in
a variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs
describing properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of
keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element
and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you
want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical
appearance of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you
include them or not.

Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of
the document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can
have following attributes in addition to core attributes:
Attribute

Description

Name

Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords,

description, author, revised, generator etc.

content

Specifies the property's value.

scheme

Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the

content attribute).

httpequiv

Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be
used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type,
expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and
later these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for
searching purpose.

Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.

HTML

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata"
/> </head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello HTML5!

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can
be used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>

Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was
updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your
webpage.

HTML

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep
refreshing automatically.

Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>

HTML

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also
specify a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.

Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If
you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>

Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged
between web browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your
web application need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be
used by the Web Server to track a site visitor.

HTML

<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />

Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below:

Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.

Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process
Web pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE html>
38

HTML

<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>
To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a
<meta> tag to set Big5 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta ame="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!
</p> </body>
</html>

HTML

8. HTML
COMMENTS

HTML

Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to
add comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate
sections of a document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments
help you and others understand your code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between  tags. So, any content placed with-in
 tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head> 
<title>This is document title</title>
</head> 
<body>
<p>Document content goes
here.....</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result without displaying the content given as a part of
comments:
Document content goes here.....

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment.
Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part
of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-ofcomment string.

Example
Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>

HTML

<body>
<!--

This is valid comment -->

<p>Document content goes

here.....</p> </body>
</html>
But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is
because there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

< !-- This is not a valid comment -->

Document content goes here.....

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as
well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag 
placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html><html> <head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body
> <!-This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
42

HTML

-->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Document content goes here.....

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are
ignored by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can
use them to give conditional instructions to different versions of IE.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html><html> <head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes
here.....</p> </body>
</html>
You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet
based on different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments
will be helpful.

Using Comment Tag

There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
43

HTML

</head>
<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>
If you are using IE, then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.
But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.

Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must
make a note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is
recommended to put that script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers
can work properly.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html><html> <head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>
<!-document.write("Hello
World!") //-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!
</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello World!

Hello , World!

HTML

Commenting Style Sheets

Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you
must make a note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code
then it is recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so
that old browsers can work properly.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html><html> <head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>
<!-.example {
border:1px solid #4a7d49;
}
//-->
</style>
</head
>
<body>
<div class="example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello, World!

9. HTML
IMAGES

HTML

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in
simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use
images in your web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple
syntax to use this tag.
<img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes
and it has no closing tag.

Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the
same directory:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Simple Image Insert

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you
specify correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

HTML

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image,
if the image cannot be displayed.

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm
in our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory
where we will keep our image test.png.

Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="images/test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Simple Image Insert

Set Image Width/Height

You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height
attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or
percentage of its actual size.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
47

HTML

</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" width="150" height="100"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Setting image width and height

Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms
of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture .

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Setting image Border

HTML

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute
to set it in the center or right.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3" align="right"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Setting image Alignment

Free Web Graphics

For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics

10. HTML
TABLES

HTML

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables,
etc. into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to
create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table
border="1"> <tr>
<td>Row
1</td>

Column

<td>Row

Column 2</td> </tr>

Column

<td>Row

Column 2</td> </tr>

</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all
the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border="0".

HTML

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag,
which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table
heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<table
border="1"> <tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh
Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>

</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Name

Salary

Ramesh Raman 5000

Shabbir Hussein 7000

HTML

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust
the white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines the width of the
border, while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content
within a cell.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh
Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>

</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Name

Salary

Ramesh Raman

5000

Shabbir Hussein

7000

HTML

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a
single column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or
more rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>

<title>HTML Table
Colspan/Rowspan</title> </head>
<body>

<table
border="1"> <tr>
<th>Column
1</th>
<th>Column
2</th>
<th>Column
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell
2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell
3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell
1</td></tr> </table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following

result: Column 1 Column 2
Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell
Row 1 Cell 3
1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell
3
Row 3 Cell
1

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two
ways:

bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one
cell.

HTML

background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for
one cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column
1</th>
<th>Column
2</th>
<th>Column
3</th> </tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1
Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell
3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell
1</td></tr> </table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3

Row 3 Cell 1
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available
in /images directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>

<title>HTML Table Background</title>

HTML

</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" background="/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column
1</th>
<th>Column
2</th>
<th>Column
3</th> </tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1
Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell
3</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell
1</td></tr> </table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result. Here background image did not apply to table's
header.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3

Row 3 Cell 1

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify
table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="400" height="150">

HTML

Column

<td>Row

Column 2</td> </tr>

Column

<td>Row

Column 2</td> </tr>

</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Row 1, Column 1

Row 1, Column 2

Row 2, Column 1

Row 2, Column 2

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the
top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, column
2</td> </tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, column
2</td> </tr>
56

HTML

</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is the caption
row 1, column 1

row 1, column 2

row 2, column 1

row 2, column 2

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and
foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain
the same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:
<thead> - to create a separate table header.
<tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
<tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of
data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1"
width="100%"> <thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
57

HTML

</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell
1</td>
<td>Cell
2</td>
<td>Cell
3</td>
<td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the
tags inside table data tag <td>.

Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>

<table border="1" width="100%">

HTML

<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh
Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>

</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Name

Salary

Ramesh Raman

5000

Shabbir Hussein

7000

11. HTML
LISTS

HTML

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must
contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain:
<ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your
items.
<dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are
arranged in a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence.
This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

HTML

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default,
it is a disc. Following are the possible options:
<ul type="square">
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc">:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
61

HTML

<body>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle">:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

HTML

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML
ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at one
and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By
default, it is a number. Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals. <ol
type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals. <ol
type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters. <ol
type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

HTML

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="I">
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i">
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="A">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
65

HTML

<body>
<ol type="A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="a">
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
66

HTML

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you
need. Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1" start="4">

- Numerals starts with 4.

<ol type="I" start="4">

- Numerals starts with IV.

<ol type="i" start="4">

- Numerals starts with iv.

<ol type="a" start="4">

- Letters starts with

<ol type="A" start="4">

- Letters starts with

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" >
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>

</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are
listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a
glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
<dl> - Defines the start of the list
67

HTML

<dt> - A term
<dd> - Term definition
</dl> - Defines the end of the list

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language</dd> <dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

12. HTML
TEXT LINKS

HTML

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even
specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and
images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.

Note: I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything
between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a
user can click that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax
to use <a> tag.
<a href="Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>

Example
Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated to reach
to the home page of Tutorials Point (in this example).
Click following link

Tutorials Point

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify
the location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options:

HTML

Option

Description

_blank

Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

_self

Opens the linked document in the same frame.

_parent

Opens the linked document in the parent frame.

_top

Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

targetframe

Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target
attribute.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">Opens in New</a> | <a
href="/html/index.htm" target="_self">Opens in Self</a> |

<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |

<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on different links to
understand the difference between various options given for target attribute.
Click any of the following links

Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a
complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML
70

HTML
document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser
will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use
relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML
Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial.

Now given URL <a href="/html/index.htm" is

being considered as
<ahref="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index
.htm"
Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute.
This is a two-step process.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it
using <a...> tag as follows:
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to
reach:
<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generated Go to the Top
to reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.

HTML

Go to the Top

Setting Link Colors

You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links using link, alink and vlink
attributes of <body> tag.

Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see how link, alink
and vlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body alink="#54A250" link="#040404"

vlink="#F40633"> <p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it,
next check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.
Click following link

HTML Tutorial

Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
</body>
72

HTML

</html>
This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.

Download PDF File

File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and
it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This
is very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.
For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its
syntax will be as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n"; print
"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100))
{ print("$buffer");
}
Note: For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI.

13. HTML
IMAGE LINKS

HTML

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use
images in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.

Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink
at the place of text as shown below:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">
<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the
home page of Tutorials Point.
Click following link

This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we
can create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different
links inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on
different coordinates available on the image. Once different links are attached to
different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target
documents. Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.

HTML

There are two ways to create image maps:

Server-side image maps - This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag
and requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
Client-side image maps - This is created with the usemap attribute of the

<img> tag, along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps

Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which
makes it special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the
browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the
<a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine
which document to deliver back to the browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL
of a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based
on the passed coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left
corner of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question
mark, are added to the end of the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner
of the following image:
Click following link

Which has been generated by the following code snippet:

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target="_self">
<img ismap src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
75

HTML
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be
processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you
like to these coordinates:
/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30
This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when
those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn
more about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap?
Note: You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can
write your script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as
well. For now, let's concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and
defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag
as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the
usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image
tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and
corresponding links.
The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define
the boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from
the image map:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src=/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0"
usemap="#html"/> 
<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="80,80,20" href="/css/index.htm" alt="CSS Link" target="_self" />
<area shape="rect"
coords="5,5,40,40" alt="jQuery Link" href="/jquery/index.htm" target="_self"
/>
</map>
</body>
76

HTML

</html>

Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a
summary, to be followed by detailed examples:
rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x 2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner.
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius. A
circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute coords="200,50,25"

poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn
from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20
and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute
coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a
related URL. You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different
positions.

14.
HTML15.EMAIL
LINKS

HTML

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary
spamming problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to
harvest these types of emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.

You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be
to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.
A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form
and then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending
us email to the one given email ID.
Note: You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in
our another tutorial Perl CGI Programming.

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While
using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href
attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.
<a href= "mailto: abc@example.com">Send Email</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
Send Email
Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook
Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option
to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it
would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings
You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address.
Following is the example to use default subject and body.
<a href="mailto:abc@example.com?subject=Feedback&body=Message">
Send Feedback
</a>
This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.
Send Feedback

15. HTML
FRAMES

HTML

HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each
section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser
window is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the
tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in
your webpages:
Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not
big enough to be divided up.
Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to
different screen resolution.
The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag
defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines
horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by
<frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.

Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML
Frames</title> </head>
<frameset rows="10%,80%,10%">
<frame name="top" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="main" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="bottom"
src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" /> <noframes>
<body>

HTML

Your browser does not support frames.

</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Example
Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and
changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML
Frames</title> </head>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame name="left" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="center"
src="/html/main_frame.htm" /> <frame name="right"
src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" /> <noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

HTML
This will produce the following result:

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag:
Attribute

Description
Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size
of each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the
four ways:
Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames,
use cols="100, 500,100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three
vertical frames, use cols="10%, 80%,10%".

cols

Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames,

use cols="10%, *,10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the
window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three
vertical frames, use cols="3*,2*,1*". This is an alternative to
percentages. You can use relative widths of the browser window. Here
the window is divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the
window, the second takes one third, and the third takes one sixth.

rows

This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same
values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example,
to create two horizontal frames, use rows="10%, 90%". You can specify
the height of each row in the same way as explained above for columns.

border

This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels.
For example, border="5". A value of zero means no border.

frameborder

This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be

displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0
(no). For example frameborder="0" specifies no border.

HTML

This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a

framespacing

frameset. This can take any integer value. For example framespacing="10"
means there should be 10 pixels spacing between

each frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag:
Attribute

Description

src

This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the
frame.
Its
value
can
be
any
URL.
For
example,
src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html
directory.

name

This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate

which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially
important when you want to create links in one frame that load pages
into an another frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to
identify itself as the target of the link.

frameborder

This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are
shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the
<frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes)
or 0 (no).

marginwidth

This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the
left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value
is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10".

marginheight

This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the
top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is
given in pixels. For example marginheight="10".

noresize

By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the
borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being
able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize".

This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on

scrolling the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.

HTML

This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a

longdesc long description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then
<noframes> element should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the
<frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does
not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the
<body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element.
You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!!
your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then
load main pages into a separate frame.
Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame
name="menu_page"
src="/html/main.htm"

src="/html/menu.htm"
/>

<frame

name="main_page"

<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels
wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The
second column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it
is implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we have

HTML
mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu
bar, available link will open in main page.
Following is the content of menu.htm file
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<body bgcolor="#4a7d49">
<a href="http://www.google.com"
target="main_page">Google</a> <br /><br />
<a href="http://www.microsoft.com"
target="main_page">Microsoft</a> <br /><br />
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk" target="main_page">BBC
News</a> </body>
</html>
Following is the content of main.htm file:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<body bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>
</html>
When we load test.htm file, it produces following result:

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result.
The targetattribute can also take one of the following values:
Option

Description

_self

Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank

Loads a page into a new browser window.opening a new window.

HTML

_parent

Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single
frameset is the main browser window.

_top

Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.

targetframe

Loads the page into a named targetframe.

16. HTML
IFRAMES

HTML

You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not
somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document.
The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser
can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders.
The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline frame.

Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe>:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>
<iframe src="/html/menu.htm" width="555" height="200">
Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.

</iframe>
<p>Document content also go
here...</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Document content goes here...
Document content can also go here...

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id,
longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like
the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.
Attribute
src

Description
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the
frame.
Its
value
can
be
any
URL.
For
example,

HTML

src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in html

directory.
name

This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate

frameborder

marginwidth

This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the
left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value
is given in pixels. For example marginwidth="10".

marginheight

This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the
top and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is
given in pixels. For example marginheight="10".

noresize

By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the
borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being
able to resize the frame. For example noresize="noresize".

scrolling

This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on

the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example
scrolling="no" means it should not have scroll bars.

longdesc

This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a

long description of the contents of the frame. For example
longdesc="framedescription.htm"

17. HTML
BLOCKS

HTML

All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements
(b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them.
For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>,
<pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements.
They all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own
new line.

Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to
appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>,
<sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and
<var> elements are all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML
tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other
HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to
create webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page
using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.

Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in
a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
THIS IS FIRST GROUP
Following is a list of vegetables

Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
THIS IS SECOND GROUP
Following is a list of fruits
89

HTML

Apple
Banana
Mango
Strawberry

The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an
HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.
The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is
used with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.

Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

<p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span

style="color:green">green</span></p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is red, and this is green

18. HTML
BACKGROUNDS

HTML

By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries.
HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.

Html Background with Colors

Html Background with Images
Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically
page body and table backgrounds. Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with
any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor="color_value"...>
This color_value can be given in any of the following formats:

<table bgcolor="lime" >

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>
<body>

<table bgcolor="yellow"
width="100%">
91

HTML

<tr><td>
This background is yellow
</td></tr>
</table>

<table

bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is sky blue
</td></tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor="rgb(255,0,255)" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is green
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This background is yellow
This background is sky blue
This background is green

Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML
element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set
background of your HTML page or table. Following is the syntax to use background
attribute with any HTML tag.

Note: The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for
background setting.
<tagname background="Image URL"...>
The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.
92

HTML

Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background
Images</title> </head>
<body>

<table background="/images/html.gif" width="100%"
height="100"> <tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This background is filled up with HTML image.

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This
simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.

It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the
smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.

HTML

Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background
Images</title> </head>
<body>

<table background="/images/pattern1.gif" width="100%"
height="100"> <tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

<table background="/images/pattern2.gif" width="100%"
height="100"> <tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

19. HTML
COLORS

HTML

Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify
colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using
bgcolor attribute.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:
bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.
text - sets a color for the body text.
alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.
link - sets a color for linked text.
vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have
already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:
Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue
that makes up the color.
Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the
rgb() property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16
basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200
different color names supported by major browsers.

Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

HTML

W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.

Black

Gray

Silver

White

Yellow

Lime

Aqua

Fuchsia

Red

Green

Blue

Purple

Maroon

Olive

Navy

Teal

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>
<body text="blue" bgcolor="green">
<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="black">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a
red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop,
Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.

HTML
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of
few colors using hexadecimal notation.
Color

Color HEX
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00

#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>
<body text="#0000FF" bgcolor="#00FF00">
<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="#000000">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
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HTML

HTML Colors - RGB Values

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values,
one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a
percentage.

Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.

Color

Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
<body text="rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor="rgb(0,255,0)">
<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>
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HTML

<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black
background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent
colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported
by all the computers having 256 color palette.

000000

000033

000066

000099

0000CC

0000FF

003300

003333

003366

003399

0033CC

0033FF

006600

006633

006666

006699

0066CC

0066FF

009900

009933

009966

009999

0099CC

0099FF

00CC00

00CC33

00CC66

00CC99

00CCCC

00CCFF

00FF00

00FF33

00FF66

00FF99

00FFCC

00FFFF

330000

330033

330066

330099

3300CC

3300FF

333300

333333

333366

333399

3333CC

3333FF

336600

336633

336666

336699

3366CC

3366FF

339900

339933

339966

339999

3399CC

3399FF

33CC00

33CC33

33CC66

33CC99

33CCCC

33CCFF
99

HTML

33FF00

33FF33

33FF66

33FF99

33FFCC

33FFFF

660000

660033

660066

660099

6600CC

6600FF

663300

663333

663366

663399

6633CC

6633FF

666600

666633

666666

666699

6666CC

6666FF

669900

669933

669966

669999

6699CC

6699FF

66CC00

66CC33

66CC66

66CC99

66CCCC

66CCFF

66FF00

66FF33

66FF66

66FF99

66FFCC

66FFFF

990000

990033

990066

990099

9900CC

9900FF

993300

993333

993366

993399

9933CC

9933FF

996600

996633

996666

996699

9966CC

9966FF

999900

999933

999966

999999

9999CC

9999FF

99CC00

99CC33

99CC66

99CC99

99CCCC

99CCFF

99FF00

99FF33

99FF66

99FF99

99FFCC

99FFFF

CC0000

CC0033

CC0066

CC0099

CC00CC

CC00FF

CC3300

CC3333

CC3366

CC3399

CC33CC

CC33FF

CC6600

CC6633

CC6666

CC6699

CC66CC

CC66FF

CC9900

CC9933

CC9966

CC9999

CC99CC

CC99FF

CCCC00

CCCC33

CCCC66

CCCC99

CCCCCC

CCCCFF

100

HTML

CCFF00

CCFF33

CCFF66

CCFF99

CCFFCC

CCFFFF

FF0000

FF0033

FF0066

FF0099

FF00CC

FF00FF

FF3300

FF3333

FF3366

FF3399

FF33CC

FF33FF

FF6600

FF6633

FF6666

FF6699

FF66CC

FF66FF

FF9900

FF9933

FF9966

FF9999

FF99CC

FF99FF

FFCC00

FFCC33

FFCC66

FFCC99

FFCCCC

FFCCFF

FFFF00

FFFF33

FFFF66

FFFF99

FFFFCC

FFFFFF

101

20. HTML
FONTS

HTML

Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing
content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser
that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style,
size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of
your text to the same size, face, and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your
fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use
the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the
</font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.
Note: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a
future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS
styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain
font and basefont tags in detail.

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="1">Font size="1"</font><br />
<font size="2">Font size="2"</font><br />
<font size="3">Font size="3"</font><br />
<font size="4">Font size="4"</font><br />
<font size="5">Font size="5"</font><br />
<font size="6">Font size="6"</font><br />
<font size="7">Font size="7"</font>
</body>
</html>

102

HTML
This will produce the following result:
Font

Font
Font

Font

size="1"

size="2"
size="3"

size="4"

size="5"

size="6"

Font size="7"
Relative Font Size
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font
size should be. You can specify it like <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font><br />
<font size="+1">Font
size="+1"</font><br /> <font
size="+2">Font size="+2"</font><br />
<font size="+3">Font
size="+3"</font><br /> <font
size="+4">Font size="+4"</font> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Font

Font

Font size="+4"

size="-1"

size="+1"

size="+2"

size="+3"

103

HTML

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page
doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the
default font face applicable to the user's computer.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New
Roman</font><br /> <font face="Verdana"
size="5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans
MS</font><br /> <font face="WildWest"
size="5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face="Bedrock"
size="5">Bedrock</font><br /> </body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Times New Roman

Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock
Specify alternate font faces
A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their
computer. So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the
font face names, separated by a comma.
<font face="arial,helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of
the given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.

Note: Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.

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HTML

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that
you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
Note: You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />
<font color="red">This text is red</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This text is in pink

This text is red

The <basefont> Element:

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for
any parts of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can
use the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings.
The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative
font setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>

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HTML

<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger

</font></p>

<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font></p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is the page's default font.

Example of the <basefont> Element

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.

106

21. HTML
FORMS

HTML

HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example,
during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address, credit
card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on
the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus,
radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax:
<form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form
attributes:
Attribute

Description

action

Backend script ready to process your passed data.

method

Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and
POST methods.

target

Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be
displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

enctype

You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the
data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are:
application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the standard method most
forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data - This is used when you want to upload binary data in
the form of files like image, word file etc.

Note: You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.

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HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML
form:

Text Input Controls

Checkboxes Controls
Radio Box Controls
Select Box Controls
File Select boxes
Hidden Controls
Clickable Buttons
Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms:
Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only
one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using
HTML <input> tag.
Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the
character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input>
tag.
Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give
details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are
created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search
boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
First name:

<input type="text" name="first_name" />

<br>
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HTML

Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" />

</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

First name:

Last name:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
Attribute

Description

type

Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set
totext.

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

value

This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size

Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength

Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into
the text box.

Password Input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to password.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>
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HTML

<body>
<form >
User ID :

<input type="text" name="user_id" />

<br>
Password:

<input type="password" name="password" />

</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

User

Password:

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.
Attribute

Description

type

Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be
set to password.

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

value

This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size

Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength

Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into
the text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single
sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.

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Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form> Description:
<br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Description

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.
Attribute

Description

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

rows

Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

cols

Indicates the number of columns of text area box

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HTML

Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are
also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.

Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on">
Physics </form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Maths

Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.
Attribute

Description

type

Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be
set to checkbox.

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

value

The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

checked

Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

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Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths"> Maths
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Maths

Physics

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.
Attribute

Description

type

Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be
set to radio.

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

value

The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

checked

Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

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Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various
options in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Maths"
selected>Maths</option> <option
value="Physics">Physics</option> </select>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Maths

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag:
Attribute

Description

name

Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be

recognized and get the value.

size

This can be used to present a scrolling list box.

multiple

If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the
menu.

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Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag:
Attribute

Description

value

The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.

selected

Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the
page loads.

label

An alternative way of labeling options

File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file
upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input>
element but type attribute is set to file.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box:
Attribute
name

Description
Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
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HTML

Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.

Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a
clickable button using <input> tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type
attribute can take the following values:
Type

Description

submit

This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

reset

This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial
values.

button

This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user
clicks that button.

image

This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the
button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="submit" name="submit"
value="Submit" /> <input type="reset" name="reset"
value="Reset" /> <input type="button" name="ok"
value="OK" />
<input type="image" name="imagebutton"
src="/html/images/logo.png" /> </form>
</body>
</html>

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HTML
This will produce the following result:

Submit

Reset

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed
to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page.
For example, following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a
user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server
and there it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed current
page.

Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type="hidden" name="pagename"
value="10" /> <input type="submit" name="submit"
value="Submit" /> <input type="reset" name="reset"
value="Reset" /> </form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Top of Form
This is page 10

Submit

Reset

117

22. HTML EMBED

MULTIMEDIA

HTML

Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add
video or sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This
tag causes the browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically
provided browser supports <embed> tag and given media type.
You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the
<embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice,
and <noembed> to display a single JPG image if browser does not support <embed>
tag.

Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.mid" width="100%" height="60" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media"
></noembed> </embed>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

You can put any media file in src attribute. You can try it yourself by giving various types
of files.

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HTML

The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.
Attribute

Description

align

Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or
right.

autostart

This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You
can set it either true or false.

loop

Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a

certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false)

playcount

Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option
forloop if you are usiong IE.

hidden

Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false

value means no and true values means yes.

width

Width of the object in pixels

height

Height of the object in pixels

name

A name used to reference the object.

src

URL of the object to be embedded.

volume

Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).

Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov)
file types inside embed tag.

.swf files - are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
.wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
.mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
.mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
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HTML

<title>HTML embed Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media" ></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your
webpage. This tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers
ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when the host document is first
downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also will replay
whenever the user refreshes the browser.
This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same
meaning as explained above.
Here is a simple example to play a small midi file:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML embed
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mid">
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif"
></noembed>

</bgsound>
</body>
</html>
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HTML

This will produce the blank screen. This tag does not display any component and remains
hidden.
Internet Explorer can also handle only three different sound format files: wav, the native
format for PCs; au, the native format for most Unix workstations; and MIDI, a universal
music-encoding scheme.

HTML Object tag

HTML 4 introduces the <object> element, which offers an all-purpose solution to
generic object inclusion. The <object> element allows HTML authors to specify
everything required by an object for its presentation by a user agent.
Here are a few examples:

Example - 1
You can embed an HTML document in an HTML document itself as follows:
<object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>
Here alt attribute will come into picture if browser does not support object tag.

Example - 2
You can embed a PDF document in an HTML document as follows:
<object data="data/test.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/test.pdf">test.htm</a>
</object>

Example - 3
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the <param> tag. Here
is an example to embed a wav file:
<object data="data/test.wav" type="audio/x-wav" width="200" height="20">
<param name="src" value="data/test.wav">
<param name="autoplay"
value="false"> <param
name="autoStart" value="0">
alt : <a href="data/test.wav">test.wav</a>
</object>

Example - 4

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HTML

You can add a flash document as follows:

Example - 5
You can add a java applet into HTML document as follows:
<object classid="clsid:8ad9c840-044e-11d1-b3e9-00805f499d93"
width="200" height="200">
<param name="code" value="applet.class">
</object>

The classid attribute identifies which version of Java Plug-in to use. You can use the
optional codebase attribute to specify if and how to download the JRE.

122

23. HTML
MARQUEES

HTML

An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or

vertically down your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML
<marquees> tag.
Note: The HTML <marquee> tag may not be supported by various browsers so it is not
recommended to rely on this tag, instead you can use JavaScript and CSS to create such
effects.

Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows:
<marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes>

One or more lines or text message or image

</marquee>

The <marquee> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.
Attribute

Description

width

This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or
20% etc.

height

This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be a value like 10 or
20% etc.

direction

This specifies the direction in which marquee should scroll. This can be a
value like up, down, left or right.

behavior

This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. This can have a value
like scroll, slide and alternate.

scrolldelay

This specifies how long to delay between each jump. This will have a
value like 10 etc.

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HTML

scrollamount

This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can have a value like 10
etc.

loop

This specifies how many times to loop. The default value is INFINITE,
which means that the marquee loops endlessly.

bgcolor

This specifies background color in terms of color name or color hex value.

hspace

This specifies horizontal space around the marquee. This can be a value
like 10 or 20% etc.

vspace

This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This can be a value like
10 or 20% etc.

Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.

Examples - 1
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of
marquee</marquee> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>
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HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

125

24. HTML
HEADER

HTML

We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure:
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related
tags </body>
</html>
This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML
<head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>,
<meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags.

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

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HTML

The HTML <meta> Tag

The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which
includes information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description
etc.
Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<meta
name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!
</p> </body>
</html>
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HTML

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page,
which means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the
given item.
For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given
URLs with base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>
<body>

<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Logo Image"/>

<a href="/html/index.htm" title="HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png
and
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/html/index.htm

The HTML <link> Tag

The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and
external resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in
css sub-directory within web root:
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HTML

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!
</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello, World!

The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document.
Following is an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<style type="text/css">
.myclass{ backgroundcolor: #aaa; padding:
10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>

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HTML

This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!
Note: To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial
available at http://www.tutorialspoint.com/css

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal
script for the HTML document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to
define a simple JavaScript function:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function Hello()
{ alert("Hello, World");

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="OK" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

Note: To learn about how JavaScript works, kindly check a separate tutorial

available at: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/JavaScript

130

25. HTML
STYLE SHEET

HTML

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in
print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style
sheets on the Web since the consortium was founded in 1994.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various
attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for
a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:).
Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and
associated attributes to specify text color and font size:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><font color="green" size="5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>
</html>
We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:green;font-size:24px;">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Hello, World!

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HTML

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document:

External Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then
include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.
Internal Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML
document using <style> tag.
Inline Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML
elements using style attribute.
Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to
define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have
extension as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.

Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules:
.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{
color:green;
}
Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes
defined for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are
being defined because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the
above external CSS file in our following HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/html/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
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HTML

<p class="thick">This is thick</p>

<p class="green">This is green</p>

<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include
those rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the
same HTML document using <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<style type="text/css">

.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{
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HTML

color:green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>

<p class="thick">This is thick</p>

<p class="green">This is green</p>

<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the
relevant tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular
change in any HTML element only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file
as well as the rules defined in <style> element.

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along
with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>
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HTML

<p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>

<p style="color:green;">This is green</p>

<p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is red

This is thick
This is green

This is thick and green

135

26. HTML
JAVASCRIPT

HTML

A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For
example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown
menu. This script could be written using JavaScript or VBScript.
You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting
language and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes.
Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the
web developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.
You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever it's needed,
or you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one
by one with suitable examples.

External JavaScript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents
then it's better to keep that functionality in a separate JavaScript file and then include
that file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file will have extension as .js and it will
be included in HTML files using <script> tag.

Example
Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has following code:

function Hello()
{
alert("Hello, World");
}
Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following HTML document:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript External Script</title>
<script src="/html/script.js" type="text/JavaScript"/></script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me"
</body>

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HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script
code in header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and
you can put your source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Internal Script</title> <base
href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" /> <script
type="text/JavaScript">
function Hello()
{ alert("Hello, World");

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result, where you can try to click on the given button:

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HTML

Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any
mouse or keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler
which can vary from a single to 1000s of line code.
Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple
functionEventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when
any user brings mouse over a paragraph.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/JavaScript">
function EventHandler(){ alert("I'm
event handler!!");

}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p onmouseover="EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an
alert</p> </body>
</html>
Now This will produce the following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the
result:
Bring your mouse here to see an alert

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still some older
browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it
would display the code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML
comments around the script as shown below.
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HTML

JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!");
//-->
</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!-document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>

The <noscript> Element

You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts
and for those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using
the<noscript> tag.
JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/JavaScript">
<!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!");
//-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!-document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using
multiple <script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags.
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HTML

This saves you from specifying the language every time you use a script tag within the
page. Below is the example:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" />
Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

140

27. HTML
LAYOUTS

HTML

A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes
considerable time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now- a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to
come up with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using
simple HTML tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This
chapter will give you few examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your
webpage using pure HTML and its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These
tables are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in
whatever way you like.

Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows
and 2 columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan
attribute:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%"
border="0"> <tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>

</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa"
width="50"> <b>Main
Menu</b><br /> HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...

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HTML

</td>
<td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials

</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"
bgcolor="#b5dcb3"> <center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is Web Page Main title

Main
HTML
PHP
PERL...

Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials

Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep
your content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right
column can be used to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very
similar to what we have at our website tutorialspoint.com.

142

HTML

Example
Here is an example to create three column layout:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%"
border="0"> <tr
valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa"
width="20%"> <b>Main
Menu</b><br /> HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200"
width="60%"> Technical and Managerial
Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor="#aaa"
width="20%"> <b>Right
Menu</b><br /> HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
</body>
</html>

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HTML

This will produce the following result:

Main Menu
HTML
PHP
PERL...

Technical and Managerial Tutorials

Right Menu
HTML
PHP
PERL...

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the
<div> tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping
elements at an inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really
designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.
Note: This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding
this example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.

Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you
have achieved using <table> tag in previous example.
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;
width:100%"> <h1>This is Web Page Main
title</h1>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />

PHP<br />
PERL...

144

28.

HTML

</div>
<div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;">
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br /
>
PHP<br />
PERL...

</div>
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on
CSS, please refer to CSS Tutorial.

145

28. HTML TAG

REFERENCE

HTML

Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with

are part of HTML-5.

Tag

Description

Specifies a comment

<!DOCTYPE>

Specifies the document type

<a>

Specifies an anchor

<abbr>

Specifies an abbreviation

Specifies an acronym

Specifies an address element

Deprecated. Specifies an applet

<area>

Specifies an area inside an image map

Specifies an article

<aside>

Specifies some content loosely related to

the page content. If it is removed, the
remaining content still makes sense

<audio>

Specifies a sound content

<b>

Specifies bold text

<base>

Specifies a base URL for all the links in a

page

Deprecated. Specifies a base font

Version

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HTML

<bdo>

Specifies the direction of text display

<bdi>

Represents text that must be isolated

from its surrounding for bidirectional text
formatting. It allows embedding a span of
text with a different, or unknown,
directionality

Specifies background music

<big>

Specifies big text

<blink>

Specifies a text which blinks

Specifies a long quotation

<body>

Specifies the body element

<br>

Inserts a single line break

Specifies a push button

For making graphics with a script

Specifies a table caption

Deprecated. Specifies centered text

<cite>

Specifies a citation

<code>

Specifies computer code text

<col>

Specifies attributes for table columns

Specifies groups of table columns

Puts a comment in the document

A list of options for input values

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HTML

<dd>

Specifies a definition description

<del>

Specifies deleted text

<dfn>

Specifies a definition term

Specifies a dialog box or window

<dir>

Deprecated. Specifies a directory list

<div>

Specifies a section in a document

<dl>

Specifies a definition list

<dt>

Specifies a definition term

<em>

Specifies emphasized text

<embed>

Specifies a container for an external (nonHTML) application

Specifies a fieldset

Specifies a caption for a <figure> element

Specifies self-contained content

<font>

Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and

color

Specifies a footer for a document or

section

<form>

Specifies a form

<frame>

Specifies a sub window (a frame)

Specifies a set of frames

Specifies header 1 to header 6

148

HTML

<head>

Specifies information about the document

Specifies a header for a document or

section

<hr>

Specifies a horizontal rule

<html>

Specifies an html document

<i>

Specifies italic text

Specifies an inline sub window (frame)

Specifies an inline layer

<img>

Specifies an image

<input>

Specifies an input field

<ins>

Specifies inserted text

Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input

field

<kbd>

Specifies keyboard text

Generate key information in a form

<label>

Specifies a label for a form control

<layer>

Specifies a layer

Specifies a title in a fieldset

<li>

Specifies a list item

<link>

Specifies a resource reference

149

HTML

<main>

Specifies the main or important content in

the document. There is only oneelement
in the document

<map>

Specifies an image map

<mark>

Specifies a text highlighted for reference

purposes, that is for its relevance in
another context

Creates a scrolling-text marquee

<menu>

Deprecated. Specifies a menu list

Specifies a command/menu item that the

user can invoke from a popup menu

<meta>

Specifies meta data of an html document

which is not displayed on the page

<meter>

Specifies a scalar measurement within a

known range (a gauge)

Specifies a multicolumn text flow

<nav>

Specifies a section that contains only

navigation links

<nobr>

No breaks allowed in the enclosed text

Specifies content to be presented by

browsers that do not support the
<embed> tag

Specifies a noframe section

Specifies a noscript section

Specifies an embedded object

<ol>

Specifies an ordered list

150

HTML

Specifies an option group

Specifies an option in a drop-down list

Specifies the result of a calculation

<p>

Specifies a paragraph

<param>

Specifies a parameter for an object

Deprecated. Render the remainder of the

document as preformatted plain text

<pre>

Specifies preformatted text

Specifies a completion progress of a task

<q>

Specifies a short quotation

<rp>

Specifies to show browsers that do not

support the ruby element

<rt>

Specifies an text ruby annotation

<ruby>

Specifies an ruby annotation

<s>

Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

<samp>

Specifies sample computer code

Specifies a script

Specifies a section in a document

Specifies a selectable list

Specifies a white space

<small>

Specifies small text

151

HTML

Specifies a media resources for media

elements, defined inside video or audio
elements

<span>

Specifies a section in a document

Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

Specifies strong text

<style>

Specifies a style definition

<sub>

Specifies subscripted text

Specifies a summary, caption, or legend

for a given <details>

<sup>

Specifies superscripted text

<table>

Specifies a table

<tbody>

Specifies a table body

<td>

Specifies a table cell

Specifies a text area

<tfoot>

Specifies a table footer

<th>

Specifies a table heading

<thead>

Specifies a table header

<time>

Specifies a date and time <details>

<title>

Specifies the document title

<tr>

Specifies a table row

152

HTML

<track>

Specifies a
mediaplayers

text

tracks

used

<tt>

Specifies teletype text

<u>

Deprecated. Specifies underlined text

<ul>

Specifies an unordered list

<var>

Specifies a variable

<video>

Specifies a text tracks used

players

<wbr>

Indicates a potential word break

within a <nobr> section

<xmp>

Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text

media

point

HTML <comment> and  Tag

Description
The HTML <comment> tag allows authors to comment their HTML code. This tag is
supported by IE only.
It is recommended to use  to comment your tags. This tag is compatible to all
browsers.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML  Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment>

</body>
153

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:

Browser Support
Browser Support for <comment> tag
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Not
Supported

Yes

Not
Supported

Browser Support for  tag

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <doctype> Tag

Description
The HTML <doctype> tag is used for specifying which version of HTML the document is
using. This is referred to as the document type declaration (DTD).
NOTE: The <!DOCTYPE> tag does not have an end tag!.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML doctype Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML
document.</p>
</body>
154

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
doctype declaration <doctype> is mentioned at the starting of every HTML
document.

Declaration
HTML 4.01 has 3 possible doctypes: HTML 4 Strict, HTML 4 Transitional, and HTML 4
Frameset. Every HTML document you create should have one of these three DTDs.

HTML 4 Strict
This document type includes all HTML elements except those that have been deprecated,
and those that appear in frameset documents.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

HTML 4 Transitional
This document type includes all HTML elements including those that have been deprecated.

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">;

HTML 4 Frameset
This document type includes all HTML elements in the transitional DTD as well as those
in framed document.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

HTML 5 Declaration
In HTML5 there is only one declaration i.e.
<!DOCTYPE html>

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

155

HTML

HTML <a> Tag

Description
The HTML <a> tag is used for creating a hyperlink to either another document, or
somewhere within the current document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML a Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
This is a link to <a href="http://www.amrood.com">AMROOD.com</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is a link to AMROOD.com

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <a> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

charset

character_encoding

Defines the character

encoding of the linked
document.

coords

if
shape="rect"
coords="left,top,right,bottom"
if
shape="circ"
coords="centerx,centery,radius"
shape="poly"
coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn"

then

Specifies
the
then coordinates
the
if appropriate to
to
then shape attribute
define a region of an
156

HTML

image
maps.

for

image

filename

This downloads
target
when
clicks
on
hyperlink.

href

URL

Specifies the URL of a

page or the name of
the anchor that
the
link goes to.

hreflang

language_code

Language code of the

destination URL.

media

media_query

It
specifies
what
media
the
linked
document is optimized
for

name

section name

Marks an area of the

page that a link jumps
to.

download

alternate
designates
stylesheet
start
next
prev
contents
rel

rev

index
glossary
copyright
chapter
section
subsection
appendix
help
bookmark
alternate
designates
stylesheet
start
next

Describes
relationship

the
user
the

the
between

the current document

and the
destination
URI.

Specifies
the
relationship
between
the target URL and the
current document.

157

HTML

prev
contents
index
glossary
copyright
chapter
section
subsection
appendix
help
bookmark

shape

target

type

rect
circ
circle
poly
polygon

_blank
_self
_top

mime_type

rectangle
Specifies the shape of
the image map

Where to open
the
target
URL.
_blank - the target
URL will open in a new
window
_self - the target URL
_parent
will open in the same
frame as it was clicked
_parent - the target
URL will open in the
parent
frameset
_top - the target URL
will open in the full
body of the window
Specifies
the MIME
(Multipurpose
Internet
Mail
Extensions) type
of
the target URL

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

158

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <abbr> Tag

Description
The HTML <abbr> tag is used for indicating an abbreviation like etc., pvt.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML abbr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<abbr title="Private">pvt.</abbr><br />
<abbr title="International Cricket Council">ICC.</abbr> promotes the global
game.<br />
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
pvt.
ICC promotes the global game.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

159

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <acronym> Tag

Description
The HTML <acronym> tag is used for indicating an acronym.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML acronym Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>
<acronym title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</acronym>
</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

160

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Not
Supported

HTML <address> Tag

Description
The HTML <address> tag is used for indicating an address. The address usually renders
in italic.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML address Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>
600 Wisdon
Apartments<br /> Filmcity,
Kondiura<br /> New Delhi 50027 </address>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

600 Wisdon Apartments

Filmcity, Kondiura
New Delhi - 50027

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
161

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <applet> Tag

Description
The HTML <applet> tag specifies an applet. It is used for embedding a Java applet within
an HTML document. It is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML applet Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet code="newClass.class" width="300"
height="200"> </applet>
</body>
</html>
Here is the newClass.java file:
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class newClass extends Applet

{
public void paint (Graphics gh)
{
g.drawString("Tutorialspoint.com", 300, 150);
}
}

162

HTML
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

URL

Deprecated - Defines the text alignment around the

applet

alt

URL

Alternate text to be displayed in case browser does

not support applet

Applet path when it is stored in a Java Archive ie.

jar file

code

URL

A URL that points to the class of the applet

codebase

URL

Indicates the base URL of the applet if the code

attribute is relative

height

pixels

Height to display the applet

hspace

pixels

Deprecated - Defines the left and right spacing

around the applet

name

Defines a unique name for the applet

object

name

Specifies the resource that contains a serialized

representation of the applet's state.

163

HTML

title

test

Additional information to be displayed in tool tip of

the mouse

vspace

pixels

Deprecated - Amount of white space to be inserted

above and below the object.

width

pixels

Width to display the applet.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <area> Tag

Description
The HTML <area> tag is used for defining an area in an image map.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML area Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<imgsrc=/images/usemap.gif alt="usemap"
border="0" usemap="#tutorials"/>
<map
name="tutorials">
<area shape="poly"

coords="74,0,113,29,98,72,52,72,38,27"
href="/perl/index.htm"
alt="Perl Tutorial"
target="_blank" />
164

HTML

</map>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <area> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
165

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

alt

text

Specifies an alternate text for the

area.

coords

if
shape="rect"
then
coords="left,top,right,bottom"
if
shape="circ"
then
coords="centerx,centery,radius"
if
shape="poly"
then
coords="x1,y1,x2,y2,..,xn,yn"

Specifies
the
coordinates
appropriate to the shape attribute
to define a region of an image for
image maps.

download

filename

Specifies that the target gets

downloaded when hyperlink
clicked by user.

href

URL

Specifies the URL of a page or the

name of the anchor that the link
goes to.

hreflang

language_code

Specifies the
target URL.

media

media query

Specifies media/device the target

URL is optimized for.

nohref

true/false

Excludes an area from the image

map

rel

alternate
author
bookmark
help
license
next
nofollow
noreferrer
prefetch
prev
search
tag

Specifies relationship between the

current document and the target
URL

rect
rectangle
circ
circle

Specifies the shape of the image

map

shape

language of

the

166

HTML

poly
polygon
Where to open the target URL.
_blank - the target URL will open in
a
new
window
_self - the target URL will open in

_blank
target

type

_parent
_self
_top

the same frame as it was clicked

_parent - the target URL will open
in
the
parent
frameset
_top - the target URL will open in
the full body of the window
Specifies the MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions) type of
the target URL.

mime_type

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <article> Tag

Description
The HTML <article> tag is used in a blog post, forum post, newspaper article etc. It
specifies self-contained composition in a site, document, page or application.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Article Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
167

HTML

<article>
<h2>PHP</h2>
<p>PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor</p>
</article>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

PHP
PHP is PHP Hypertext Preprocessor.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <aside> Tag

Description
The HTML <aside> tag is used to specify a section of a page aside from the related section.
This tag can be used for glossary definitions, author biography, author profile etc.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML aside Tag</title>
168

HTML

</head>
<body>
<aside>
<h3>Java History</h3>
<p>Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994.</p>
</aside>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Java History
Java is a programming language developed by James Gosling in 1994.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <audio> Tag

Description
The HTML <audio> tag is used to embed audio in web pages.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML audio Tag</title>
</head>
169

HTML

<body>
<p>Click on Play button...</p>
<p>(Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows)</p>
<audio controls>
<source src="/html/Kalimba.mp3"
type="audio/mpeg"> </audio>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Click on Play button...

(Song: Kalimba which is provided as a Sample Music in Windows)

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Mobile

Yes

HTML <b> Tag

Description
The HTML <b> tag specifies bold text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML b Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
This web page gives explanation on <b>bold</b> tag.

170

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This web page gives explanation on bold tag.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <base> Tag

Description
The HTML <base> tag is used to specify a base URI, or URL, for relative links.
For example, you can set the base URL once at the top of your page in header section,
then all subsequent relative links will use that URL as a starting point.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML base Tag</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
HTML: <img src="/images/html.gif" />
</body>
</html>

171

HTML
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <base> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

href

URL

Specifies the URL of a page or the name of the

anchor that the link goes to.

target

_blank
_parent
_self
_top

Where
to
open
the
target
URL.
_blank - the target URL will open in a new window.
_self - the target URL will open in the same frame
as
it
was
clicked.
_parent - the target URL will open in the parent
frameset
_top - the target URL will open in the full body of
the window

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

172

HTML

HTML <basefont> Tag

Description
The HTML <basefont> tag is used to specify a base font for the document to use. This
base font is applied to complete document. This tag is depreciated now.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML basefont Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4"/>
<p>The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font
properties instead.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The HTML basefont tag is now deprecated. You should use CSS font to set font properties
instead.
This result may vary browser to browser.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <basefont> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

color

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of

the text.

face

font names separated by comma

Deprecated - Specifies the font

family of the text.

173

HTML

size

Deprecated - Specifies the font

size of the text.

1 to 7

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Not
Supported

Yes

Not
Supported

HTML <bdo> Tag

Description
The HTML <bdo> tag is used to override the default text direction.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML bdo Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bdo dir="rtl">Here's some English embedded in text in another language
requiring a right-to-left presentation.</bdo>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

174

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <bdo> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

dir

ltr|rtl

Defines the text direction.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <bdi> Tag

Description
The HTML <bdi> tag is Bi-directional isolation element which is used to embed text with
a different direction from another text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML bdi Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Tutorialspoint list of tutorials:</p>
<ul>
<li>Web: HTML</li>
<li>Programming: Java</li>

<li>Scripting: VBScript</li>
<li>Mobile: Android</li>
</ul>
</body>
175

HTML

</html>

This will produce the following result:

Tutorials point list of tutorials:

Web: HTML
Programming: Java
Scripting: VBScript
Mobile: Android

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Not
Supported

HTML <bgsound> Tag

Description
The HTML <bgsound> tag is used to play a soundtrack in the background. This tag is for
Internet Explorer only.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML bgsound Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<bgsound src="/html/yourfile.mdi"/>
<p>This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the
background.</p>
176

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This does create any result on the screen but it plays sound file in the
background.

Specific Attributes
The HTML <bgsound> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

loop

number

Lets you replay a background soundtrack a certain

number of times.

src

URL

Specifies the path of the sound file.

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <big> Tag

Description
The HTML <big> tag increases the font size. This tag is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML big Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><big>Website: complieonline.com</big>(Online
Compiler)</p> </body>
177

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
Website: complieonline.com (Online Compiler)

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML blink Tag

Description
The HTML <blink> tag is used to enclose a text to make it blink. This tag was supported
by Netscape and now this is obsolete.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML blink Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<blink>This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0</blink>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This text will blink in Netscape Version 5.0

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

178

HTML

Not
Supported

HTML <blockquote> Tag

Description
The HTML <blockquote> tag is used for indicating long quotations (i.e. quotations that
span multiple lines). It should contain only block-level elements within it, and not just
plain text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML blockquote Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<blockquote>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted
text needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most
browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</blockquote>

<q>Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text
needs to display within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag.
Most browsers surround q text with quotation marks.</q>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Browsers generally render blockquote text as indented text. If your quoted text needs to display
within a non-quoted paragraph, you should use the HTML q tag. Most browsers surround q text
with quotation marks.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <blockquote> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
179

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

cite

URL

URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <body> Tag

Description
The HTML <body> tag is used for indicating the main content section of the HTML
document. The body tag is placed between the and the tags.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML body Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Body of the document...
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Body of the document...

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

180

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <body> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

alink

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of the active links

in the document.

background

URL

Deprecated - Specifies the background image file

path.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the background color.

link

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of all the links in the

document.

text

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text in the

document.

vlink

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of the visited links

in the document.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

181

HTML

HTML <br> Tag

Description
The HTML <br> tag is used to give a line break.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML br Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is before the line break<br />
and this after the line break.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This is before the line break
and this after the line break.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Button Tag

Description
The HTML <button> tag is used for creating a button within HTML form. You can also use
<input> tag to create similar buttons.
182

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Button Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<button name="button" value="OK" type="button">Click Me</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Top of Form
Click Me

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <button> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

autofocus

Specifies that the button should have input

focus when the page loads.

disabled

Specifies the button is disabled.

form

form_id

Specifies the forms to which button belongs.

formaction

URL

Specifies the link where the form submits.

formenctype

application
multipart/form-data
text/plain

Specifies how the form data is encoded

before sending it to server.

183

HTML

formmethod

get
post

Specifies how to send form data.

formnovalidate

Specifies that the form data should not be

validated.

formtarget

_blank
_self
_parent
_top

Specifies where the response should be

validated.

name

Specifies the button name.

type

button
reset
submit

Specifies the button type.

value

text

Specifies button's initial value.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Yes

HTML <canvas> Tag

Description
The HTML <canvas> tag is for drawing graphics, animations etc using scripting.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Canvas Tag</title>
</head>
184

HTML

<body>
<canvas id="newCanvas">Your browser does not support canvas tag.</canvas>
<script>
var c=document.getElementById('newCanvas');
var ctx=c.getContext('2d');
ctx.fillStyle='#00FD00';
ctx.fillRect(0,0,200,60);
</script>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <canvas> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

height

pixels

Specifies height of the canvas.

width

pixels

Specifies width of the canvas.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <caption> Tag

Description
185

HTML

The HTML <caption> tag is used for creating a caption for a table. There could be only
one caption per table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML caption Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Cricketers List</h2>
<table width="100%">

<caption>Indian Cricketers</caption>
<th>Name</th>
<tr><td>Sachin Tendulkar</td></tr>
<tr><td>M S Dhoni</td></tr>
<tr><td>Suresh Raina</td></tr>
<tr><td>Virat Kohli</td></tr>

</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Cricketers List
Indian Cricketers
Name
Sachin Tendulkar
M S Dhoni
Suresh Raina
Virat Kohli

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
186

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <center> Tag

Description
The HTML <center> tag is used for centering the content enclosed with this tag. This tag
is depreciated.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML center Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>This text is centered</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This text is centered

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

187

HTML

HTML <cite> Tag

Description
The HTML <cite> tag specifies a citation. It can be defined as title of a work.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML cite Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The learning content can be referred from <cite>Data Structures & Algorithms in
Java</cite><p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The learning content can be referred from Data Structures & Algorithms in Java

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <code> Tag

Description
The HTML <code> tag specifies computer code text.

Example
188

HTML

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML code Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The header file for C++ Program is :<code>#include<iostream.h></code>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The header file for C++ Program is :#include<iostream.h>.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <col> Tag

Description
The HTML <col> tag allows authors to group together attribute specifications for table
columns. The does not group columns together structurally -- that is the role of the
element.
The elements are empty and serve only as a support for attributes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML col Tag</title>
189

HTML

</head>
<body>
<p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different
widths:</p>
<table border="1">
<colgroup span="3">
<col width="50"></col>
<col
width="100"></col>
<col
width="150"></col>
<col width="50"></col>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td>col 1</td>
<td>col 2</td>
<td>col 3</td>
<td>col 4</td>
</tr> </table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:
col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <col> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Defines horizontal alignment, not supported in

Html5.

190

HTML

character

Defines a character to use to align text on (use with

align="char"), not supported in Html5.

charoff

pixel

Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or

percentage value) against the first character as
specified with the char attribute, not supported in
Html5.

span

number

Defines the number of columns the <col> should

span, not supported in Html5.

valign

bottom
middle
top
baseline

Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5.

width

pixels or %

Specifies a default width for each column spanned

by the current col element, not supported in Html5 .

char

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML colgroup Tag

Description
The HTML <colgroup> tag is used for specifying properties for a group of columns within
a table.
If you need to apply different properties to a column within a colgroup, you can use the
HTML col tag within the colgroup tag..

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
191

HTML

<head>
<title>HTML colgroup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different
widths:</p>
<table border="1">
<colgroup span="3">
<col width="50"></col>
<col
width="100"></col>
<col
width="200"></col>
</colgroup>
<tr>
<td>col 1</td>
<td>col 2</td>
<td>col 3</td>
</tr> </table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This example shows a colgroup that has three columns of different widths:
col 1 col 2 col 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <colgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Defines horizontal alignment, not supported in

Html5.

192

HTML

character

Defines a character to use to align text on (use with

align="char"), not supported in Html5.

charoff

pixel

Specifies an alignment offset (either in pixels or

percentage value) against the first character as
specified with the char attribute, not supported in
Html5.

span

number

Defines the number of columns the <col> should

span, not supported in Html5.

valign

bottom
middle
top
baseline

Defines vertical alignment, not supported in Html5.

width

pixels or %

Specifies a default width for each column spanned

by the current col element, not supported in Html5 .

char

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <comment> and  Tag

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
193

HTML

<title>HTML  Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<comment>This is a commented line in IE</comment>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Browser Support
Browser Support for <comment> tag
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Not
Supported

Yes

Not
Supported

Browser Support for  tag

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <datalist> Tag

Description
The HTML <datalist> tag specifies set of options for <input> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Datalist Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<input list="tutorials" />
194

HTML

<datalist id="tutorials">
<option value="Java">
<option value="ASP">
<option value="PHP">
<option value="Ruby">
<option
value="jQuery">
</datalist>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Not
Supported

Yes

HTML <dd> Tag

Description
The HTML <dd> tag is used for specifying a definition description in a definition list.
A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML dd Tag</title>
195

HTML

</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd>
<dt>PHP</dt>

<dd>An PHP
tutorial.</dd> </dl>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Definition List
A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.
HTML
An HTML tutorial.
PHP
An PHP tutorial.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

196

HTML

HTML <del> Tag

Description
The HTML <del> tag is used for markup of deleted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML del Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Following text is deleted using <del>HTML del tag
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <del> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

cite

URL

Defines a URL to another document which explains

why the text was deleted.

datetime

YYYYMMDD
HH:MM:SS

Defines the date and time the text was deleted.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

197

HTML

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <dfn> Tag

Description
The HTML <dfn> tag specifies a definition term.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML dfn Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn>
<abbr title="Java Server Pages">JSP</abbr>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages.</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

JSP
JSP is used to create dynamically generated web pages.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
198

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <dialog> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

open

opens a dialog box and user can interact with it

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
199

HTML

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes (Canary)

6.0

HTML <dir> Tag

Description
The HTML <dir> tag is used for specifying a directory list. This is very similar to <ul> tag but now
this is deprecated.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML dir Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dir>
<li>dir</li>
<li>menu</li>
<li>ul</li>
</dir>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
dir
menu
ul

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <dir> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

200

HTML

Attribute
compact

Value

Description

compact

Deprecated - Specifies a compact rendering.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML div Tag

Description
The HTML <div> tag is used for defining a section of your document. With the div tag,
you can group large sections of HTML elements together and format them with CSS.
The difference between the div tag and the span tag is that the div tag is used with
block-level elements whilst the span tag is used with inline elements.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style2.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="contentinfo">
<p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Here is the css file style2.css
201

HTML

#contentinfo p { lineheight: 20px;

margin: 30px; paddingbottom: 20px; textalign: justify; width:
140px;

color: red;
}
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <div> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
autofocus

Value

Description

autofocus

Specifies

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes
202

HTML

HTML <dl> Tag

Description
The HTML <dl> tag is used for declaring a definition list. This tag is used within <dd> tag.

A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML dl Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>An HTML tutorial.</dd>
<dt>PHP</dt>

<dd>An PHP
tutorial.</dd> </dl>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Definition List
A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.
HTML
An HTML tutorial.
PHP
An PHP tutorial.

203

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <dt> Tag

Description
The HTML <dt> tag is used to define the start of a term in a definition list.
A definition list is similar to other lists but in a definition list, each list item contains two
entries; a term and a description.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML dt Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt>Definition List</dt>
<dd>A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.</dd>
<dt>JAVA</dt>
<dd>Tutorial on JAVA Programming
Language.</dd> <dt>Android</dt>
<dd>Tutorial on Android Operating System.</dd>
</dl>
204

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Definition List
A list of terms and their definitions/descriptions.
JAVA
Tutorial on JAVA Programming Language.
Android
Tutorial on Android Operating System.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <em> Tag

Description
The HTML <em> tag formats the text in a document. It specifies emphasized text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML em Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
205

HTML

<p>Insert an image in a web page using <em>image</em> tag.</p>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Insert an image in a web page using image tag.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <embed> Tag

Description
The HTML <embed> tag represents a container for external application or interactive
content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Embed Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.mdi" width="250" height="100" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
206

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

height

pixels

Specifies the height.

src

URL

Specifies the address of the source file.

type

MIME_type

Specifies the MIME type.

width

pixels

Specifies the width.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <fieldset> Tag

Description
207

HTML
The HTML <fieldset> tag is used for grouping related form elements. By using the
fieldset tag and the legend tag, you can make your forms much easier to understand for
your users.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML fieldset Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<fieldset>
<legend>Details</legend>
Student Name: <input type="text"><br />
MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br />
Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink">
</fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

DetailsStudent

Name:

MCA

Subjects:

Course Link:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <fieldset> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
align

Value
left
right

Description
Deprecated - Specifies the content alignment.

208

HTML

center
top
bottom

disabled

Specifies that a group of related form elements

should be disabled.

form

form_id

Specifies forms which belongs to fieldset.

name

text

Specifies a name for fieldset.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Figcaption Tag

Description
The HTML <figcaption> tag specifies a caption for an element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Figcaption Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/>
<figcaption>Tutorials Point Logo</figcaption>
</figure>
</body>
</html>
209

HTML
This will produce the following result:

Tutorials Point Logo

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Figure Tag

Description
The HTML <figure> tag specifies self-contained content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Figure Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Tutorials Point Logo<h2>
<figure><img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/scripts/img/logo.png"/>
</figure>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

210

HTML

Tutorials Point Logo

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <font> Tag

Description
The HTML <font> tag is used to specify the font of the text. It is deprecated in HTML as
well as in XHTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML font Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="cursive,serif" color="#ff9900" size="4">
The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font size
and family.
</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
211

HTML

The HTML font tag is now deprecated. You should use start using CSS to set font
size and family.
Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <font> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

color

rgb(x,x,x)
#hexcode
colorname

Deprecated - Specifies the color of the text.

face

List of font names

Deprecated - Specifies the font families.

size

number

Deprecated - Specifies the font size from 1 to 7.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Footer Tag

Description
The HTML <footer> tag specifies a footer for a document or section.

Example
212

HTML

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Footer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1>
<p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy
learning.</p>
</header>
<footer>
Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved
</footer>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Simply Easy Learning

You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.

Copyright 2014, All Rights Reserved

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <form> Tag

Description
213

HTML

The HTML <form> tag is used for creating a form for user input. A form can contain
textfields, checkboxes, radio-buttons and more. Forms are used to pass user-data to a
specified URL.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML form Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" value=""
maxlength="100" /> <br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<input type="submit"
value="Submit" /> </form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

First

name:

Last name:

Submit

Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <form> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

214

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

MIME_type

Specifies a comma-separated list of content types

that the server accepts.

accept-charset

charset list

Specifies a list of character encodings that the

server accepts. The default value is "unknown".

action

URL

Specifies a URI/URL of the back-end script that will

process the form

autocomplete

on
off

Specifies whether form should have autocomplete

on or off

enctype

mimetypes

The mime type used to encode the content of the

form.

method

get
post

Specifies the HTTP method to use when the form is

submitted.
Possible
values:
get (the form data is appended to the URL when
submitted)
post (the form data is not appended to the URL)

name

form name

Defines a unique name for the form.

novalidate

Specifies that the form

when submitted.

_blank
_self
_parent
_top

Target
to
open
the
given
URL.
_blank - the target URL will open in a new window
_self - the target URL will open in the same frame
as
it
was
clicked
_parent - the target URL will open in the parent
frameset
_top - the target URL will open in the full body of
the window

target

should not be

validated

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

215

HTML

Yes

HTML <frame> Tag

Description
The HTML <frame> tag is used to specify each frame within a frameset tag. This tag is
not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML frame Tag</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame
name="menu_page"
src="/html/main.htm"

src="/html/menu.htm"
/>

<frame

name="main_page"

<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm:

216

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <frame> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

0 or 1

Specifies whether or not to display border around

the frame.

marginheight

pixels

Allows you to specify the width of the space between

the left and right of the frame's borders and the
frame's content. The value is given in pixels. For
example marginwidth="10".

marginwidth

pixels

Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the frame's

contents and it's left and right margins.

name

frame name

Name of the frame.

noresize

When set to noresize the user cannot resize the

frame.

scrolling

yes
no
auto

Determines scrollbar action.

src

URL

Location of the frame contents file.

frameborder

Browsers Supported

217

HTML

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <frameset> Tag

Description
The HTML <frameset> tag is used to divide the window into frames. This tag is not
supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML frameset Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/main.htm"
name="main_page" /> <noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce the following result, refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm:

218

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <frameset> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

cols

column size

Specifies the number of columns and their width in

either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths.
Default is 100%

rows

row size

Specifies the number of rows and their height in

either pixels, percentages, or relative lengths.
Default is 100%.

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag

Description
The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag is used to define headings in an HTML document. <h1>
defines largest heading and <h6> defines smallest heading.

219

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML <h1> to <h6>
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<h1>Around the
World</h1> <h2>Asian
Countries</h2>
<h3>India</h3>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Around the World

Asian Countries
India

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <h1> to <h6> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

align

Value
left
right
center
justify

Description

Deprecated - Specifies the alignment of the content

enclosed.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

220

HTML

Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <head> Tag

Description
The HTML <head> tag is used for indicating the head section of the HTML document.
Tags included inside head tags are not displayed on browser window.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML head Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
actual content goes here
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
actual content goes here

Specific Attributes
The HTML <head> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

profile

URL

Specifies the URI/URL of one or more meta data

profiles. It is not supported in HTML5.

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Yes
221

HTML

HTML Header Tag

Description
The HTML <header> tag specifies a header for a document or section.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Header Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Simply Easy Learning</h1>
<p>You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy
learning.</p>
</header>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Simply Easy Learning

You're visiting tutorialspoint.com - tutorial hub for simply easy learning.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

222

HTML

HTML <hr> Tag

Description
The HTML <hr> tag is used for creating a horizontal line. This is also called Horizontal
Rule in HTML.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML hr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will be followed by a horizontal line <hr /></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This text will be followed by a horizontal line

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <hr> tag also supports the following
Attribute

Value

additional attributes:
Description

align

left
right
center

Deprecated-Specifies
horizontal rule.

noshade

Deprecated-Removes the usual shading effect that

most browsers display.

size

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the height of the horizontal

rule.

the

alignment

the

223

HTML

width

Deprecated-Specifies the width of the horizontal

rule.

pixels or %

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <html> Tag

Description
The HTML <html> tag is the container that contains all other HTML elements except for
the !doctype tag which is located before the opening <html> tag. All other HTML
elements are nested between the <html> and </html> tags.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML html Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Actual content goes here... </p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Actual content goes here...

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
224

HTML
The HTML <> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

manifest

URL

It is for offline browsing i.e. the

address of the document's cache
manifest.

xmlns

http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml

Deprecated-Specifies
namespace attribute.

the

XML

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <i> Tag

Description
The HTML <i> tag is used to display the content in italic.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML i Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>We liked the movie <i>3 Idiots</i></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
We liked the movie 3 Idiots
225

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <iframe> Tag

Description
The HTML <iframe> tag is used to create an inline frame.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML iframe Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<iframe src ="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm" width="100%"></iframe>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative value,
words can be moved up and to the left.

The result will only work on Netscape 4.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
226

HTML
The HTML <iframe> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

left
right
top
middle
bottom

Specifies how to align the iframe according to

the surrounding text

frameborder

1
0

Specifies whether or not to display

around the frame.

height

pixels

Specifies the height of the inline frame.

longdesc

URL

A URL to a long description of the

contents.

marginheight

pixels

Allows you to specify the width of the space

between the left and right of the frame's
borders and the frame's content. The value is
given
in
pixels.
For
example
marginwidth="10".

marginwidth

pixels

Specifies the margin, in pixels, between the

frame's contents and it's left and right margins.

name

text

Name of the frame

sandbox

""
allow-forms
allow-same-origin
allow-scripts
allow-top-navigation

Enables a set of extra

content in the iframe.

scrolling

yes
no
auto

Determines scrollbar action

seamless

Specifies that the iframe should look like it is a

part of the containing document

src

URL

Location of the frame contents file

border

frame

restrictions for the

227

HTML

srcdoc

HTML_code

Specifies the HTML content of the page to show

in the iframe

width

pixels

Specifies the width of the inline frame.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <ilayer> Tag

Description
The HTML <ilayer> tag is used to create a layer that occupies space in the containing
text flow. Subsequent content is placed after the space occupied by the <ilayer>.
This is in contrast to the <layer> tag, which creates a layer above the containing text
flow, allowing subsequent content to be placed under the layer just created.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML ilayer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
This <ilayer top="4">word</ilayer> is shifted down, while
this <ilayer left="10">one</ilayer> is shifted over. With a negative value,
words can be moved <ilayer top="-4">up</ilayer> and to

the <ilayer left="-10">left</ilayer>.

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
228

HTML

This word is shifted down, while this one is shifted over. With a negative value, words
can be moved up and to the left.
The result will only work on Netscape 4.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ilayer> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

above

layer
name

The name of the inline layer that will be positioned

directly above the current layer in the z-order.

background

URL

A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline

layer's text and images will appear.

below

layer
name

The name of the inline layer that will be positioned

directly below the current layer in the z-order.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

The color to use for the inline layer background.

clip

number

The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area.

height

pixels

The inline layer's height, in pixels.

left

number

The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the

current inline layer is part of another layer.called the
parent layer-then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

name

layer
name

The name of the inline layer.

pagex

number

The position of the left side of the inline layer relative

to the browser window.

pagey

number

The position of the top of the inline layer relative to

the browser window.
229

HTML

src

URL

The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline

layer.

top

number

The position of the top of the inline layer. If the

current inline layer is part of another layer--called the
parent layer--then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

visibility

show
hide
inherit

Determines whether the inline layer is visible.

width

pixels

The inline layer's width, in pixels.

z-index

number

The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline

layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned
above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

HTML <img> Tagx

Description
The HTML <img> tag is used to put an image in an HTML document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE

html> <html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tag</title>
</head>
230

HTML

<body>
<img src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Tutorial"
height="150" width="140" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <img> tag also supports the following additional attributes :
Attribute

Value

Description

align

top
bottom
middle
left
right

Deprecated-Specifies the alignment for

the image.

alt

text

Specifies alternate text

border

pixels

Deprecated - Specifies the width of the

image border.

crossorigin

anonymous use-credentials

It allows images from third-party sites

that allow cross-origin access to be
reused with canvas.

height

pixels or %

Specifies the height of the image.

231

HTML

hspace

pixels

Deprecated - Amount of white space to

be inserted to the left and right of the
object.

ismap

URL

Defines the image as a server-side

image map.

longdesc

text

Deprecated-Specifies a URI/URL of a
long description - this can elaborate on
a shorter description specified with the
alt attribute.

src

URL

the url of an image

usemap

#mapname

Defines the image as a client-side image

map and used alongwith <map> and
<area> tags.

vspace

pixels

Deprecated - Amount of white space to

be inserted to the top and bottom of the
object.

width

pixels or %

Sets the width of an image in pixels or

in %.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <input> Tag

Description
232

HTML
The HTML <input> tag is used within a form to declare an input element - a control that
allows the user to input data.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML input Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
First name:
<input type="text" name="first_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<br />
Last name:
<input type="text" name="last_name" value="" maxlength="100" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form
>
</body
>
</html
>

This will produce the following result:

First

name:

Last name:

Submit

Bottom of Form
Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <input> tag also supports the following additional attributes :
Attribute

Value

Description

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HTML

content types

left
right
align

top
middle
bottom

alt

text

autocomplete

on
off

Specifies a commaseparated list of content

types that the server
accepts.

Deprecated-Defines the
alignment of content

This specifies text to be

used in case the
browser/user agent can't
render the input control.
Specifies for enabling or
disabling of autocomplete in
<input> element

autofocus

pecifies that <input>

element should
automatically get focus
when the page loads

checked

If type="radio" or
type="checkbox" it will
already be selected when
the page loads.

disabled

Disables the input control.

The button won't accept
changes from the user. It
also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when
tabbing.

form

form_id

Specifies one or more forms

URL

Specifies the URL of the file

that will process the input
control when the form is
submitted

autofocus

checked

formaction

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HTML

formenctype

application/x-www-form-urlencoded
multipart/form-data
text/plain

formmethod

post
get

Specifies how the form-data

should be encoded when
submitting it to the serve
Defines the HTTP method
for sending data to the
action URL

formnovalidate

Defines that form elements

should not be validated
when submitted

formtarget

_blank
_self
_parent
_top

Specifies the target where

the response will be display
that is received after
submitting the form

height

pixels

Specifies the height

list

datalist_id

Specifies the <datalist>

element that contains predefined options for an
<input> element

max

autofocus

Specifies the maximum

value.

maxlength

number

Defines the maximum

number of characters
allowed in a text field

min

number

Specifies the minimum

value.

multiple

Specifies that a user can

enter multiple values

name

text

Assigns a name to the input

control.

regexp

Specifies a regular
expression that an <input>
element's value is checked
against

pattern

235

HTML

text

Specifies a short hint that

describes the expected
value.

readonly

Sets the input control to

read-only. It won't allow the
user to change the value.
The control however, can
receive focus and are
included when tabbing
through the form controls.

required

Specifies that an input field

must be filled out before
submitting the form

size

number

Specifies the width of the

control. If type="text" or
type="password" this refers
to the width in characters.
Otherwise it's in pixels.

src

URL

Defines the URL of the

image to display. Used only
for type="image".

step

number

Specifies the legal number

intervals for an input field

type

button
checkboxcolor
date
datetime
datetime-local
email
file
hidden
image
month
number
password
radio
range
reset
search
submit
tel
text

placeholder

readonly

required

Specifies the type of

control.

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HTML

time
url
week

value

text

Specifies the intial value for

the control.If
type="checkbox" or
type="radio" this attribute
is required.

width

pixels

Specifies the width

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <ins> Tag

Description
The HTML <ins> tag is used to indicate newly inserted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML ins Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Following text is inserted newly <ins>HTML ins tag</ins>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
237

HTML

Following text is inserted newly HTML ins tag

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ins> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

cite

URL

Defines a URL to another document which explains

why the text was deleted.

datetime

YYYYMMDD
HH:MM:SS

Defines the date and time the text was deleted.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML

</head>
</html>

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <isindex> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

prompt

string

Label for the text field

action

URL

used when a query needs to be sent to a different

URL

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Yes (partial)

Android
No

HTML <kbd> Tag

Description
The HTML <kbd> tag defines keyboard input. It is a phrase tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML kbd Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
239

HTML

<p>Open previously closed tab using

<kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>T
</kbd>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Open previously closed tab using Ctrl+Shift+T

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML keygen Tag

Description
The HTML <keygen> tag is used to process Web forms with certificate management
systems. The element generates a secure key and submits the public key.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML keygen Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<keygen name="random_key"
challenge="0987654321"> <input
name="firstname" value="first name"> </form>
</body>
240

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
first name

Bottom of Form
Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <keygen> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

autofocus

Specifies that when the page loads the <keygen>

element automatically gets focus.

challenge

Specifies the challenge string to be packaged with

the public key in the PublicKeyAndChallenge for use
in verification of the form submission. If no
challenge string is provided, then it is encoded as an
IA5STRING of length zero./td>

disabled

Specifies
disabled.

form

form_id

Specifies one or more forms.

keytype

rsa
dsa
ec

Specifies the secret algorithm which is for the key.

name

autofocus

Specifies a name.

that

element

should

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

241

HTML

Yes

HTML <label> Tag

Description
The HTML <label> tag is used to add a label to a form control like text, textarea etc.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML label Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<label for="email">EMAIL-ID:<br /> <input type="email" value="" name="emailid"
size="30" placeholder="Enter a valid email address"><br /><br />

<label for="phone">PHONE NO:<br /> <input type="text" value="" name="phno"

size="30" maxlength="10" placeholder="Enter a valid phone number" pattern="[09]{10}"><br /><br />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

EMAIL-ID:
PHONE

NO:

Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <label> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
242

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

form

form_id

It specifies one or more forms the label belongs to

for

control id

Specifies the input control that this label is for. This

value must be the same as the value in the input
control's "id" attribute.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <layer> Tag

Description
The HTML <layer> tag is used to position and animate (through scripting) elements in a
page. A layer can be thought of as a separate document that resides on top of the main
one, all existing within one window.
This tag has support in Netscape 4 and higher versions of it.

Example
This example creates three overlapping layers. The back one is red, the middle one is
blue, and the front one is green.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML layer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<layer id="layer1" top="250" left="50" width="200"
height="200" bgcolor="red">
<p>layer 1</p>
</layer>
243

HTML

<layer id="layer2" top="350" left="150" width="200"

height="200" bgcolor="blue">
<p>layer
2</p> </layer>
<layer id="layer3" top="450" left="250" width="200"
height="200" bgcolor="green">
<p>layer
3</p> </layer>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, it will work in Netscape 4 and higher versions.

layer 1
layer 2
layer 3

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <layer> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

above

layer name

The name of the inline layer that will be positioned

directly above the current layer in the z-order.

background

URL

A filename or URL for an image upon which the inline

layer's text and images will appear.

below

layer name

The name of the inline layer that will be positioned

directly below the current layer in the z-order.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

The color to use for the inline layer background.

clip

number

The coordinates of the inline layer's viewable area.

244

HTML

height

pixels

The inline layer's height, in pixels.

left

number

The position of the left side of the inline layer. If the

current inline layer is part of another layer.called the
parent layer-then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

name

layer name

The name of the inline layer.

pagex

number

The position of the left side of the inline layer

relative to the browser window.

pagey

number

The position of the top of the inline layer relative to

the browser window.

src

URL

The URL of a page that will appear inside the inline

layer.

top

number

The position of the top of the inline layer. If the

current inline layer is part of another layer--called
the parent layer--then the position is relative to the
parent layer.

visibility

show
hide
inherit

Determines whether the inline layer is visible.

width

pixels

The inline layer's width, in pixels.

z-index

number

The inline layer's position within the z-order. Inline

layers with higher Z-INDEX values are positioned
above inline layers with lower Z-INDEX values.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
No

Firefox
No

IE
No

Opera
No

Safari
No

Android
No

245

HTML

HTML <legend> Tag

Description
The HTML <legend> tag s used to define a caption for <fieldset> tag.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML legend Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<fieldset>
<legend>Details</legend>
Student Name: <input type="text"><br />
MCA Subjects:<input type="text"><br />
Course Link:<input type="url" name="websitelink">
</fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

DetailsStudent
MCA

Name:
Subjects:

Course Link:
Bottom of Form

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <legend> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
246

HTML

Attribute
align

Value

Description

top
bottom
left
right

Deprecated- Specifies the content alignment.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <li>Tag
Description
The HTML <li> tag is used for specifying a list item in ordered, unordered, directory, and
menu lists.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML li Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul
- unordered list</li> <li>dir directory list</li> <li>menu menu list</li> </ul>
</body>
</html>
247

HTML

This will produce the following result:

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <li> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

type

A
a
I
i
1
disc
square
circle

Deprecated - Specifies the type of the list.

value

number

Specifies the value of a list item.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <link> Tag

Description
The HTML <link> tag is used for defining a link to an external document. It is placed in
the <head> section of the document.

Example
248

HTML

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="stylenew.css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="contentinfo">
<p>Welcome to our website. We provide tutorials on various subjects.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Here is the css file stylenew.css
#contentinfo p { lineheight: 20px;
margin: 30px;
padding-bottom: 20px;
text-align: justify;
width: 140px;

color: red;
}
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
249

HTML
The HTML <link> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

charset

Defines the
document.

href

URL

Specifies the URL of the resource document.

hreflang

language

Language code of the destination URL

media

screen
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all

Specifies the device the document will be displayed

rel

alternate
appendix
bookmark
chapter
contents
copyright
glossary
help
home
index
next
prev
section
start
stylesheet
subsection

Describes the relationship between the

document and the destination URL.

alternate
appendix
bookmark
chapter
contents
copyright
glossary
help
home
index

Describes a reverse between the destination URI

and the current document.

rev

character encoding of

the

linked

current

250

HTML

next
prev
section
start
stylesheet
subsection
sizes

HeightxWidth

Specifies the size of the linked resource.

target

blank
_self
_top
_parent

Specifies the target frame to load the page into.

type

mimetype

The MIMEtype of content at the link destination

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Main Tag

Description
The HTML <main> tag specifies main or important content in the document. It can be
used only once per page and can't be used as a descendent of <article>, <aside>,
<footer>, <header>, <nav> element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<main>
<h1>Learning</h1>
<p>Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others.</p>
<article>
251

HTML

<h3>Web Development Tutorials</h3>

<p>Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h3>Academic Tutorials</h3>
<p>Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st
Semester exams.</p>
</article>
</main>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Learning
Learn to gain experience and try to share your knowledge with others.
Web Development Tutorials
Consist of CSS, HTML, and PHP tutorials for 2nd Semester exams.
Academic Tutorials
Consist of Computer Fundamental, Computer Network tutorials for 1st Semester
exams.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
No

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
No

HTML <map> Tag

Description
The HTML <map> tag is used for defining an image map along with <img> tag.
252

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML map Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="/images/html.gif" alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>

This will produce the following result, find the image map on bottom right:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <map> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
253

HTML

Attribute
name

Value

Description

unique_name

Defines a unique name for the map tag.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML Mark Tag

Description
The HTML <mark> tag specifies a text highlighted for reference purposes, that is for its
relevance in another context.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Mark Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Cricketers in India</h2>
<p>Sachin Tendulkar is <mark>god</mark> of
cricket.</p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Cricketers in India
Sachin Tendulkar is god of cricket.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference
254

HTML

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <marquee> Tag

Description
The HTML <marquee> tag is used for scrolling piece of text or image displayed either
horizontally across or vertically down your web site page depending on the settings.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
<marquee direction="up">The direction of text will be from bottom to
top.</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <marquee> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
255

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

behavior

scroll
slide
alternate

Defines the type of scrolling.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#xxxxxx
colorname

Deprecated-Defines the direction of scrolling the

content.

direction

up
down
left
right

Defines the direction of scrolling the content.

height

pixels or %

Defines the height of marquee.

hspace

pixels

Specifies horizontal space around the marquee.

loop

number

Specifies how many times to loop. The default value

is INFINITE, which means that the marquee loops
endlessly.

scrolldelay

seconds

Defines how long to delay between each jump.

scrollamount

number

Defines how how far to jump.

width

pixels or %

Defines the width of marquee.

vspace

pixels

Specifies vertical space around the marquee.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

256

HTML

HTML <menu> Tag

Description
The HTML <menu> tag is used for creating a menu list. This tag has been deprecated in
HTML and redefined in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML menu
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<menu>
<li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul
- unordered list</li> <li>dir directory list</li> <li>menu menu list</li> </menu>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <menu> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
label

Value
text

Description
Specifies a visible label.

257

HTML

type

popup
toolbar
context

Specifies the type of menu to be displayed.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
No

Firefox
Yes

IE
No

Opera
No

Safari
No

Android
No

<div style="border:1px solid #000;padding:20px;" contextmenu="clickmenu">

<p>Right click inside here....</p>

<menu type="context" id="clickmenu">

</body>
</html>

258

HTML
This will produce the following result in Firefox browser only:
Right-click inside here....

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <menuitem> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
checked

Value

Description

checked

defines that a menuitem should be checked

default

a menuitem is marked as a default command

disabled

disables a menuitem and cannot be clicked

icon

url

defines an icon for a menuitem

label

text

defines a name for a menuitem which is displayed

to the user

radiogroup

groupname

defiens a group of commands out of which only one

can be selected

command

checkbox
type

defines type of command for a menuitem default is

command

command
radio

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

No
259

HTML

HTML <meta> tag

Function
The HTML <meta> tag is used for declaring metadata for the HTML document.

Difference between HTML and XHTML

In HTML the <meta> tag has no end tag.
In XHTML the <meta> tag must be properly closed.

Example
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML meta tag</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, meta tag, metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Brief description of the document" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10" />
</head>
<body style="background-color:orange">
Document content goes here

</body>
</html>
For more detail on Meta Tag please go through Meta Tag

Attributes
Attribute

Value

Description

Name

author
description
keywords
generator
revised
others

Name for the property.

content

text

Defines meta information to be associated with http-equiv or

name.

httpequiv

contenttype
expires

Connects the content attribute to an HTTP header.

260

HTML

refresh
set-cookie
scheme

text

Defines a format to be used to interpret the value of the

content attribute.

Standard Attributes
Attribute

Description

dir

Specifies the direction of the text

lang

Sets the language code.

xml:lang

Sets the language code.

HTML <meter> Tag

Description
The HTML <meter> tag specifies a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge).

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML meter Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<meter value="7" min="0" max="10">2 out of
10</meter><br /> <p>gauge value can be seen here</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
gauge value can be seen here

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

261

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <meter> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

form

form_id

Specifies one or more forms.

high

number

Specifies high value range.

low

number

Specifies low value range.

max

number

Specifies the maximum value of the range

min

number

Specifies the minimum value of the range

optimum

number

Specifies the optimal value.

value

number

Specifies current value of the gauge - Required.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in

- HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
No

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
No

HTML <multicol> tag

Function
The HTML <multicol> tag is used to create multiple columns of text and lets you control
the size and number of the columns.
The <multicol> tag can contain any other HTML content, much like the <div> tag. All of
the content within the <multicol> tag is displayed just like conventional content, except
that Netscape 4 places the contents into multiple columns instead of just one.
This tag is supported by Netscape 3 and higher versions only.
262

HTML

Difference between HTML and XHTML

NONE

Example
Following example will create a three columns layout in Netscape 4.
<h1>Breaking
News</h1> <multicol
cols=3>

<p>State media said more than 2,000 soldiers, police and miners closed the
breach in the dike in Shandong province early Sunday and installed pipes and five
high-speed pumps, but gave no indication if there were any signs of life.<p>
<p>The Huayuan Mining Co. mine flooded on Friday afternoon when the Wen river
burst a dike, sending water pouring into a shaft and trapping 172 miners, Xinhua
and state television said.<p>
</multicol>

Attributes
Attribute

Value

Description

cols

specifies the number of text columns for the text display. The
browser attempts to flow elements evenly across the columns to
number make each column be about the same height. Unless the WIDTH
attribute is present, column width is adjusted to fill the available
width.

gutter

number specifies the distance between each column in pixels.

width

specifies the width of each column in pixels. All columns are the
number same width. If this attribute is not present, its value is calculated
from the gutter width and the number of columns.

Standard Attributes
Attribute

Description

class

Document wide identifier

dir

Specifies the direction of the text

Document wide identifier

style

Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet.

263

HTML

lang

Sets the language code.

xml:lang

Sets the language code.

HTML <nav> Tag

Description
The HTML <nav> tag specifies a section that contains only navigation links.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Nav Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Database
Tutorials:</p> <nav>
<a href="dbms/index.htm">DBMS</a> |
<a
href="mongodb/index.htm">MongoDB</a>
| <a href="mysql/index.htm">MySQL</a> |
<a href="plsql/index.htm">PL/SQL</a> |
<a href="sql/index.htm">SQL</a>
</nav>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Database Tutorials:

DBMS | MongoDB | MySQL | PL/SQL | SQL

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
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HTML

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <nobr> Tag

Description
The HTML <nobr> tag is used to instruct the browser not to break the specified text
(such as the usual line wrap that occurs at the right edge of the browser window).
This is used with the <wbr> tag, <wbr> advises the extended browser when it may insert a
line break in an otherwise nonbreakable sequence of text. Unlike the <br> tag, which always
causes a line break, even within a <nobr>- tagged segment, the <wbr> tag works only when
placed inside a <nobr>- tagged content segment and causes a line break only if the current
line has already extended beyond the browser's display window margins.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML nobr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<nobr>
This is a very long sequence of text that is
forced to be on a single line, even if doing so causes
<wbr />
the browser to extend the document window beyond the
size of the viewing pane and the poor user must scroll right <wbr
/>
to read the entire line.
</nobr>
</body>
</html>
This is a very long sequence of text that is forced to be on a single line, even if doing so
causes the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane
and the poor user must scroll right to read the entire line.
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HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

HTML <noembed> Tag

Description
The HTML <noembed> tag is used to handle browsers which do not support the
<embed> tag. The <noembed> tag makes it easy to supply alternative content that tells
users what they are missing.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML noembed
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<embed src="/html/yourfile.swf" width="200" height="200" >
<noembed><img src="yourimage.gif" alt="Alternative Media"
></noembed> </embed>
</body>
</html>
The message inside <noembed> tag will appear only when your browser does not
support <embed> tag. So based on your browser it will display following result:

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

266

HTML

HTML <noframes> Tag

Description
The HTML <noframes> tag is used to handle the browsers which do not support
<frame> tag. This tag is used to display alternate text message.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML noframes Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame
name="menu_page"
src="/html/main.htm"

src="/html/menu.htm"
/>

<frame

name="main_page"

<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result,refer the image given below. The left frame is
menu.htm and the right one is main.htm. If the browser doesn't support frames, it will
display the message "Your browser does not support frames."

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HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <noscript> Tag

Description
The HTML <noscript> tag is used to handle the browsers which do recognize <script>
tag but do not support scripting. This tag is used to display alternate text message.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML noscript Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/JavaScript">

<!-document.write("Hello JavaScript!")

-->
</script>
<noscript
>
Your browser does not support JavaScript!
</noscript>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result, browser that doesn't support will show the text
under <noscript> tag as output ie. "Your browser does not support JavaScript!".
Hello JavaScript!
268

HTML

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <object> Tag

Description
The HTML <object> tag is used to embed multimedia in an HTML document. The
<param> tag is also used along with this tag to define various parameters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML object Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<object data="data/test.htm" type="text/html" width="300" height="200">
alt : <a href="data/test.htm">test.htm</a>
</object>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

alt : test.htm

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description
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HTML

align

left
right
top
bottom

Defines visual alignment of the object

A space separated list of URL's to archives.

border

pixels

Specifies border width around the object

classid

Class ID

Defines a class ID value as set in the Windows

Registry or a URL.

codebase

URL

Specifies the path where object code is located.

codetype

mime type

The internet media type of the code referred to by

the classid attribute.

data

URL

Specifies the URL for Object data.

declare

Defines that the object should only be declared, not

created or instantiated until needed.

height

pixels

Specifies the hight of the object.

hspace

pixels

Specifies the horizontal space around the object.

name

object
name

Specifies a unique name for the object

standby

text

Defines a text to display while the object is loading.

type

mime type

Defines the MIME type of data specified in the data

attribute.

usemap

URL

Specifies a URL of a client-side image map to be

used with the object

vspace

pixels

Specifies the vertical space around the object.

width

pixels

Specifies the width of the object.

Event Attributes
270

HTML
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <ol> Tag

Description
The HTML <ol> tag is used for creating an ordered list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML ol Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>ol - ordered list</li> <li>ul
- unordered list</li> <li>dir directory list</li> <li>menu menu list</li> </ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

ol - ordered list
ul - unordered list
dir - directory list
menu - menu list

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference
271

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ol> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

compact

autofocus

Defines if compact rendering is required.

reversed

Specifies the order of the list (descending).

start

number

Specifies the initial number to start the list.

type

A
a
I
i
1

Specifies the style of the list.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML <optgroup> Tag

Description
The HTML <optgroup> tag is used for grouping related options within your select list.
This makes it easier for users to comprehend their choices when looking at a large list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML optgroup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
272

HTML

<select>
<optgroup label="India">
value
<option ="mumbai">Mumbai</option>
<option value ="delhi">Delhi</option>
</optgroup>
<optgroup label="USA">
<option value ="florida">Florida</option>
value ="newyork">New
<option York</option>
</optgroup>
</select>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <optgroup> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

disabled

Disables the input control. The button won't accept

changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

label

text

Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

273

HTML

HTML <option> Tag

Description
The HTML <option> tag is used within a form for defining options in the drop-down list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML option Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post">
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Java"
selected>Maths</option> <option
value="Ruby">Physics</option> </select>
<input type="submit"
value="Submit" /> </form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Java

Submit

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <option> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

disabled

Value

disabled

Description
Disables the input control. The button won't accept
changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

274

HTML

label

text

Defines a label to use when using <optgroup>.

selected

Defines the default option to be selected when page

loads.

value

text

Specifies the value of the option to be sent to the

server.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML <output> Tag

Description
The HTML <output> tag specifies the result of a calculation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Output Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form
oninput="sumresult.value=parseInt(z1.value)+parseInt(z2.value)+parseInt(z3.valu
e)">
<input type="range" name="z1" value="0" /> +
<input type="number" name="z2" value="20" /> +
<input type="number" name="z3" value="40"
/><br /> The output is: <output
name="sumresult"></output>
275

HTML

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <output> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

for

List of IDs of other elements, i.e it indicates the

elements who have contributed input value to the
calculation.

form

Enables to place output elements anywhere within a

document.

name

It is the name of the element.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <p> Tag

Description
276

HTML
The HTML <p> tag defines a paragraph of text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML p Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This paragraph is defined using the HTML p tag

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <p> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

align

Value

Description

left
right
center
justify

Specifies text alignment within a paragraph.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

277

HTML

HTML <param> Tag

Description
The HTML <param> tag is used for passing parameters to an embedded object using
<object> tag.

Example
You can specify some parameters related to the document with the tag. Here is an
example to embed a wav file:
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML param Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<object title="Test Object." classid="java.class">
<param name="audio" value="music.wav" />
<param name="width"
value="600" /> <param
name="height" value="400" />
</object>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <param> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
name

Value
parameter type

Description
Defines a unique name for the parameter.

278

HTML

type

MIME type

Specifies the internet media type for the parameter.

value

Specifies the value of the parameter.

valuetype

data
ref
object

Specifies the MIME type of the value.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <plaintext> Tag

Description
The HTML <plaintext> tag is used to render all text in the document exactly as it was
typed in, including all tags and even the document tags.
This tag ignores all formatting for the rest of the document, displaying all text exactly as
is. It cannot be stopped, it cannot be turned off. It is deprecated because it messes up
the balance of the document tags.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML plaintext Tag</title>
</head>
<body>

</body>
279

HTML

</html>

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.
Chrome
No

Firefox
No

IE
No

Opera
No

Safari
No

Android
No

HTML <pre> Tag

Description
The HTML <pre> tag is used for indicating preformatted text. The code tag surrounds
the code being marked up.
Browsers normally render pre text in a fixed-pitched font, with whitespace in tact, and
without word wrap.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML pre Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
This text is
in a fixed-pitch
font, and it preserves
both

spaces and line breaks

</pre>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

This text is
in a fixed-pitch
280

HTML

font, and it preserves

both

spaces and line breaks

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <pre> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
width

Value

Description

number

Deprecated: It specifies the desired width of the

pre-formatted text.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML Progress Tag

Description
The HTML <progress> tag specifies a completion progress of a task. It is displayed as a
progress bar. The value of progressbar can be manipulated by JavaScript.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Progress Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Student's Intelligence level</h1>
281

HTML

<progress value="20" max="100"/>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Student's Intelligence Level

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <progress> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

max

It should have a value greater than zero and a valid

floating point number.

value

Specifies how much of the task that has been

completed. It should be a floating point number
between 0 and max or 0 and 1 if max is omitted.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <q> Tag

Description
The HTML <q> tag is used for indicating short quotations (i.e. quotations that span
multiple lines).
282

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML q Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Here comes a short quotation: <q> here is a short quotation </q>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Here comes a short quotation: here is a short quotation

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <q> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
cite

Value

Description

URL

URL of the quote, if it is taken from the web.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML Rp Tag
Description
The HTML <rp> tag specifies to show browsers that do not support the ruby annotations.
Ruby Annotations are used in East Asian typography.
283

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Rp Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ruby>
<rp>(</rp><rt>Kan</rt><rp>)</rp>
<rp>(</rp><rt>ji</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Kanji

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Not
Supported

IE
Yes

Opera
Not
Supported

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML Rt Tag
Description
The HTML <rt> tag is used for pronunciation of character in ruby annotations. These are
for showing pronunciation of East Asian characters.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
284

HTML

This will produce the following result:

Kanji

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Not
Supported

IE
Yes

Opera
Not
Supported

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML Ruby Tag

Description
The HTML <ruby> tag specifies ruby annotations which are for East Asian characters
pronunciation.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
285

HTML

<head>
<title>HTML Ruby Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<ruby>
<rp>(</rp><rt>This is it</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is it

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Not
Supported

IE
Yes

Opera
Not
Supported

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <strike> Tag

Description
The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del>
should be used instead.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML strike Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
286

HTML

The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the text .
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

HTML Phrase Elements

Function
Phrase elements add structural information to text fragments. The usual meanings of
phrase elements are following:
<abbr>

Indicates an abbreviated form like pvt. inc. etc.

Indicates an acronym (e.g., WAC, radar, etc.).

<em>

Indicates emphasis.

Indicates stronger emphasis.

<cite>

Contains a citation or a reference to other sources.

<dfn>

Indicates that this is the defining instance of the enclosed term.

<code>

Designates a fragment of computer code.

<samp>

Designates sample output from programs, scripts, etc.

<kbd>

Indicates text to be entered by the user.

<var>

Indicates an instance of a variable or program argument.

Difference between HTML and XHTML

NONE

Example
<abbr>pvt. or inc.</abbr><br />
287

HTML

<acronym>HTML</acronym><br />
<cite>Citation</cite><br />
<em>Emphasized text</em><br />
<strong>Strong text</strong><br />
<dfn>Definition term</dfn><br />
<code>Computer code text</code><br
/>
<samp>Sample computer code
text</samp><br /> <kbd>Keyboard
text</kbd><br /> <var>Variable</var><br />

This will produce following result:

pvt.
HTML
Citation
Emphasized
Strong
Definition
Computer
Sample
Keyboard
Variable

inc.

code

computer

code

text
text
term
text
text
text

Online Practice
To Become more comfortable -

Do Online Practice

Standard Attributes
Attribute

Description

class

Document wide identifier

dir

Specifies the direction of the text

Document wide identifier

title

Specifies a title to associate with the element.

288

HTML

style

Helps to include inline casecadubf style sheet.

lang

Sets the language code.

Event Attributes
Attribute

Description

onclick

Script runs when a mouse click

ondblclick

Script runs when a mouse double-click

onmousedown

Script runs when mouse button is pressed

onmouseup

Script runs when mouse button is released

onmouseover

Script runs when mouse pointer moves over an element

onmousemove

Script runs when mouse pointer moves

onmouseout

Script runs when mouse pointer moves out of an element

onkeypress

Script runs when key is pressed and released

onkeydown

Script runs when key is pressed

onkeyup

Script runs when key is released

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <script> Tag

Description
289

HTML
The HTML <script> tag is used for declaring a script (such as JavaScript) within your
HTML document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/JavaScript">

document.write("You're visiting tutorialspoint!")

</script>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
You're visiting tutorialspoint!
For more detail on <script> tag please check HTML Scripts chapter.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <script> tag also supports the following
Attribute

Value

additional attributes:
Description

async

sync

Specifies that the script is executed

asynchronously.

charset

Defines the character encoding that

the script uses.

290

HTML

defer

Declares that the script will not

generate any content. Therefore,
the browser/user agent
can
continue parsing and rendering the
rest of the page.

src

URL

Specifies a URI/URL of an external

script.

type

text/JavaScript
application/ecmascript
application/JavaScript
text/vbscript

Specifies the scripting language as

a content-type (MIME type).

preserve

Deprecatedwhitespace in
preserved

xml:space

Whether
code should

the
be

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML Section Tag

Description
The HTML <section> tag specifies a section in a document.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Section Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<section>
291

HTML

<h1>Java</h1>
<h3>Inheritance</h3>
<p>Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass.</p>
</section>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Java
Inheritance
Inheritance defines the relationship between superclass and subclass.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <select> Tag

Description
The HTML <select> tag is used within a form for defining a select list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
292

HTML

<title>HTML select Tag</title>

</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/dropdown.cgi" method="post">
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Data Structures" selected>Data Structures</option>
<option value="Data Mining">Data Mining</option>
</select>
<input type="submit"
value="Submit" /> </form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Submit

Data Structures

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <select> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

autofocus

Specifies that on page load the drop-down list

should automatically get focus.

disabled

Disables the input control. The button won't accept

changes from the user. It also cannot receive focus
and will be skipped when tabbing.

form

form_id

Specifies one or more forms.

multiple

When set, it specifies that multiple items can be

selected at a time

name

Assigns a name to the input control.

293

HTML

required

Before submitting the form the user is required to

select a value, else it won't proceed ahead.

size

number

Defines the number of visible items in the dropdown list

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <spacer> Tag

Description
The HTML <spacer> tag specifies a whitespace.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML spacer Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Create some space <spacer type="block" width="50" /> here.
</body>
</html>
<spacer> tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only. This will produce the
following result:
Create some space here.

Global Attributes
294

HTML

This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <object> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

Attribute

Value

Description

vertical
horizontal
block

The type attribute is used to specify whether the spacer

will be horizontal, vertical, or block.

size

number

Specifies the number of pixels tall or wide the spacer will

be This attribute is only used if the spacer type is
"horizontal" or "vertical." If the spacer type is "block," then
the width attribute is used.

width

number

The width attribute is used when the spacer type="block".

Between the quotes specify a pixel value for the width of
the block.

height

number

The height attribute is used when the spacer

type="block". Between the quotes specify a pixel value
for the height of the block.

align

left
right
center

The align tag is used to specify the alignment of the block

of white space. Valid alignments are left, right, and
center.

type

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
This tag is available in Netscape 4 and higher version only.

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

295

HTML

HTML <small> Tag

Description
The HTML <small> tag makes the font size one size smaller.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML small Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>www.tutorialspoint.com</h2>
<p><small> Simply Easy
Learning</small></p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

www.tutorialspoint.com
Simply Easy Learning

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <dialog> tag

Description
296

HTML
The HTML <source> tag is used for defining multimedia resources for <audio> and
<video> elements. The browser can make a choice from the source based on media type
and codec support.
<!Doctype
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML source Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<audio controls>
<source src = "yourfile.mp3">
<p>The browser doesnot support the file</p>
</audio>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <source> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

media

media_query

defines the type of media resource

src

URL

URL of the media file

type

media_type

media type of media resource

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
297

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes (4.0)

Firefox
Yes (3.5)

IE
Yes (9)

Opera
Yes (10.5)

Safari
Yes (4.0)

Android
No

HTML <span> Tag

Description
The HTML <span> tag is used for grouping and applying styles to inline elements.
There is a difference between the span tag and the div tag. The span tag is used with
inline elements whilst the div tag is used with block-level content.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph <span style="color:#FF0000;">
This is a paragraph</span>
This is a paragraph</p>
<p><span style="color:#8866ff;">
This is another
paragraph</span></p> </body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

This is a paragraph This is a paragraph This is a paragraph

This is another paragraph

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
298

HTML
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML <strike> Tag

Description
The HTML <strike> tag specifies strikethrough text. This tag is deprecated now, <del>
should be used instead.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML strike Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
The HTML strike tag renders a <strike>strike</strike> through the middle of the text .
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The HTML strike tag renders a strike through the middle of the text.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support

299

HTML

Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <style> tag

Function
300

HTML

The HTML <style> tag is used for declaring style sheets within the head of your HTML
document.

Difference between HTML and XHTML:

NONE

Example
<head>
<style type="text/css">
h1 { color:#F1F1F1 }
</style>
</head>

For more detail on <style> tag please check HTML Styles chapter.

Online Practice
To Become more comfortable - Do Online Practice

Attributes
Attribute

Value

Description

type

text/css

Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME type).

media

screen
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all

Standard Attributes
Attribute

Description

dir

Specifies the direction of the text

Document wide identifier

lang

Sets the language code.

301

HTML

xml:space

Sets the language code.

HTML <sub> Tag

Description
The HTML <sub> tag is used for defining subscript text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML sub Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Value of y<sub>1</sub> - y<sub>3</sub> = 17
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Value of y1 - y3 = 17

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML Summary Tag

Description
The HTML <summary> tag specifies a summary, caption or legend for a given details. 302

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML Summary
Tag</title> </head>
<body>
<details>
<summary>Some details</summary>
<p>Provide more info about the details here.</p>
</details>
</section>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Some details

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Not
Supported

Opera

Safari

Not
Supported

Android

Yes

HTML <sup> Tag

Description
The HTML <sup> tag is used for defining superscript text.

Example
303

HTML

<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML sup Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
Value of 5<sup>2</sup> + 3<sup>3</sup> = 52
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

Value of 52 + 33 = 52

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <table> Tag

Description
The HTML <table> tag is used for defining a table. The table tag contains other tags that
define the structure of the table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
304

HTML

This will produce the following result:

Team

Ranking

India

South Africa

Australia

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in

- HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <table> tag also supports the following additional attributes:

305

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

abbr

abbreviated_text

Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of

the content in a cell.

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#hexcode
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the

table.

border

pixels

Deprecated-Specifies the border width. A value of

"0" means no border.

cellpadding

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the space between the cell

borders and their contents.

cellspacing

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the space between cells.

frame

void
above
below
hsides
lhs
rhs
vsides
box
border

Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border

attribute, specifies which side of the frame that
makes up the border surrounding the table is
displayed.

rules

none
groups
rows
cols
all

Deprecated-Used in conjunction with the border

attribute, specifies which rules appear between the
cells of the table.

summary

text

Deprecated-Specifies the summary of the content.

width

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table.

Event Attributes
306

HTML

This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

HTML <tbody> Tag

Description
The HTML <tbody> tag is used in adding a body to a table. The tbody tag is used in
conjunction with the thead tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML tbody Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table style="width:100%"
border="1"> <thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
307

HTML

<td>Cell
2</td>
<td>Cell
3</td>
<td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell
1</td>
<td>Cell
2</td>
<td>Cell
3</td>
<td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference
308

HTML

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tbody> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char"

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <td> Tag

Description
The HTML <td> tag is used for specifying a cell or table data within a table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
309

HTML

<head>
<title>HTML td Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table
border="1">
<tr>
<th>Subject</th>
<th>Topic</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Java</td>
<td>Threading</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C++</td>
<td>Virtual Functions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Linux</td>
<td>File
Systems</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Subject

Topic

Java

Threading

C++

Virtual Functions

Linux

File Systems

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes

The HTML <td> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
310

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

abbr

abbreviated_text

Deprecated-Specifies
the content in a cell.

an abbreviated version of

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

axis

name

Deprecated-Specifies a category for this td. This

can potentially be used to perform queries against
the table data and can be beneficial in the context
of a speech browser.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#hexcode
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the

table cell.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char"

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either

in pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

colspan

number

Specifies the number of columns the current cell

spans across.

header

Specifies a space-separated list of header cells

that contain information about this cell. The value
needs to correspond with the id of the header cell
(which is set using the id attribute). This attribute
is useful for non-visual browsers.

height

pixels

Deprecated-Specifies the height of the table cell.

nowrap

Deprecated-Prevents
wrapping.

rowspan

numbers

Specifies the number of rows the current cell spans

across.

text

from

automatically

311

HTML

col
scope

Deprecated-This attribute is used on header cells

colgroup<
row
rowgroup

and specifies the cells that will use this header's

information.

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

width

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the width of the table cell

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML textarea Tag

Description
The HTML <textarea> tag is used within a form to declare a textarea element - a control
that allows the user to input text over multiple rows.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML textarea Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.cgi" method="get">
Fill the Detail: <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50"
name="description"> Enter your name
312

HTML

</textarea>
<input type="submit" value="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Fill the Detail:

submit

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <textarea> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

autofocus

Specifies that on page load the text area should

automatically get focus.

cols

number

Specifies the width of the textarea based on the

number of visible character widths.

disabled

Specifies the width of the textarea based on the

number of visible character widths.

form

form_id

Specifies one or more forms.

maxlength

number

Specifies the maximum number of characters in

textarea.

name

text

Assigns a name to the input control.

313

HTML

placeholder

text

Specifies a short hint of the value in textarea.

readonly

Sets the input control to read-only. It won't

allow the user to change the value. The control
however, can receive focus and are included
when tabbing through the form controls.

required

Specifies that a textarea is required

rows

number

Specifies the height of the textarea based on

the number of visible lines of text. If there's
more text than this allows, users can scroll
using the textarea's scrollbars.

wrap

hard
soft

Specifies the text to be wrapped in textarea.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <tfoot> Tag

Description
The HTML <tfoot> tag is used in adding a footer to a table. The tfoot tag is used in
conjunction with the tbody tag and the thead tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML tfoot Tag</title>
</head>
314

HTML

<body>
<table style="width:100%"
border="1"> <thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell
1</td>
<td>Cell
2</td>
<td>Cell
3</td>
<td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell
1</td>
<td>Cell
2</td>
<td>Cell
3</td>
<td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...

</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
315

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:

...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tfoot> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char"

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

Event Attributes
316

HTML

This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <th> Tag

Description
The HTML <th> tag is used for specifying a header cell or table header within a table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML th Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table
border="1">
<tr>
<th>ID</th>
<th>Product
Details</th> </tr>
<tr>
<td>00L1</td>
<td>i3, 500gb
laptop</td> </tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Product
Details

317

HTML

500gb
00L1 i3,
laptop

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <th> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

abbr

abbreviated_text

Deprecated-Specifies an abbreviated version of

the content in a header cell.

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Content alignment in header cell.

axis

name

Deprecated-Specifies a category for this th.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#hexcode
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the

header cell.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char"

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either

in pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

colspan

number

Specifies the number of columns the header cell

spans across.

headers

Specifies one or more header cells a cell is related

to.

height

pixels

Deprecated-Specifies the height of the header cell.

318

HTML

nowrap

Deprecated-Prevents
wrapping.

text

from

automatically

rowspan

numbers

Specifies the number of rows the header cell spans

across.

scope

col
colgroup
row
rowgroup

This attribute is used on header cells and specifies

the cells that will use this header's information.

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

width

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies the width of the header cell

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <thead> Tag

Description
The HTML <thead> tag is used in adding a header to a table. The thead tag is used in
conjunction with the tbody tag and the tfoot tag in determining each part of the table
(header, footer, body).

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML thead Tag</title>
</head>
319

HTML

</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
320

HTML

</html>
This will produce the following result:
...more rows here containing four cells... ...more rows here containing four cells...
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Cell 1

Cell 2

Cell 3

Cell 4

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <thead> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char"

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char"

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
321

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera

Safari

Yes

Android
Yes

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <time> tag also supports the following additional attributes :
Attribute
datetime

Value
datetime

Description
it is machine readable date time

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference
322

HTML

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes (6.0)

Yes (4.0)

Yes (9.0)

Yes (11.1)

Yes (5.0)

HTML <title> Tag

Description
The HTML <title> tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. The body
title is placed between the and the tags.
HTML document title is visible via browsers title bar.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title comes here</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML
document title is visible via browsers title bar.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
title tag is used for indicating the title of the HTML document. HTML document title is
visible via browsers title bar.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

323

HTML

HTML <tr> Tag

Description
The HTML <tr> tag is used for specifying a table row within a table.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML tr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<table
border="1">
<tr>
<th>Cricketers</th>
<th>Ranking</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>M.S
Dhoni</td>
<td>1</td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>Yuvraj
Singh</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Virat Kohli</td>
<td>3</td>

</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Cricketers Ranking
M.S Dhoni

324

HTML

Yuvraj Singh 2
Virat Kohli

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <tr> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

align

right
left
center
justify
char

Deprecated-Visual alignment.

bgcolor

rgb(x,x,x)
#hexcode
colorname

Deprecated-Specifies the background color of the

table cell.

char

character

Deprecated-Specifies which character to align text

on. Used when align="char".

charoff

pixels or %

Deprecated-Specifies an alignment offset (either in

pixels or percentage value) against the first
character as specified with the char attribute. Used
when align="char".

valign

top
middle
bottom
baseline

Deprecated-Vertical alignment.

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

325

HTML

Yes

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <track> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute
default

Value
default

Description
uses the default track

captions
kind

chapters

kind of track to be used

descriptions
326

HTML

metadata
subtitles
label

text

displays title of text track

src

URL

URL of track file

srclang class="inline"

language_code

specifies language of the text

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <tt> Tag

Description
The HTML <tt> tag specifies teletype text. This is not supported in HTML5.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML tt Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>tutorialspoint</p>
<tt>learning website</tt>
</body>
</html>
327

HTML
This will produce the following result:
tutorialspoint
learning website

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <u> Tag

Description
The HTML <u> tag is used to underline a text. This tag is deprecated now and should
not be used.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML u Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<u>tutorialspoint.com</u> was started by <b>Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim,</b> in
the year 2006.
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
328

HTML

tutorialspoint.com was started by Mr. Mohammad Mohtashim, in the year 2006.

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <ul> Tag

Description
The HTML <ul> tag is used for creating an unordered list.

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML ul Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Sports Club
Games</p> <ul>
<li>Cricket</li>
<li>Football</li>
<li>Hockey</li>
<li>Badminton</li>
329

HTML

<li>Squash</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Sports Club Games
Cricket
Football
Hockey
Badminton
Squash

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <ul> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
Attribute

Value

Description

type

disc
circle
square

Deprecated-Specifies the style of the bullet.

compact

Deprecated-Defines
required.

compact

rendering

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Android

Yes

330

HTML

HTML <var> Tag

Description
The HTML <var> tag is used to format text in a document. It can include a variable in a
mathematical expression.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML var Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p> The equations: <var>3x</var> - <var>7z</var> = <var>8y</var> + 2
and <var>x</var> + <var>3z</var> = <var>4y</var> + 9 </p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The equations: 3x - 7z = 8y + 2 and x + 3z = 4y + 9

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome
Yes

Firefox
Yes

IE
Yes

Opera
Yes

Safari
Yes

Android
Yes

HTML <video> Tag

Description
The HTML <video> tag is used to embed video into your web page, it has several video
sources.
331

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>HTML video Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Run your first program using an Online Compiler
(compileonline.com)</p><br />
<video width="500" height="300" controls>
<source src="/html/compileonline.mp4" type="video/mp4">
This browser doesn't support video tag.

</video>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Specific Attributes
The HTML <video> tag also supports the following additional attributes:
332

HTML

Attribute

Value

Description

autoplay

Specifies that the video will play automatically.

controls

Specifies that the video controls gets displayed.

height

pixels

Specifies the height

loop

Specifies that the video will start again every time

after finish

muted

Specifies that the audio should be muted

poster

URL

Specifies the image to be shown while the video is

downloading.

preload

auto
metadata
none

Specifies what author thinks will lead to user

experience at its best.

src

URL

Specifies the URL

width

pixels

Specifies the width

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Yes

Firefox

Yes

Opera

Yes

Safari

Yes

Mobile

Yes

HTML <wbr> Tag

Description
The HTML <wbr> tag defines a potential line break point if needed. This stands for Word
Break Opportunity.
333

HTML

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML wbr Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<wbr />
the browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane
and the poor user must scroll right
<wbr />
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

The browser to extend the document window beyond the size of the viewing pane and the poor
user must scroll right

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Event Attributes
This tag supports all the event attributes described in - HTML Events Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

HTML <xmp> Tag

Description
The HTML <xmp> tag specifies preformatted text.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
334

HTML

<html>
<head>
<title>HTML xmp Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
HTML tags include <b> for bold text, <i> for italic text.
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

HTML tags include

<b> for bold text</b>, <i> for italic text.</i>

Global Attributes
This tag supports all the global attributes described in - HTML Attribute Reference

Browser Support
Chrome

Firefox

Opera

Safari

Android

Yes

335

29. HTML ATTRIBUTE

REFERENCE HTML

There are few HTML attributes which are standard and associated to all the HTML tags.
These attributes are listed here with a brief description.

Global Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.
Attribute

HTML-5

Description

accesskey

Specifies a shortcut key for an element to be used in

place of keyboard.

class

The class of the element

contenteditable

Yes

Boolean attribute to specify whether the element is

editable or not.

contextmenu

Yes

Specifies a context menu for an element.

data-*

Yes

Used to store custom data associated with the element.

draggable

Yes

Boolean attribute to specify whether the element can

be dragged or not.

dropzone

Yes

Specifies whether the dragged data is copied, moved,

or linked, when dropped.

hidden

Yes

Specifies whether element should be visible or not.

id
spellcheck

A unique id for the element

Yes

Specifies if the element must have it's spelling or

grammar checked.

style

An inline style definition

tabindex

Specifies the tab order of an element.

336

HTML

title
translate

A text to display in a tool tip

Yes

Boolean attribute specifies whether the content of an

element should be translated or not

Language Attributes
The lang attribute indicates the language being used for the enclosed content. The
language is identified using the ISO standard language abbreviations, such as fr for
French,en for English, and so on.
RFC 1766 (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1766.txt) describes these codes and their formats.
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.
Attribute

Value

Description

dir

ltr | rtl

Sets the text direction

lang

language_code

Sets the language code

337

30. HTML EVENTS

REFERENCE

HTML

When users visit your website, they do things like click various links, bring mouse over
text and images etc. These are examples of what we call events in JavaScript and
VBScript terminologies.
We can write our event handlers using JavaScript or VBScript and can specify some
actions to be taken against these events. Though these are the events but they will be
specified as attributes for the HTML tags.
The HTML 4.01 specification had defined 19 events but later HTML-5 has added many
other events which we have listed down here:

Window Events Attributes

Following events have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with

are part of HTML-5.

Events

HTML-5

Description

onafterprint

Triggers after a document is printed

onbeforeprint

Triggers before a document is printed

onbeforeonload

Triggers before a document loads

onerror

Triggers when an error occurs

onhaschange

Triggers when a document has changed

onload

Triggers when a document loads

onmessage

Triggers when a message is triggered

onoffline

Triggers when a document goes offline

ononline

Triggers when a document comes online

onpagehide

Triggers when a window is hidden

338

HTML

onpageshow

Triggers when a window becomes visible

onpopstate

Triggers when a window's history changes

onredo

Triggers when a document performs a redo

onresize

Triggers when a window is resized

onstorage

Triggers when a document loads

onundo

Triggers when a document performs an undo

onunload

Triggers when a user leaves the document

Form Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with

are part of HTML-5.

Events

HTML-5

Description

onblur

Triggers when a window loses focus

onchange

Triggers when an element changes

oncontextmenu

Triggers when a context menu is triggered

onfocus

Triggers when a window gets focus

onformchange

Triggers when a form changes

onforminput

Triggers when a form gets user input

oninput

Triggers when an element gets user input

oninvalid

Triggers when an element is invalid

onreset

Triggers when a form is reset

339

HTML

onselect

Triggers when an element is selected

onsubmit

Triggers when a form is submitted

Keyboard Events
Events

HTML-5

Description

onkeydown

Triggers when a key is pressed

onkeypress

Triggers when a key is pressed and released

onkeyup

Triggers when a key is released

Mouse Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with

are part of HTML-5.

Events

HTML-5

Description

onclick

Triggers on a mouse click

ondblclick

Triggers on a mouse double-click

ondrag

Triggers when an element is dragged

ondragend

Triggers at the end of a drag operation

ondragenter

Triggers when an element has been dragged to a valid drop

target

ondragleave

Triggers when an element leaves a valid drop target

ondragover

Triggers when an element is being dragged over a valid

drop target

340

HTML

ondragstart

Triggers at the start of a drag operation

ondrop

Triggers when a dragged element is being dropped

onmousedown

Triggers when a mouse button is pressed

onmousemove

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves

onmouseout

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves out of an element

onmouseover

Triggers when the mouse pointer moves over an element

onmouseup

Triggers when a mouse button is released

onmousewheel

Triggers when the mouse wheel is being rotated

onscroll

Triggers when an element's scrollbar is being scrolled

Media Events
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked
with

are part of HTML-5.

Events

HTML-5

Description

onabort

Triggers on an abort event

oncanplay

Triggers when a media can start play, but might has

to stop for buffering

oncanplaythrough

Triggers when a media can be played to the end,

without stopping for buffering

ondurationchange

Triggers when the length of a media is changed

onemptied

Triggers when a media resource element suddenly

becomes empty.

onended

Triggers when a media has reached the end

341

HTML

onerror

Triggers when an error occurs

onloadeddata

Triggers when media data is loaded

onloadedmetadata

Triggers when the duration and other media data of a

media element is loaded

onloadstart

Triggers when the browser starts loading the media

data

onpause

Triggers when media data is paused

onplay

Triggers when media data is going to start playing

onplaying

Triggers when media data has started playing

onprogress

Triggers when the browser is fetching the media data

onratechange

Triggers when the playing rate of media data has

changed

onreadystatechange

Triggers when the ready-state changes

onseeked

Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media

element is no longer true, and the seeking has ended

onseeking

Triggers when the seeking attribute of a media

element is true, and the seeking has begun

onstalled

Triggers when there is an error in fetching media data

onsuspend

Triggers when the browser has been fetching media

data, but stopped before the entire media file was
fetched

ontimeupdate

Triggers when media changes its playing position

onvolumechange

Triggers when a media changes the volume, also

when volume is set to "mute"

342

HTML

onwaiting

Triggers when media has stopped playing, but is

expected to resume

343

31. HTML FONTS

REFERENCE

HTML

Fonts are specific to platform. You will have different look and feel of a web page on
different machines running different operating systems like Windows, Linux or Mac iOS.
Here we are giving a list of fonts which are available in various operating systems.
HTML <font> tag is deprecated in version 4.0 onwards and now all fonts are set by using
CSS. Here is the simple syntax of setting font of a body of web page.
body { font-family: "new century schoolbook"; }

<body style="font-family:new century schoolbook;">

Example
<!DOCTYPE
html> <html>
<head>
<title>Font Setting Using CSS</title>
</head>
<body>

<p>Change any of the style and try it.</p>

<div style="font-family:verdana;">This is demo for font family</div> <br
/>
<div style="font-size:120%;">This is demo for font size</div>
<br />
<div style="font-size:14pt;">This is demo for font size</div>

</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

Change any of the style and try it.

This is demo for font family

344

HTML

This is demo for font size

Fonts for Microsoft Systems

Font

Andale Mono

Arial

Arial Bold

Arial Italic

Arial Bold Italic

Arial Black

Comic Sans MS

Comic Sans MS Bold

Courier New

Courier New Bold

Courier New Italic

Courier New Bold Italic

Georgia

Georgia Bold

Georgia Italic

Georgia Bold Italic

Impact

Lucida Console

Lucida Sans Unicode

Marlett

Minion Web

Symbol

Times New Roman

Times New Roman Bold

Times New Roman Italic

Times
Italic

Trebuchet MS

Trebuchet MS Bold

Trebuchet MS Italic

Trebuchet MS Bold Italic

Verdana

Verdana Bold

Verdana Italic

Verdana Bold Italic

Webdings

New

Roman

Bold Tahoma

You can check example fonts here: Microsoft Fonts Examples. You can also have more
information on Microsoft Fonts at http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts .

345

HTML

Fonts for Macintosh Systems

Following is the list of fonts supported by Macintosh System 7 and higher versions

Font

American Typewriter

Andale Mono

Apple Chancery

Arial

Arial Black

Brush Script

Baskerville

Big Caslon

Comic Sans MS

Copperplate

Courier New

Gill Sans

Futura

Herculanum

Impact

Lucida Grande

Marker Felt

Optima

Trebuchet MS

Verdana

Webdings

Palatino

Symbol

Times

Osaka

Papyrus

Times New Roman

Textile

Zapf Dingbats

Zapfino

Techno

Hoefler Text

Skia

Hoefler Text Ornaments

Capitals

Charcoal

Gadget

Sand

You can check example fonts here: Mac Fonts Examples

346

HTML

Fonts for Unix Systems

Following is the list of fonts supported by most Unix System variants
Font

Font

Charter

Clean

Courier

Fixed

Helvetica

Lucida

Lucida bright

Lucida Typewriter

New Century Schoolbook

Symbol

Terminal

Times

Utopia

You can check example fonts here: Unix Fonts Examples

HTML ASCII Codes

There are 2 = 128 printable characters which can be represented by different 7-BIT
ASCII codes. Another set of characters are not for HTML representation but they are
devised to control hardware.
Following tables list down all the 7-BIT ASCII codes and their equivalent HTML Entity
Codes.
If you want to see equivalent HEX, OCT and extended set of ASCII codes then check
next chapter.

7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters

ASCII Characters

Description

HTML Entity Codes

space

exclamation mark

quotation mark

number sign

dollar sign

percent sign

ampersand

&
347

HTML

apostrophe

left parenthesis

(

right parenthesis

)

asterisk

plus sign

comma

hyphen

period

slash

digit 0

digit 1

digit 2

digit 3

digit 4

digit 5

digit 6

digit 7

digit 8

digit 9

colon

semicolon

;

less-than

equals-to

348

HTML

greater-than

question mark

at sign

uppercase A

uppercase B

uppercase C

uppercase D

uppercase E

uppercase F

uppercase G

uppercase H

uppercase I

uppercase J

uppercase K

uppercase L

uppercase M

uppercase N

uppercase O

uppercase P

uppercase Q

uppercase R

uppercase S

uppercase T

349

HTML

uppercase U

uppercase V

uppercase W

uppercase X

uppercase Y

uppercase Z

left square bracket

[

backslash

right square bracket

]

caret

underscore

grave accent

lowercase a

lowercase b

lowercase c

lowercase d

lowercase e

lowercase f

lowercase g

lowercase h

lowercase i

lowercase j

lowercase k

350

HTML

lowercase l

lowercase m

lowercase n

lowercase o

lowercase p

lowercase q

lowercase r

lowercase s

lowercase t

lowercase u

lowercase v

lowercase w

lowercase x

lowercase y

lowercase z

left curly brace

{

vertical bar

right curly brace

}

tilde

7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters

ASCII Characters

Description

HTML Entity Codes

NUL

null character


351

HTML

SOH

start of header

STX

start of text

ETX

end of text

EOT

end of transmission

ENQ

enquiry

ACK

acknowledge

BEL

bell (ring)

backspace

horizontal tab

line feed

vertical tab

form feed

carriage return

shift out

shift in

DLE

data link escape

DC1

device control 1

DC2

device control 2

352

HTML

DC3

device control 3

DC4

device control 4

NAK

negative acknowledge

SYN

synchronize

ETB

end transmission block

CAN

cancel

end of medium

SUB

substitute

ESC

escape

file separator

group separator

record separator

unit separator

DEL

delete (rubout)

353

32. ASCII TABLE

LOOKUP

HTML

ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. There are 128
standard ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7-digit binary number:
0000000 through 1111111.
Extended ASCII adds an additional 128 characters that vary between computers,
programs and fonts.

7 Bit ASCII Codes

DEC

OCT HEX

BIN

Symbol

HTML Code

Description

000

00000000

NUL

Null char

001

00000001

SOH

Start of Heading

002

00000010

STX

Start of Text

003

00000011

ETX

End of Text

004

00000100

EOT

End of Transmission

005

00000101

ENQ

Enquiry

006

00000110

ACK

Acknowledgment

007

00000111

BEL

Bell

010

00001000

Back Space

011

00001001

Horizontal Tab

012

00001010

Line Feed

013

00001011

Vertical Tab

014

00001100

Form Feed

015

00001101

Carriage Return

016

00001110

Shift Out / X-On

017

00001111

Shift In / X-Off
354

HTML

020 10

00010000 DLE

Data Line Escape

021 11

00010001 DC1

Device Control 1 (oft. XON)

022 12

00010010 DC2

Device Control 2

023 13

00010011 DC3

Device Control 3 (oft. XOFF)

024 14

00010100 DC4

Device Control 4

025 15

00010101 NAK

Negative Acknowledgement

026 16

00010110 SYN

Synchronous Idle

027 17

00010111 ETB

End of Transmit Block

030 18

00011000 CAN

Cancel

031 19

00011001 EM

End of Medium

032 1A

00011010 SUB

Substitute

033 1B

00011011 ESC

Escape

034 1C

00011100 FS

File Separator

035 1D

00011101 GS

Group Separator

036 1E

00011110 RS

Record Separator

037 1F

00011111 US

Unit Separator

040 20

00100000

Space

041 21

00100001 !

Exclamation mark

042 22

00100010 "

Double quotes

043 23

00100011 #

Number

044 24

00100100 $

Dollar

045 25

00100101 %

Procenttecken

046 26

00100110 &

Ampersand

355

HTML

047 27

00100111 '

Single quote

050 28

00101000 (

(

Open parenthesis

051 29

00101001 )

)

Close parenthesis

052 2A

00101010 *

Asterisk

053 2B

00101011 +

Plus

054 2C

00101100 ,

Comma

055 2D

00101101 -

Hyphen

056 2E

00101110 .

Period, dot or full stop

057 2F

00101111 /

Slash or divide

060 30

00110000 0

Zero

061 31

00110001 1

One

062 32

00110010 2

Two

063 33

00110011 3

Three

064 34

00110100 4

Four

065 35

00110101 5

Five

066 36

00110110 6

Six

067 37

00110111 7

Seven

070 38

00111000 8

Eight

071 39

00111001 9

Nine

072 3A

00111010 :

Colon

073 3B

00111011 ;

;

Semicolon

074 3C

00111100 <

Less than

075 3D

00111101 =

Equals

356

HTML

076 3E

00111110 >

Greater than

077 3F

00111111 ?

Question mark

100 40

01000000 @

At symbol

101 41

01000001 A

Uppercase A

102 42

01000010 B

Uppercase B

103 43

01000011 C

Uppercase C

104 44

01000100 D

Uppercase D

105 45

01000101 E

Uppercase E

106 46

01000110 F

Uppercase F

107 47

01000111 G

Uppercase G

110 48

01001000 H

Uppercase H

111 49

01001001 I

Uppercase I

112 4A

01001010 J

Uppercase J

113 4B

01001011 K

Uppercase K

114 4C

01001100 L

Uppercase L

115 4D

01001101 M

Uppercase M

116 4E

01001110 N

Uppercase N

117 4F

01001111 O

Uppercase O

120 50

01010000 P

Uppercase P

121 51

01010001 Q

Uppercase Q

122 52

01010010 R

Uppercase R

123 53

01010011 S

Uppercase S

124 54

01010100 T

Uppercase T

357

HTML

125 55

01010101 U

Uppercase U

126 56

01010110 V

Uppercase V

127 57

01010111 W

Uppercase W

130 58

01011000 X

Uppercase X

131 59

01011001 Y

Uppercase Y

132 5A

01011010 Z

Uppercase Z

133 5B

01011011 [

[

Opening bracket

134 5C

01011100 \

Backslash

135 5D

01011101 ]

]

Closing bracket

136 5E

01011110 ^

Caret - circumflex

137 5F

01011111 _

Underscore

140 60

01100000 `

Grave accent

141 61

01100001 a

Lowercase a

142 62

01100010 b

Lowercase b

143 63

01100011 c

Lowercase c

100

144 64

01100100 d

Lowercase d

101

145 65

01100101 e

Lowercase e

102

146 66

01100110 f

Lowercase f

103

147 67

01100111 g

Lowercase g

104

150 68

01101000 h

Lowercase h

105

151 69

01101001 i

Lowercase i

106

152 6A

01101010 j

Lowercase j

107

153 6B

01101011 k

Lowercase k

358

HTML

108

154 6C

01101100 l

Lowercase l

109

155 6D

01101101 m

Lowercase m

110

156 6E

01101110 n

Lowercase n

111

157 6F

01101111 o

Lowercase o

112

160 70

01110000 p

Lowercase p

113

161 71

01110001 q

Lowercase q

114

162 72

01110010 r

Lowercase r

115

163 73

01110011 s

Lowercase s

116

164 74

01110100 t

Lowercase t

117

165 75

01110101 u

Lowercase u

118

166 76

01110110 v

Lowercase v

119

167 77

01110111 w

Lowercase w

120

170 78

01111000 x

Lowercase x

121

171 79

01111001 y

Lowercase y

122

172 7A

01111010 z

Lowercase z

123

173 7B

01111011 {

{

Opening brace

124

174 7C

01111100 |

Vertical bar

125

175 7D

01111101 }

}

Closing brace

126

176 7E

01111110 ~

Equivalency sign (tilde)

127

177 7F

01111111

Delete

Extended ASCII Codes

Below is set of additional 128 Extended ASCII Codes according to ISO 8859-1, also
called ISO Latin-1.
359

HTML

DEC OCT HEX

BIN

Symbol HTMLCode

128

200

10000000

129

201

10000001

130

202

131

203

132

Description

Euro sign

10000010

Single low-9 quotation mark

10000011

Latin small letter f with hook

204

10000100

Double low-9 quotation mark

133

205

10000101

Horizontal ellipsis

134

206

10000110

Dagger

135

207

10000111

Double dagger

136

210

10001000

Modifier letter circumflex accent

137

211

10001001

Per mille sign

138

212

10001010

Latin capital letter S with caron

139

213

10001011

Single left-pointing angle quotation

140

214

10001100

Latin capital ligature OE

141

215

10001101

142

216

10001110

Latin capital letter Z with caron

143

217

10001111

144

220

10010000

145

221

10010001

Left single quotation mark

146

222

10010010

Right single quotation mark

147

223

10010011

Left double quotation mark

148

224

10010100

Right double quotation mark

149

225

10010101

Bullet

360

HTML

150

226 96

10010110

En dash

151

227 97

10010111

Em dash

152

230 98

10011000

Small tilde

153

231 99

10011001

Trade mark sign

154

232 9A

10011010

Latin small letter S with caron

155

233 9B

10011011

Single
right-pointing
quotation mark

156

234 9C

10011100

Latin small ligature oe

157

235 9D

10011101

158

236 9E

10011110

Latin small letter z with caron

159

237 9F

10011111

Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis

160

240 A0

10100000

Non-breaking space

161

241 A1

10100001

Inverted exclamation mark

162

242 A2

10100010

Cent sign

163

243 A3

10100011

Pound sign

164

244 A4

10100100

Currency sign

165

245 A5

10100101

Yen sign

166

246 A6

10100110

Pipe, Broken vertical bar

167

247 A7

10100111

Section sign

168

250 A8

10101000

Spacing diaeresis - umlaut

169

251 A9

10101001

170

252 AA

10101010

Feminine ordinal indicator

171

253 AB

10101011

Left double angle quotes

172

254 AC

10101100

Not sign

angle

361

HTML

173

255 AD

10101101

Soft hyphen

174

256 AE

10101110

Registered trade mark sign

175

257 AF

10101111

Spacing macron - overline

176

260 B0

10110000

Degree sign

177

261 B1

10110001

Plus-or-minus sign

178

262 B2

10110010

Superscript two - squared

179

263 B3

10110011

Superscript three - cubed

180

264 B4

10110100

Acute accent - spacing acute

181

265 B5

10110101

Micro sign

182

266 B6

10110110

Pilcrow sign - paragraph sign

183

267 B7

10110111

Middle dot - Georgian comma

184

270 B8

10111000

Spacing cedilla

185

271 B9

10111001

Superscript one

186

272 BA

10111010

Masculine ordinal indicator

187

273 BB

10111011

Right double angle quotes

188

274 BC

10111100

Fraction one quarter

189

275 BD

10111101

Fraction one half

190

276 BE

10111110

Fraction three quarters

191

277 BF

10111111

Inverted question mark

192

300 C0

11000000

Latin capital letter A with grave

193

301 C1

11000001

Latin capital letter A with acute

194

302 C2

11000010

Latin capital letter A with circumflex

195

303 C3

11000011

Latin capital letter A with tilde

362

HTML

196

304 C4

11000100

Latin capital letter A with diaeresis

197

305 C5

11000101

Latin capital letter A with ring above

198

306 C6

11000110

Latin capital letter AE

199

307 C7

11000111

Latin capital letter C with cedilla

200

310 C8

11001000

Latin capital letter E with grave

201

311 C9

11001001

Latin capital letter E with acute

202

312 CA

11001010

Latin capital letter E with circumflex

203

313 CB

11001011

Latin capital letter E with diaeresis

204

314 CC

11001100

Latin capital letter I with grave

205

315 CD

11001101

Latin capital letter I with acute

206

316 CE

11001110

Latin capital letter I with circumflex

207

317 CF

11001111

Latin capital letter I with diaeresis

208

320 D0

11010000

Latin capital letter ETH

209

321 D1

11010001

Latin capital letter N with tilde

210

322 D2

11010010

Latin capital letter O with grave

211

323 D3

11010011

Latin capital letter O with acute

212

324 D4

11010100

Latin capital letter O with circumflex

213

325 D5

11010101

Latin capital letter O with tilde

214

326 D6

11010110

Latin capital letter O with diaeresis

215

327 D7

11010111

Multiplication sign

216

330 D8

11011000

Latin capital letter O with slash

217

331 D9

11011001

Latin capital letter U with grave

218

332 DA

11011010

Latin capital letter U with acute

363

HTML

219

333 DB

11011011

Latin capital letter U with circumflex

220

334 DC

11011100

Latin capital letter U with diaeresis

221

335 DD

11011101

Latin capital letter Y with acute

222

336 DE

11011110

Latin capital letter THORN

223

337 DF

11011111

Latin small letter sharp s - ess-zed

224

340 E0

11100000

Latin small letter a with grave

225

341 E1

11100001

Latin small letter a with acute

226

342 E2

11100010

Latin small letter a with circumflex

227

343 E3

11100011

Latin small letter a with tilde

228

344 E4

11100100

Latin small letter a with diaeresis

229

345 E5

11100101

Latin small letter a with ring above

230

346 E6

11100110

Latin small letter ae

231

347 E7

11100111

Latin small letter c with cedilla

232

350 E8

11101000

Latin small letter e with grave

233

351 E9

11101001

Latin small letter e with acute

234

352 EA

11101010

Latin small letter e with circumflex

235

353 EB

11101011

Latin small letter e with diaeresis

236

354 EC

11101100

Latin small letter i with grave

237

355 ED

11101101

Latin small letter i with acute

238

356 EE

11101110

Latin small letter i with circumflex

239

357 EF

11101111

Latin small letter i with diaeresis

240

360 F0

11110000

Latin small letter eth

241

361 F1

11110001

Latin small letter n with tilde

364

HTML

242

362 F2

11110010

Latin small letter o with grave

243

363 F3

11110011

Latin small letter o with acute

244

364 F4

11110100

Latin small letter o with circumflex

245

365 F5

11110101

Latin small letter o with tilde

246

366 F6

11110110

Latin small letter o with diaeresis

247

367 F7

11110111

Division sign

248

370 F8

11111000

Latin small letter o with slash

249

371 F9

11111001

Latin small letter u with grave

250

372 FA

11111010

Latin small letter u with acute

251

373 FB

11111011

Latin small letter u with circumflex

252

374 FC

11111100

Latin small letter u with diaeresis

253

375 FD

11111101

Latin small letter y with acute

254

376 FE

11111110

Latin small letter thorn

255

377 FF

11111111

Latin small letter y with diaeresis

365

33. HTML COLOR

NAMES

HTML

The following table shows the 16 color names that were introduced in HTML 3.2:
Color Name

Hex Value

Color

Show

aqua

#00ffff

Demo

black

#000000

Demo

blue

#0000ff

Demo

fuchsia

#ff00ff

Demo

green

#008000

Demo

gray

#808080

Demo

lime

#00ff00

Demo

maroon

#800000

Demo

navy

#000080

Demo

olive

#808000

Demo

purple

#800080

Demo

red

#ff0000

Demo

silver

#c0c0c0

Demo

teal

#008080

Demo

white

#ffffff

Demo

yellow

#ffff00

Demo

There are other colors which are not part of HTML or XHTML but they are supported by
most of the versions of major browsers.

366

HTML

Color Name

Hex Value

Color

Show

aliceblue

#f0f8ff

Demo

antiquewhite

#faebd7

Demo

aquamarine

#7fffd4

Demo

azure

#f0ffff

Demo

beige

#f5f5dc

Demo

bisque

#ffe4c4

Demo

blanchedalmond

#ffebcd

Demo

blueviolet

#8a2be2

Demo

brown

#a52a2a

Demo

burlywood

#deb887

Demo

cadetblue

#5f9ea0

Demo

chartreuse

#7fff00

Demo

chocolate

#d2691e

Demo

coral

#ff7f50

Demo

cornflowerblue

#6495ed

Demo

cornsilk

#fff8dc

Demo

crimson

#dc143c

Demo

cyan

#00ffff

Demo

darkblue

#00008b

Demo
367

HTML

darkcyan

#008b8b

Demo

darkgoldenrod

#b8860b

Demo

darkgray

#a9a9a9

Demo

darkgreen

#006400

Demo

darkkhaki

#bdb76b

Demo

darkmagenta

#8b008b

Demo

darkolivegreen

#556b2f

Demo

darkorange

#ff8c00

Demo

darkorchid

#9932cc

Demo

darkred

#8b0000

Demo

darksalmon

#e9967a

Demo

darkseagreen

#8fbc8f

Demo

darkslateblue

#483d8b

Demo

darkslategray

#2f4f4f

Demo

darkturquoise

#00ced1

Demo

darkviolet

#9400d3

Demo

deeppink

#ff1493

Demo

deepskyblue

#00bfff

Demo

dimgray

#696969

Demo

dodgerblue

#1e90ff

Demo
368

HTML

firebrick

#b22222

Demo

floralwhite

#fffaf0

Demo

forestgreen

#228b22

Demo

gainsboro

#dcdcdc

Demo

ghostwhite

#f8f8ff

Demo

gold

#ffd700

Demo

goldenrod

#daa520

Demo

gray

#808080

Demo

greenyellow

#adff2f

Demo

honeydew

#f0fff0

Demo

hotpink

#ff69b4

Demo

indianred

#cd5c5c

Demo

indigo

#4b0082

Demo

ivory

#fffff0

Demo

khaki

#f0e68c

Demo

lavender

#e6e6fa

Demo

lavenderblush

#fff0f5

Demo

lawngreen

#7cfc00

Demo

lemonchiffon

#fffacd

Demo

lightblue

#add8e6

Demo
369

HTML

lightcoral

#f08080

Demo

lightcyan

#e0ffff

Demo

lightgoldenrodyellow

#fafad2

Demo

lightgreen

#90ee90

Demo

lightgrey

#d3d3d3

Demo

lightpink

#ffb6c1

Demo

lightsalmon

#ffa07a

Demo

lightseagreen

#20b2aa

Demo

lightskyblue

#87cefa

Demo

lightslategray

#778899

Demo

lightsteelblue

#b0c4de

Demo

lightyellow

#ffffe0

Demo

limegreen

#32cd32

Demo

linen

#faf0e6

Demo

magenta

#ff00ff

Demo

mediumblue

#0000cd

Demo

mediumorchid

#ba55d3

Demo

mediumpurple

#9370db

Demo

midnightblue

#191970

Demo

mistyrose

#ffe4e1

Demo
370

HTML

moccasin

#ffe4b5

Demo

oldlace

#fdf5e6

Demo

orange

#ffa500

Demo

orchid

#da70d6

Demo

peachpuff

#ffdab9

Demo

peru

#cd853f

Demo

pink

#ffc0cb

Demo

plum

#dda0dd

Demo

purple

#800080

Demo

rosybrown

#bc8f8f

Demo

royalblue

#4169e1

Demo

salmon

#fa8072

Demo

sandybrown

#f4a460

Demo

seagreen

#2e8b57

Demo

sienna

#a0522d

Demo

skyblue

#87ceeb

Demo

slateblue

#6a5acd

Demo

steelblue

#4682b4

Demo

tan

#d2b48c

Demo

thistle

#d8bfd8

Demo
371

HTML

tomato

#ff6347

Demo

violet

#ee82ee

Demo

wheat

#f5deb3

Demo

whitesmoke

#f5f5f5

Demo

yellow

#ffff00

Demo

yellowgreen

#9acd32

Demo

HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML and they have special meaning when used in
HTML document. For example, you cannot use the greater than and less than signs or
angle brackets within your HTML text because the browser will treat them differently and
will try to draw a meaning related to HTML tag.
HTML processors must support following five special characters listed in the table that
follows.
Symbol

Description

Entity Name

Number Code

quotation mark

apostrophe

ampersand

less-than

greater-than

Example
If you want to write <div id="character"> as a code, then you will have to write as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Entities</title>
</head>
372

HTML

<body>
<div id="character">
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
<div id="character">
There is also a long list of special characters in HTML 4.0. In order for these to appear in
your document, you can use either the numerical codes or the entity names. For
example, to insert a copyright symbol you can use either of the following:
© 2007
or
© 2007

ISO 8859-1 Symbol Entities

Result

Description

Entity Name

Number Code

non-breaking space

inverted exclamation mark

currency

cent

pound

yen

broken vertical bar

section

spacing diaeresis

feminine ordinal indicator

angle quotation mark (left)

373

HTML

negation

soft hyphen

registered trademark

trademark

™

spacing macron

degree

plus-or-minus

superscript 2

superscript 3

spacing acute

micro

paragraph

middle dot

spacing cedilla

superscript 1

masculine ordinal indicator

angle quotation mark (right)

fraction 1/4

fraction 1/2

fraction 3/4

inverted question mark

multiplication

division

374

HTML

ISO 8859-1 Character Entities

Result

Description

Entity Name

Number Code

capital a, grave accent

capital a, acute accent

capital a, circumflex accent

capital a, tilde

capital a, umlaut mark

capital a, ring

capital ae

capital c, cedilla

capital e, grave accent

capital e, acute accent

capital e, circumflex accent

capital e, umlaut mark

capital i, grave accent

capital i, acute accent

capital i, circumflex accent

capital i, umlaut mark

capital eth, Icelandic

capital n, tilde

capital o, grave accent

capital o, acute accent

capital o, circumflex accent

375

HTML

capital o, tilde

capital o, umlaut mark

capital o, slash

capital u, grave accent

capital u, acute accent

capital u, circumflex accent

capital u, umlaut mark

capital y, acute accent

capital THORN, Icelandic

small sharp s, German

small a, grave accent

small a, acute accent

small a, circumflex accent

small a, tilde

small a, umlaut mark

small a, ring

small ae

small c, cedilla

small e, grave accent

small e, acute accent

small e, circumflex accent

small e, umlaut mark

small i, grave accent

376

HTML

small i, acute accent

small i, circumflex accent

small i, umlaut mark

small eth, Icelandic

small n, tilde

small o, grave accent

small o, acute accent

small o, circumflex accent

small o, tilde

small o, umlaut mark

small o, slash

small u, grave accent

small u, acute accent

small u, circumflex accent

small u, umlaut mark

small y, acute accent

small thorn, Icelandic

small y, umlaut mark

Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers

Result

Description

Entity Name

Number Code

capital ligature OE

&OElig;

small ligature oe

&oelig;

capital S with caron

&Scaron;

Š
377

HTML

small S with caron

&scaron;

capital Y with diaeres

&Yuml;

modifier letter circumflex accent

&circ;

small tilde

&tilde;

en space

&ensp;

em space

&emsp;

thin space

zero width non-joiner

&zwnj;

‌

zero width joiner

&zwj;

‍

left-to-right mark

&lrm;

‎

right-to-left mark

&rlm;

‏

en dash

–

em dash

—

left single quotation mark

‘

right single quotation mark

’

single low-9 quotation mark

&sbquo;

‚

left double quotation mark

“

right double quotation mark

”

double low-9 quotation mark

&bdquo;

„

dagger

&dagger;

†

double dagger

&Dagger;

‡

horizontal ellipsis

…

per mille

&permil;

‰

378

HTML

single left-pointing angle quotation

&lsaquo;

‹

single right-pointing angle quotation

&rsaquo;

›

euro

€

379

34. MIME MEDIA

TYPES

HTML

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) media types were originally devised so that
e-mails could include information other than plain text. MIME media types indicate the
following things:
How different parts of a message, such as text and attachments, are combined
into the message.
The way in which each part of the message is specified.
The way different items are encoded for transmission so that even software that
was designed to work only with ASCII text can process the message.
Now MIME types are not just for use with e-mail; they have been adopted by Web
servers as a way to tell Web browsers what type of material was being sent to them so
that they can cope with that kind of messages correctly.
MIME content types consist of two parts:
A main type
A sub-type
The main type is separated from the subtype by a forward slash character. For example,
text/html for HTML.
This chapter is organized for the main types:

text
image
multipart
audio
video
message
model
application

For example, the text main type contains types of plain text files, such as:
text/plain for plain text files
text/html for HTML files
text/rtf for text files using rich text formatting
MIME types are officially supposed to be assigned and listed by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA).
Many of the popular MIME types in this list (all those begin with "x-") are not assigned by
the IANA and do not have official status. You can see the list of official MIME types at
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/. Those preceded with .vnd are vendorspecific.

380

HTML

When specifying the MIME type of a content-type field you can also indicate the
character set for the text being used. If you do not specify a character set, the default is
US-ASCII. For example:
content-type:text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1

381

35. HTML URL

ENCODING

HTML

URL encoding is the practice of translating unprintable characters or characters with

special meaning within URLs to a representation that is unambiguous and universally
accepted by web browsers and servers. These characters include:
ASCII control characters: Unprintable characters typically used for output
control. Character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal). A
complete encoding table is given below.
Non-ASCII control characters: These are characters beyond the ASCII
character set of 128 characters. This range is part of the ISO-Latin character set
and includes the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255
decimal). A complete encoding table is given below.
Reserved characters: These are special characters such as the dollar sign,
ampersand, plus, common, forward slash, colon, semi-colon, equals sign,
question mark, and "at" symbol. All of these can have different meanings inside a
URL so need to be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below.
Unsafe characters: These are space, quotation marks, less than symbol,
greater than symbol, pound character, percent character, Left Curly Brace, Right
Curly Brace, Pipe, Backslash, Caret, Tilde, Left Square Bracket, Right Square
Bracket, Grave Accent. These character present the possibility of being
misunderstood within URLs for various reasons. These characters should also
always be encoded. A complete encoding table is given below.
The encoding notation replaces the desired character with three characters: a percent
sign and two hexadecimal digits that correspond to the position of the character in the
ASCII character set.

Example
One of the most common special characters is a white space. You can't type a space in a
URL directly. A space position in the character set is 20 hexadecimals. So you can use
%20 in place of a space when passing your request to the server.
http://www.example.com/new%20pricing.htm
This URL actually
www.example.com

retrieves

document

named

"new

pricing.htm"

from

the

382

HTML

ASCII Control Characters Encoding

This includes the encoding for character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127
decimal)
Decimal

Hex Value

Character

URL Encode

%00

%01

%02

%03

%04

%05

%06

%07

backspace

%08

tab

%09

linefeed

%0a

%0b

%0c

%0e

%0f

%10

%11

%12

%13

carriage return

%0d

383

HTML

%14

%15

%16

%17

%18

%19

%1a

%1b

%1c

%1d

%1e

%1f

127

%7f

Non-ASCII control characters encoding

This includes the encoding for the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128255 decimal.)

Decimal

Hex Value

Character

URL Encode

128

%80

129

%81

130

%82

131

%83

132

%84
384

HTML

133

%85

134

%86

135

%87

136

%88

137

%89

138

%8a

139

%8b

140

%8c

141

%8d

142

%8e

143

%8f

144

%90

145

%91

146

%92

147

%93

148

%94

149

%95

150

%96

385

HTML

151

%97

152

%98

153

%99

154

%9a

155

%9b

156

%9c

157

%9d

158

%9e

159

%9f

160

161

%a1

162

%a2

163

%a3

164

%a4

165

%a5

166

%a6

167

%a7

168

%a8

%a0

386

HTML

169

%a9

170

%aa

171

%ab

172

%ac

173

174

%ae

175

%af

176

%b0

177

%b1

178

%b2

179

%b3

180

%b4

181

%b5

182

%b6

183

%b7

184

%b8

185

%b9

186

%ba

%ad

387

HTML

187

%bb

188

%bc

189

%bd

190

%be

191

%bf

192

%c0

193

%c1

194

%c2

195

%c3

196

%c4

197

%c5

198

%v6

199

%c7

200

%c8

201

%c9

202

%ca

203

%cb

204

%cc

388

HTML

205

%cd

206

%ce

207

%cf

208

%d0

209

%d1

210

%d2

211

%d3

212

%d4

213

%d5

214

%d6

215

%d7

216

%d8

217

%d9

218

%da

219

%db

220

%dc

221

%dd

222

%de

389

HTML

223

%df

224

%e0

225

%e1

226

%e2

227

%e3

228

%e4

229

%e5

230

%e6

231

%e7

232

%e8

233

%e9

234

%ea

235

%eb

236

%ec

237

%ed

238

%ee

239

%ef

240

%f0

390

HTML

241

%f1

242

%f2

243

%f3

244

%f4

245

%f5

246

%f6

247

%f7

248

%f8

249

%f9

250

%fa

251

%fb

252

%fc

253

%fd

254

%fe

255

%ff

Reserved Characters Encoding

Following is the table to be used to encode reserved characters.
Decimal
36

Hex Value
24

Char
$

URL Encode
%24

391

HTML

%26

%2b

%2c

%2f

%3a

%3b

%3d

%3f

%40

Unsafe Characters Encoding

Following is the table to be used to encode unsafe characters.
Decimal

Hex Value

Char

URL Encode

space

%20

%22

%3c

%3e

%23

%25

123

%7b

125

%7d

124

%7c

%5c

%5e
392

HTML

126

%7e

%5b

%5d

%60

393

36. LANGUAGE
ISO CODES

HTML

The following is a draft list of language code correspondences between ISO codes,
Microsoft codes, and Macintosh codes. Source of this information is Unicode Consortium.

Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft

Language

ISO
Code

Windows Name

Win Code

Abkhazian

Afar

Afrikaans

LANG_AFRIKAANS

0x36

Albanian

LANG_ALBANIAN

0x1c

Amharic

(no constant defined)

0x5e

Arabic

LANG_ARABIC

0x01

Armenian

LANG_ARMENIAN

0x2b

Assamese

LANG_ASSAMESE

0x4d

Aymara

Azerbaijani

LANG_AZERI

0x2c

Bashkir

Basque

LANG_BASQUE

0x2d

Bengali
(Bangla)

LANG_BENGALI

0x45

Bhutani

Bihari

Bislama

394

HTML

Breton

Bulgarian

LANG_BULGARIAN

0x02

Burmese

(no constant defined)

0x55

LANG_BELARUSIAN

0x23

Cambodian

(no constant defined)

0x53

Catalan

LANG_CATALAN

0x03

(no constant defined)

0x5c

LANG_CHINESE

0x04

(SUBLANG_CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED)

(0x0804)

LANG_CHINESE

0x04

(SUBLANG_CHINESE_TRADITIONAL)

(0x0404)

Byelorussian
(Belarusian)

Cherokee
Chewa
Chinese
(Simplified)
Chinese
(Traditional)

Corsican

Croatian

LANG_CROATIAN

0x1a

Czech

LANG_CZECH

0x05

Danish

LANG_DANISH

0x06

LANG_DIVEHI

0x65

LANG_DUTCH

0x13

(no constant defined)

0x66

LANG_ENGLISH

0x09

Divehi
Dutch

Edo
English

Esperanto

Estonian

LANG_ESTONIAN

0x25

Faeroese

LANG_FAEROESE

0x38

Farsi

LANG_FARSI

0x29
395

HTML

Fiji

Finnish

Flemish

LANG_FINNISH

0x0b

LANG_DUTCH (SUBLANG_DUTCH_BELGIAN)

0x13
(0x0813)

French

LANG_FRENCH

0x0c

Frisian

(no constant defined)

0x62

(no constant defined)

0x67

LANG_GALICIAN

0x56

(no constant defined)

Fulfulde
Galician
Gaelic
(Scottish)

0x3c
(0x043c)

Gaelic (Manx)

Georgian

LANG_GEORGIAN

0x37

German

LANG_GERMAN

0x07

Greek

LANG_GREEK

0x08

Greenlandic

Guarani

(no constant defined)

0x74

Gujarati

LANG_GUJARATI

0x47

Hausa

(no constant defined)

0x68

(no constant defined)

0x75

Hawaiian
Hebrew

he,
iw*

LANG_HEBREW

0x0d

Hindi

LANG_HINDI

0x39

Hungarian

LANG_HUNGARIAN

0x0e

(no constant defined)

0x69

LANG_ICELANDIC

0x0f

Ibibio
Icelandic

396

HTML

Igbo

(no constant defined)

Indonesian

id, in* LANG_INDONESIAN

Interlingua

Interlingue

Inuktitut

Inupiak

Irish

0x70
0x21

(no constant defined)

0x5d

(no constant defined)

0x3c
(0x083c)

Italian

LANG_ITALIAN

0x10

Japanese

LANG_JAPANESE

0x11

Javanese

Kannada

LANG_KANNADA

0x4b

(no constant defined)

0x71

Kanuri
Kashmiri

LANG_KASHMIRI

0x60

Kazakh

LANG_KAZAK

0x3f

Kinyarwanda
(Ruanda)

Kirghiz

LANG_KYRGYZ

0x40

Kirundi (Rundi)

rn
LANG_KONKANI

0x57

LANG_KOREAN

0x12

Konkani
Korean

Kurdish

Laothian

(no constant defined)

0x54

Latin

(no constant defined)

0x76

397

HTML

Latvian
(Lettish)

Limburgish
Limburger)

LANG_LATVIAN

0x26

( li

Lingala

Lithuanian

LANG_LITHUANIAN

0x27

Macedonian

LANG_MACEDONIAN

0x2f

Malagasy

Malay

LANG_MALAY

0x3e

Malayalam

LANG_MALAYALAM

0x4c

LANG_MANIPURI

0x58

(no constant defined)

0x3a

LANG_MARATHI

0x4e

LANG_MONGOLIAN

0x50

Maltese

Maori

Marathi

Moldavian

Mongolian

Nauru

Nepali

LANG_NEPALI

0x61

Norwegian

LANG_NORWEGIAN

0x14

Occitan

Oriya

LANG_ORIYA

0x48

(no constant defined)

0x72

Papiamentu

(no constant defined)

0x79

Pashto (Pushto) ps

(no constant defined)

0x63

Oromo
Galla)

(Afan,

398

HTML

Polish

LANG_POLISH

0x15

Portuguese

LANG_PORTUGUESE

0x16

Punjabi

LANG_PUNJABI

0x46

Quechua

(no constant defined)

0x17

Romanian

LANG_ROMANIAN

0x18

Russian

LANG_RUSSIAN

0x19

(no constant defined)

0x3b

RhaetoRomance

Sami (Lappish)
Samoan

Sangro

Sanskrit

LANG_SANSKRIT

0x4f

Serbian

LANG_SERBIAN (SUBLANG_SERBIAN_LATIN or
SUBLANG_SERBIAN_CYRILLIC)

0x1a
(0x081a
0x0c1a)

Serbo-Croatian

Sesotho

Setswana

Shona

Sindhi

LANG_SINDHI

0x59

Sinhalese

(no constant defined)

0x5b

Siswati

Slovak

LANG_SLOVAK

0x1b

Slovenian

LANG_SLOVENIAN

0x24

Somali

(no constant defined)

0x77

399

HTML

Spanish

Sundanese

Swahili
(Kiswahili)
Swedish

LANG_SPANISH

0x0a

LANG_SWAHILI

0x41

LANG_SWEDISH

0x1d

LANG_SYRIAC

0x5a

Syriac
Tagalog

(no constant defined)

0x64

Tajik

(no constant defined)

0x28

(no constant defined)

0x5f

Tamazight
Tamil

LANG_TAMIL

0x49

Tatar

LANG_TATAR

0x44

Telugu

LANG_TELUGU

0x4a

Thai

LANG_THAI

0x1e

Tibetan

(no constant defined)

0x51

Tigrinya

(no constant defined)

0x73

Tonga

Tsonga

(no constant defined)

0x31

Turkish

LANG_TURKISH

0x1f

Turkmen

(no constant defined)

0x42

Twi

Uighur

Ukrainian

LANG_UKRAINIAN

0x22

Urdu

LANG_URDU

0x20

Uzbek

LANG_UZBEK

0x43
400

HTML

Venda
Vietnamese

Volap?k

Welsh

Wolof

Xhosa

(no constant defined)

0x33

LANG_VIETNAMESE

0x2a

(no constant defined)

0x52

(no constant defined)

0x34

(no constant defined)

0x78

Yiddish

yi, ji*

(no constant defined)

0x3d

Yoruba

(no constant defined)

0x6a

Zulu

(no constant defined)

0x35

Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh

Language

ISO
Code

Abkhazian

Afar

Afrikaans

Mac Name

Mac Code

langAfricaans

141

Albanian

langAlbanian

Amharic

langAmharic

Arabic

langArabic

Armenian

langArmenian

Assamese

langAssamese

Aymara

langAymara

134

Azerbaijani

langAzerbaijani(Cyrllic),
langAzerbaijanAr(Arabic)

49(C),
50(A)
401

HTML

Bashkir

Basque

langBasque

129

Bengali (Bangla)

langBengali

Bhutani

langDzongkha

137

Bihari

Bislama

Breton

langBreton

142

Bulgarian

langBulgarian

Burmese

langBurmese

langByelorussian

Cambodian

langKhmer

Catalan

langCatalan

130

Chewa

langChewa

Chinese (Simplified) zh

langSimpChinese

langTradChinese

Byelorussian
(Belarusian)

Cherokee

Chinese
(Traditional)

Corsican

Croatian

langCroatian

Czech

langCzech

Danish

langDanish

langDutch

Divehi
Dutch

402

HTML

Edo
English

langEnglish

Esperanto

langEsperanto

Estonian

langEstonian

Faeroese

langFaeroese

Farsi

langFarsi, langPersian

Fiji

Finnish

langFinnish

langFlemish

langFrench

Flemish
French

Frisian

Fulfulde
Galician

langGalician

140

Gaelic (Scottish)

langScottishGaelic

144

Gaelic (Manx)

langManxGaelic

145

Georgian

langGeorgian

German

langGerman

Greek

langGreek (monotonic), langGreekPoly

(polytonic)

14(m),
148(p)

Greenlandic

Guarani

langGuarani

133

Gujarati

langGujarati

Hausa

Hawaiian
403

HTML

Hebrew

he, iw*

langHebrew

Hindi

langHindi

Hungarian

langHungarian

langIcelandic

Indonesian

id, in*

langIndonesian

Interlingua

Interlingue

Inuktitut

langInuktitut

143

Inupiak

Irish

langIrishGaelic (normal), langIrishGaelicScr

(dots above)

35, 146

Italian

langItalian

Japanese

langJapanese

Javanese

langJavaneseRom

138

Kannada

langKannada

Kashmiri

langKashmiri

Kazakh

langKazakh

langKiryarwanda (langRuanda)

Kirghiz

langKirghiz

Kirundi (Rundi)

langRundi

Ibibio
Icelandic
Igbo

Kanuri

Kinyarwanda
(Ruanda)

404

HTML

Konkani
Korean

langKorean

Kurdish

langKurdish

Laothian

langLao

Latin

langLatin

131

Latvian (Lettish)

langLatvian

Limburgish (
Limburger)

Lingala

Lithuanian

langLithuanian

Macedonian

langMacedonian

Malagasy

langMalagasy

Malay

langMalayRoman(Latin),
langMalayArabic(Arabic)

83(L),
84(A)

Malayalam

langMalayalam

Maltese

langMaltese

Maori

Marathi

langMarathi

Moldavian

langMoldavian

Mongolian

langMongolian(Mongolian),
langMongolianCyr(Cyrillic)

57(M),
58(C)

Nauru

Nepali

langNepali

Norwegian

langNorwegian

9
405

HTML

Occitan

Oriya

Oromo (Afan, Galla) om

langOriya

langOromo (langGalla)

Papiamentu
Pashto (Pushto)

langPashto

Polish

langPolish

Portuguese

langPortuguese

Punjabi

langPunjabi

Quechua

langQuechua

132

Rhaeto-Romance

Romanian

langRomanian

Russian

langRussian

langSami (langLappish)

Sami (Lappish)
Samoan

Sangro

Sanskrit

langSanskrit

Serbian

langSerbian

Serbo-Croatian

Sesotho

Setswana

Shona

Sindhi

langSindhi

Sinhalese

langSinhalese

406

HTML

Siswati

Slovak

langSlovak

Slovenian

langSlovenian

Somali

langSomali

Spanish

langSpanish

Sundanese

langSundaneseRom

139

Swahili (Kiswahili)

langSwahili

Swedish

langSwedish

Tagalog

langTagalog

Tajik

langTajiki

Tamil

langTamil

Tatar

langTatar

135

Telugu

langTelugu

Thai

langThai

Tibetan

langTibetan

Tigrinya

langTigrinya

Tonga

langTongan

147

Tsonga

Turkish

langTurkish

Turkmen

langTurkmen

Twi

Syriac

Tamazight

407

HTML

Uighur

langUighur

136

Ukrainian

langUkrainian

Urdu

langUrdu

Uzbek

langUzbek

Vietnamese

langVietnamese

Volap?k

Welsh

langWelsh

128

Wolof

Xhosa

langYiddish

Venda

Yi
Yiddish

yi, ji*

Yoruba

Zulu

408

37. HTML CHARACTER

ENCODINGS
HTML

Character encoding is a method of converting bytes into characters. To validate or display an

HTML document properly, a program must choose a proper character encoding.

The most common character set or character encoding in use on computers is ASCII The American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and this is probably
the most widely used character set for encoding text electronically.
ASCII encoding supports only the upper- and lowercase Latin alphabet, the numbers 09, and some extra characters which make a total of 128 characters in all. You can have a
look at complete set of Printable ASCII Characters
However, many languages use either accented Latin characters or completely different
alphabets. ASCII does not address these characters; therefore, you need to learn about
character encodings if you want to use any non-ASCII characters.
The International Standards Organization created a range of character sets to deal with
different national characters. For the documents in English and most other Western
European languages, the widely supported encoding ISO-8859-1 is used.
Here is the list of Character Set being used around the world along with their description.
Character Set

Description

ISO-8859-1

Latin alphabet part 1

Covering North America,Western Europe, Latin America,
theCaribbean, Canada, Africa

ISO-8859-2

Latin alphabet part 2

Covering Eastern Europe

ISO-8859-3

Latin alphabet part 3

Covering SE Europe, Esperanto, miscellaneous others

ISO-8859-4

Latin alphabet part 4

Covering Scandinavia/Baltics (and others not in ISO-8859-1)

ISO-8859-5

Latin/Cyrillic alphabet part 5

ISO-8859-6

Latin/Arabic alphabet part 6

ISO-8859-7

Latin/Greek alphabet part 7

ISO-8859-8

Latin/Hebrew alphabet part 8

409

HTML

ISO-8859-9

Latin 5 alphabet part 9

Same as ISO-8859-1 except Turkish characters replace Icelandic
ones

ISO-8859-10

Latin 6 Latin 6 Lappish, Nordic, and Eskimo

ISO-8859-15

The same as ISO-8859-1 but with more characters added

ISO-2022-JP

Latin/Japanese alphabet part 1

ISO-2022-JP-2

Latin/Japanese alphabet part 2

ISO-2022-KR

Latin/Korean alphabet part 1

The Unicode Consortium was then set up to devise a way to show all characters of
different languages, rather than have these different incompatible character codes for
different languages.
Therefore, if you want to create documents that use characters from multiple character
sets, you will be able to do so using the single Unicode character encodings.
Unicode therefore specifies encodings that can deal with a string in special ways so as to
make enough space for the huge character set it encompasses. These are known as UTF8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.
Character Set

Description

A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 8-bit units that is, it

UTF-8 comes in bytes. A character in UTF8 can be from 1 to 4 bytes long,
making UTF8 variable width.
A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 16-bit units that is, it
UTF-16 comes in shorts. It can be 1 or 2 shorts long, making UTF16
variable width.
A Unicode Translation Format that comes in 32-bit units that is, it
UTF-32 comes in longs. It is a fixed-width format and is always 1 "long" in
length.

The first 256 characters of Unicode character sets correspond to the 256 characters of
ISO-8859-1.
By default, HTML 4 processors should support UTF-8, and XML processors are supposed
to support UTF-8 and UTF-16; therefore all XHTML-compliant processors should also
support UTF-16.

410

38. HTML
DEPRECATED TAGS

HTML

A complete list of deprecated HTML tags and attributes are given here. All the tags have
been ordered alphabetically along with their equivalent tag or alternate CSS option.
Tag

Description

Alternate
<object>

Deprecated. Specifies an applet

Deprecated. Specifies a base font

Deprecated. Specifies centered text

<dir>

Deprecated. Specifies a directory list

<embed>

Deprecated. Embeds an application in a document

<font>

Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and color

font-family, font-size

Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input field

Deprecated. Specifies listing of items

<menu>

Deprecated. Specifies a menu list

Deprecated. Specifies plaintext

<pre>

<s>

Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

text-decoration

Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text

text-decoration

<u>

Deprecated. Specifies underlined text

text-decoration

<xmp>

Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text

<pre>

text-align

<pre>

HTML Deprecated Attributes

Following is the list of deprecated HTML attributes and alternative CSS options available.
Attribute
align

Description
Specifies positioning of an element

Alternate
text-align, float
vertical-align

411

HTML

alink

Specifies the color of an active link or selected link

active

background Specifies background image

background-image

bgcolor

Specifies background color

background-color

border

Specifies a border width of any element

border-width

clear

Indicates how the browser should display the line

after the <br /> element

clear

height

Specifies height of body and other elements

height

hspace

Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that padding

should appear left or right an element

language

Specifies scripting language being used

type

link

Specifies the default color of all links in the

document

link

nowrap

Prevents the text from wrapping within that table

cell

white-space

start

Indicates the number at which a browser should

start numbering a list

counter-reset

text

Specifies color of body text

color

type

Specifies the type of list in <li> tag

list-style-type

vlink

Specifies the color of visited links

visited

vspace

Specifies the amount of whitespace or padding that padding

should appear above or below an element

width

Specifies width of body and other elements

width

412

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