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    Wirless Channel

    Uploaded by

    Fahim Iqbal
    1. Wireless channel models account for three main effects that cause signal losses: large-scale fading due to distance, medium-scale fading due to obstacles, and small-scale fading due to multipath propagation. 2. Small-scale fading is characterized by parameters like coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time that describe the time-varying nature of the channel. The coherence bandwidth and time indicate the range over which the channel can be considered flat or time-invariant. 3. Multipath propagation can cause either frequency-selective or time-selective fading depending on whether the delay spread or Doppler spread is dominant based on the environment and mobile speed.

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    Wirless Channel

    Uploaded by

    Fahim Iqbal
    31 views28 pages
    1. Wireless channel models account for three main effects that cause signal losses: large-scale fading due to distance, medium-scale fading due to obstacles, and small-scale fading due to multipath propagation. 2. Small-scale fading is characterized by parameters like coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time that describe the time-varying nature of the channel. The coherence bandwidth and time indicate the range over which the channel can be considered flat or time-invariant. 3. Multipath propagation can cause either frequency-selective or time-selective fading depending on whether the delay spread or Doppler spread is dominant based on the environment and mobile speed.

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    wireless channel fading characteristics

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    1. Wireless channel models account for three main effects that cause signal losses: large-scale fading due to distance, medium-scale fading due to obstacles, and small-scale fading due to multipath propagation. 2. Small-scale fading is characterized by parameters like coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time that describe the time-varying nature of the channel. The coherence bandwidth and time indicate the range over which the channel can be considered flat or time-invariant. 3. Multipath propagation can cause either frequency-selective or time-selective fading depending on whether the delay spread or Doppler spread is dominant based on the environment and mobile speed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views28 pages

    Wirless Channel

    Uploaded by

    Fahim Iqbal
    1. Wireless channel models account for three main effects that cause signal losses: large-scale fading due to distance, medium-scale fading due to obstacles, and small-scale fading due to multipath propagation. 2. Small-scale fading is characterized by parameters like coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time that describe the time-varying nature of the channel. The coherence bandwidth and time indicate the range over which the channel can be considered flat or time-invariant. 3. Multipath propagation can cause either frequency-selective or time-selective fading depending on whether the delay spread or Doppler spread is dominant based on the environment and mobile speed.

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    Wireless Channel Models

    Signal Losses due to three Effects:


    2. Medium Scale
    Fading: due to
    shadowing and
    obstacles

    1. Large Scale
    Fading: due to
    distance

    3. Small Scale
    Fading: due to
    multipath

    Wireless Channel
    Frequencies of Interest: in the UHF (.3GHz 3GHz) and SHF (3GHz 30 GHz)
    bands;
    Several Effects:
    Path Loss due to dissipation of energy: it depends on distance only
    Shadowing due to obstacles such as buildings, trees, walls. Is caused by
    absorption, reflection, scattering
    Self-Interference due to Multipath.

    Prec
    10 log10
    Ptransm

    log10 distance

    1.1. Large Scale Fading: Free Space


    Path Loss due to Free Space Propagation:
    For isotropic antennas:
    Transmit
    antenna


    Prec
    Ptransm
    4 d
    c
    wavelength
    F
    2

    Receive
    antenna

    Path Loss in dB:

    Ptransm
    L 10log10
    20log10 ( F ( MHz )) 20log10 ( d ( km )) 32.45
    Prec

    2. Medium Scale Fading: Losses due to Buildings, Trees,


    Hills, Walls

    The Power Loss in dB is random:

    L p E L p
    expected value

    random, zero mean


    approximately gaussian with

    6 12 dB

    Average Loss
    Free space loss at reference
    distance

    d
    E{L p } 10 log10 L0
    d0

    dB

    Reference distance

    Path loss
    exponent

    E Lp L0

    indoor 1-10m
    outdoor 10-100m

    10

    20dB
    102

    101 100 10

    log10 (d / d 0 )

    Values for Exponent

    Free Space

    Urban

    2.7-3.5

    Indoors (LOS)

    1.6-1.8

    Indoors(NLOS)

    4-6

    Empirical Models for Propagation Losses to Environment

    Okumura: urban macrocells 1-100km, frequencies 0.15-1.5GHz,

    BS antenna 30-100m high;


    Hata: similar to Okumura, but simplified
    COST 231: Hata model extended by European study to 2GHz

    Hata Model

    3. Small Scale Fading due to Multipath.


    a. Spreading in Time: different paths have different lengths;

    Receive

    Transmit
    x (t ) (t t0 )

    t0

    y (t ) hk (t t0 k ) ...

    t0

    time

    Example for 100m path difference we have a time delay

    100
    102
    1

    3 sec
    8
    c
    3 10

    1 2

    Typical values channel time spread:

    x (t ) (t t0 )

    t0

    channel

    Indoor

    10 50 n sec

    Suburbs
    Urban
    Hilly

    2 101 2 sec
    1 3 sec
    3-10 sec

    t0

    1 2 MAX

    b. Spreading in Frequency: motion causes frequency shift (Doppler)


    x(t ) X T e j 2 Fct

    Receive

    Transmit

    y (t ) YR e

    j 2 Fc F t

    time

    v
    for each path

    Doppler Shift

    f c Fc F Frequency (Hz)

    time

    Put everything together

    Transmit

    x(t )

    time

    time

    Receive

    y (t )

    channel

    x(t )

    w(t )
    y (t )

    gT (t )

    h(t )

    Re{.}

    g R (t )

    LPF

    LPF

    e j 2FC t
    Each path has

    e j 2FC t
    attenuation

    shift in time

    y (t ) Re a (t ) x(t )e j 2 ( Fc F )(t )

    paths

    shift in frequency
    (this causes small scale time variations)

    Time-varying impulse response

    Rayleigh fading

    Parameters of Mobile Multipath


    Channels

    Time dispersion parameters


    Coherence bandwidth
    Doppler spread and coherence time

    Time Dispersion Parameters


    Time dispersion parameters
    mean excess delay
    RMS delay spread
    excess delay spread

    Mean excess delay

    2
    a
    k k
    k

    P( )

    P( )
    k

    2
    k

    RMS delay spread

    2 ( 2 )
    where

    2 2
    a
    k k
    k

    a
    k

    2
    k

    2
    P
    (

    k k
    k

    P(
    k

    Coherent Bandwidth
    Coherent bandwidth, Bc , is a statistic measure of the range
    of frequencies over which the channel can be considered to
    be flat.
    Two sinusoids with frequency separation greater than Bc
    are affected quite differently by the channel.
    If the coherent bandwidth is defined as the bandwidth over
    which the frequency correlation function is above 0.9, then
    the coherent bandwidth is approximately

    1
    Bc
    50

    If the frequency correlation function is above 0.5

    Bc

    1
    5

    Doppler Spread and Coherent


    Time
    Doppler spread and coherent time are parameters which
    describe the time varying nature of the channel in a smallscale region.
    When a pure sinusoidal tone of f c is transmitted, the
    received signal spectrum, called the Doppler spectrum, will
    have components in the range f c f d and f c f d , where f d
    is the Doppler shift.
    C hannel
    fc

    fc fd

    fc

    fc fd

    f d is a function of the relative velocity of the mobile, and


    the angle between the direction of motion of the mobile
    and direction of arrival of the scattered waves

    Coherent time TC is the time domain dual of Doppler


    spread.
    Coherent time is used to characterize the time varying
    nature of the frequency dispersiveness of the channel in
    1
    the time domain.
    T
    C

    fm
    f m : maximum Doppler shift given by f m v /

    v : speed of the mobile

    : speed of the light

    Two signals arriving with a time separation greater than TC


    are affected differently by the channel
    A statistic measure of the time duration over which the
    channel impulse response is essentially invariant.
    If the coherent time is defined as the time over which the
    time corrleation function is above 0.5, then

    TC

    9
    16f m

    Summary of Time/Frequency spread of the channel

    Frequency Spread
    Time
    Coherence

    TC

    9
    16 FD

    S (t , F )

    FD
    t Time Spread

    mean

    RMS
    Frequency
    Coherence

    1
    Bc
    5 RMS

    Types of Small-Scale Fading


    Multipath delay spread leads to time dispersion and
    frequency selective fading.
    Doppler spread leads to frequency dispersion and time
    selective fading.
    Multipath delay spread and Doppler spread are independent
    of one another.

    Flat-fading (non-freq. Selective)

    Frequency selective fading

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