Republic of the Philippines

DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS
City of Mati, Davao Oriental

LECTURE NOTES
LITERATURE 1

Poetry Fixed Forms in Philippine Poetry

Harito - Kini among lanhan
Inyong untang panalanginan
Aron sa kaayuhan
Sa akong mga ginsakpan
Itong aming boteng sisidlan
Inyo po sanang basbasan
Alang-alang sa kapakanan
Ng aking kasapian.
It is relatively longer. It resembles the ballad and is similang to berso in its
versification and rhyme pattern. The composition is divided into stanzas of four lines
each.
May usa ka langgam
Nga nagahilak sa yuta
Tungod sa iyang gugma
Nga sa mga bulak giayran.
May usa pa ka langgam
Sa adlaw sa gabii nagtuwaw
Tungod sa iyang gugma
Nga wala tagda sa adlaw.
BALITAW
The balitaw is a poetic construct rendered as a song. Usually it is sung as a verbal
joust between a man and a woman. The subject always revolves around love and
courtship. It may sometimes take on a political theme or social commentary.

Luis: Kining akong paghigugma

sa bukog, Inday, mikagit
Kon hinog ka pa lang sab-a
Lamyon ko hangtod panit.
Itong aking pagsinta
Sa buto, Inday, tumatalab
Kung ikaw sanay hinog sa saba
Lalamunin kita pati balat.
Hindi ako, Luis, naniniwala
Sa mga salita mo
Ilang babae na kaya
Ang iyong niloko?
SONETO
This poetic form is derived from the western sonnet.
Fernando Buyser sonanoy or sonatang mananoy (melodious hymn)
SINILOY
Another Cebuano Poet, Diosdado Alesna, developed a poetic from which adopts the
peculiar sound pattern of the siloys bird chip.
Its verse lines consist of three syllables words accented on the second syllable,
effecting a charateristic euphony.
Ang Gahom sa Awit
Ang awit
Nasangit
Inanay
Mingkanay
Milagbas ning dughan,
Midulot, gikumhan
Galamhan gidapit
Sa tumang pagbati
Ning tanlag gikati

ENGLISH 122

Language and Culture

Types of Translation
Tasks of the Translator
Audrey Maypa
The first step towards an examination of the processes of translation
must be to accept that although translation has a central core of linguistic activity,
it belongs most properly to semiotics.
Edward Sapir claims that
{Language is a guide to social reality and that human beings are at the mercy of
the language that has become the medium of expression for their society}

{ No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as

representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies
live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels
attached. }

No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context

of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the
structure of natural language

2 general classification based on the approach

Literary polysystemic in two ways;

1) TL chooses works for translation;

2) translation methodology varies according to the influence of other systems.

Linguistic comes in two types; a) structural linguistic which focuses on the

key issues of meaning, equivalence and shift; b) functional linguistics which
looks into way language is used in the context.

LINGUISTICS APPROACH TO TRANSLATION

Jacobson and this three types of translation

1) intralingual rewording or paraphrasing, summarizing, expanding or
commenting within a language
2) interlingual the traditional concept of translation from ST to TT or the shifting
of meaning from one language to another (Stockinger p.4)
3) intersemiotic the changing of a written text into a different form, such as art
or dance (Berghout lecture 27/7/05; Stockinger p.4).-

-considers Saussures ideas of the arbitrariness of the signifier (name) for the
signified (object or concept) and how this equivalence can be transferred between
different languages

Systems of Analyzing Meaning

1) Hierarchical structures (superordinates and hyponyms), such as the

hyponyms brother or sister and the superordinate sibling. In a cultural
context it may not be possible to translate sister, so sibling may need to
be used.

2) Componential analysis, which identifies characteristics of words that are

somehow connected, such as brother in Afro-American talk does not
necessarily refer to a male relation born of the same parents.

3) Semantic structural differences where the connotative and denotative

meanings of homonyms are identified, for example bat the animal and the
piece of sporting equipment.

Translation theories that privilege equivalence must inevitably come to

terms with the existence of shifts between the foreign and translated texts
(Venuti, 1958)

Vinay, Darbelnet and Catford , and the Concept of Translation Shift

Strategies of Direct Translation

1) Literal translation or word-for-word.

2) Calque, where the SL expression is literally transferred to the TL.
Brainwashing
Moment of truth
Snow White
neige blanche.
Earworm
3) Borrowing the SL word is transferred directly into the TL, like kamikaze.

Oblique Translation Strategies

Transposition interchange of parts of speech that dont effect the

meaning. {a noun phrase (aprs son dpart) for a verb phrase (after he left)

Modulation reversal of point of view (it isnt expensive / its cheap)

Equivalence same meaning conveyed by a different expression, which is

most useful for proverbs and idioms (vous avez une araigne au plafond is
recognizable in English as you have bats in the belfry)

Adaptation cultural references may need to be altered to become relevant

(ce nest pas juste for its not cricket) (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti
pp129-135).

Tasks of the Translator

Expressing the relation between one language and another rather than an
exact correspondence.

Finding the intended effect upon the language into which the translator is
translating which produces in it the echo of the original.

Who is the target audience of translation?

It is meant solely for its transmitting function?

Inferior Translation- the inaccurate transmission of an inessential content.

Translation is a mode and as such looks into the governing law of

translatability.

Translation becomes essential if in the course of its survival a work has

reached the age of its aim.

The translator as an intervenient being by Carol Maier

intervenient as adjective

Being or coming in incidentally or extraneously;

Situated or occurring between different point or events and intermediary

intervenient as noun

Refers to one who intervenes

The translators identity crisis

Sandra Hale on the interpreters ambivalence:

1. interpreters role
2. Interpreters insecurities
3. And a tendency to undermine the interpreters task.

The translators intervention through voice selection by B. Mossop

Neutralizing the translator can write in my voice voice or style of the

party who is writing and is reporting the source text.

Ventriloquizing- the translator can choose to write in your voice or the

manner of writing of the party to whom the translator is reporting and who
will be reading the translation.

Distancing- the translator can write in her voice or that of the party who
has already written a text in the source language.

Neutralizing voice

Not quoting, parodying or otherwise imitating others, and not writing on

behalf of an institution.

Reflects the translators linguistic biography

Least deliberate

Ventriloquizing voice

Most difficult to produce successfully, as it tries to imitate the readers style

without being a member of the readership group.

readers will be imagined collectively and not as different individuals.

Distancing voice

Makes the text sound as if it emanates from a place apart from the situation
of I addressing you.

Inherently negative

Maybe achieved by outright retention of the word/phrase

The fourth voice

Often a result from the prompting of the commissioner.

Sometimes called a sociological intervention.

The Voice Hierarchy

Voice resulting from a style choice (medicalesse vesus plain language in

sixteen reported situation

Distribution of the voices ( no style distinction in SL)

Distribution of Voices (sexist versus non sexist language)

Other Voices

First- person Plural

Inappropriate and impossible voices

Creativity, individual and voice

From Text to Context

Role of Translation
Translation involves expertise
Translation also involves commission
Translation fills, or is thought to fill a need
Translation involves trust: the intended readers who do not know the original
trust that the translation is a fair representation of that original
Translation Categories
Authority authority of the culture viewed as the central culture in a given
time or a geographical area and the authority of the text.
Expertise checked and guaranteed
Trust the kind of trust that survives bad translation
Image of the source text a translator consciously or unconsciously sets out to
develop
The reader, the intended audience.
Audience
Different audience need translations for different reasons.
Authority
Authority draws the ideological parameters of the acceptable.
Cultures
A culture is perceived as central by another if the perceiving culture believes
it has much to learn from the other.
Ethnocentricity. The attitude that uses ones own culture as the yardstick by
which to measure all other cultures.
Text

Bible vs. Quran

Some texts are guarded with vigilance, since the power of those empowered
can be said to rest on it.
Petrus Daniclus Huetos on Translating the Bible
I insist on treating Holy Writ with such diligence and care because I do not
want the oracles of the Holy Ghost to be adulterated by human and earth-

bound elements. For it is not without divine counsel that they have been
expressed in a certain order, for there are as many mysteries hidden in them
as there are dots in the text. And did not Christ himself say that not one dot
should be erased from the Law until heaven and earth are destroyed?
Authority Usurped
Translations usurp to some extent the authority of their source texts.
Pseudotranslation text that purports to be a translation but is not.
Authority Bestowed
by giving a Latin form to the text I had read I could not only make use of the best
expressions in common usage with us but I could also coin new expressions
analogous to those used in Greek and they were no less well received by our
people, as long as they seemed appropriate.
Authority Bestowed
Translation forces a language to expand, and that expansion may be welcome as
long as it is checked by the linguistic community at large.
Speakers of emerging language tend to want to translate works of literature written
in language of authority simply to prove tha their languages are equally expressive.
Authority Bestowed
Translation also allows writers in the target culture to proceed on the
authority of writers alien to the target literature and introduced into it by
translators. In other words, translation introduces new devices into the
literatures by which it is received.
Image Culture
Preserving the Self-Image of the Target Culture
Translations not only project an image of the work that is translated and,
through it, of the world that belongs to; they also protect their own world
against images that are too radically different, either by adapting them or by
screening them out.
Victor Hugo
To translate a foreign poet is to add to ones to ones own poetry; yet this addition
does not please those who profit from it. At least not in the beginning: the first
reaction is one of revolt. A language into which another idiom is transfused does
what it can to resist. It will find new strength in it later, but for now it is indignant. It
abhors that new taste.
Changing the Self-Image of the Target Culture
We are aware that the scribbler in Dresden who stole my New Testament. He
admitted that my German is good and sweet and he realized that he could not do

better and yet he wanted to discredit it, so he took my New Testament as I wrote it,
almost word for word, and he took my preface, my glosses and my name away and
wrote his name, his preface and his glosses in his place. He is now selling my New
Testament under his name. Oh, dear children, how hurt I was when his prince, in a
terrible preface, forbade the reading of Luthers New Testament but ordered the
scribblers New Testament, read, which is exactly the same as the one Luther
wrote. (Martin Luther, Table Talk)
Acculturation
Good or ill fortune may befall a translation as the result of a translators
understanding or misunderstanding of the originals universe of discourse.
Challenging a poetics
Cultures may resist translation because it is felt to threaten their self image.
Translation provides probably the best way to gauge the influence of the
poetics at a certain time in history since it shows the degree to which it has
become.
Translations play an important part in the struggle between rival poetics.
Challenging a poetics
Subversion by infiltration Imported products tend to possess a certain
immunity inside the target culture because they are situated on the
borderline between the native and the foreign.
Poetics tend to level where the effective translatability or untranslatability of
the source text is decided.
Expertise and Trust
We transfer the classics into our own language not to familiarize ourselves with their
defects but rather to enrich our literature with the best they have achieved. To
translate them in extracts is not to mutilate them but rather to paint them in profile
and to their advantage.
Jean le Rond d Alembert

LANGUAGE AND TRANSLATION

AKVMAYPA

The Language issue

The need for translator to know the characteristics, strengths and

weaknesses of the languages involved in translation(Santiago & Alfonso,
1994).

7 major languages
Almario, V. et al. 1996

Tagalog/Filipino, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon

Waray, Bicol, Kapampangan, Panggasinense

Language, Literature and Translation

(Lefevere, 1992)

Translators have to deal with the problems on the level of

Illocutionary use of language for effect

Locutionary production of well-formed, grammatically correct sentences.

{ No hard and fast rules in translation; thus translators have to recognize problems,
adopt solutions and check solutions vis--vis text. }

Faithful vs. free translation

Faithful producing translation dictated by the shape of the source text

Free translations designed to match the ideological and poetological
expectations shared by readers in the target culture.

Illocutionary Act and the Problems this Brings to Translation

Alliteration

It may be possible to match the sound in other languages, but not the
meaning, or alternatively, the meaning, but not the sound.

Translator have to decide whether alliteration does play such a role and
whether it should be introduced into the literature written in those languages
or matched with stylistic devices more endemic to that literature.

Tis ksullaboit an tou ksulou tn Sam stratgn

Grammar
Translators sometimes change the grammatical categories of the original text to
express the same basic information, though with a different illocutionary effect.

Use charts to explain your ideas

taob

Taob/high tide

Grammatical Norms

Errors as deviation for style among writers.

Biblical allusion

Classical Allusions

Biblical allusion

Cultural allusion

Literary allusions

Hes a real Romeo to the ladies.

I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchios.

Foreign Words

This may cause a problem of double translation, or translation at one remove.

Solution:

Leave the foreign word or phrase untranslated and then append a translation
between brackets or insert the translation into the text.

Neologism - Invention of new words

Jabberwocky

'Twasbrillig, and the slithytoves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the momerathsoutgrabe.
'Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumiousBandersnatch!'
He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought -So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood a while in thought.

And, as in uffish thought he stood,

The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!
One two! One two! And through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.
'And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
Oh frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!'
He chortled in his joy.

'Twasbrillig, and the slithytoves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the momerathsoutgrabe.

neologism

Translators have to decide how important a given neologism is and whether they
can build analogous neologisms in their own languages or achieve analogous
illocutionary effect some other way.

Off -Rhyme

Near rhymes or half rhymes

Words paired from two different linguistic registers.

Translators have to decide whether off-rhyme plays a part in their own poetics
comparable to the part it plays in English

Sample Parody

Me clairvoyant
Me conscious of you, old camarado,
Needing no telescope, lorgnette, field-glass, opera glass, myopic pince-nez,
Me piercing two thousand years with eye naked and not ashamed;
The crown cannot hide you from me;
Musty old feudal-heraldic trappings cannot hide you from me.
After Whitman G.K. Chestertons

Poetic Diction

A style of writing is apt to be called poetic diction when it exhibits a fairly dense
concentration of illocutionary power in relatively few words, stanzas, or paragraphs.
Poetic diction also operates on morphological level.

Poetic Diction

Translators must be keen in identifying the poetic diction in a text. Should he/she
know that the target audience is not so much concerned with poetic diction,
translator can tone down poetic diction

Example

But the air was sharp and thin. It was as starlight transmuted into atmosphere, shot
through and warmed by sunshine, and flower drenched with sweetness.
All Gold Canyon Jack London

Pun

- A play on two of the meanings a word can have. Because readers must make
conscious effort to distinguish between the different meanings of the word and to
find out which one the author intended, the reader activates two meanings at the
same time.

Example

When I took orders, war and strife

Filled parsons with misgiving
For none knew who might lose his life
Or who might lose his living
The New Vicar of Bray Collin Ellis

Double Entendre

Susannah the fair

With her beauties all bare
Was bathing her, was bathing herself in an arbor,
The elders stood peeping and pleasd
With the dipping
Would fain have steered into her harbour.

Specialized language

The well remembered voice he knew,

He smiled, he faintly muttered: Sue!
(Her very name was legal too).
The Palace of Humbug Lewis Caroll

Register

The type of utterance felt appropriate to a given situation, are similar, or at

least analogous in different cultures.

Utterance and situation

Situation and situation

Utterance, situation and time

Jargon

Specialized language

Translators may regularize this or borrow it.

- Lawyers jargon

Sociolect

Identifies members of the same social group.

It is a variety of language associated with a particular social group.

Ebonics Yall niggas know whos the goat.

Idiolect

Refers to personal register or the individualized use each speaker makes of a

language.

Pag sure uy!

Char.

Next meeting, bring old newspapers, magazines, torn pages from books and a
marker.
The text must be varied.

Types of Translation
2 general classification based on the approach

Literary polysystemic in two ways; 1) TL chooses works for translation; 2)

translation methodology varies according to the influence of other systems.

Linguistic comes in two types; a) structural linguistic which focuses on the

key issues of meaning, equivalence and shift; b) functional linguistics which
looks into way language is used in the context.

Reader-focused type
Functional
Communicative
Text Based
Shift
Domesticating
Text-focused type
Formal
Semantic

Word-based
Equivalence
Foreignizing
LINGUISTICS APPROACH TO TRANSLATION
Jacobson and this three types of translation
1) intralingual rewording or paraphrasing, summarizing, expanding or
commenting within a language
2) interlingual the traditional concept of translation from ST to TT or the shifting
of meaning from one language to another (Stockinger p.4)
3) intersemiotic the changing of a written text into a different form, such as art or
dance (Berghout lecture 27/7/05; Stockinger p.4).-considers Saussures ideas of the arbitrariness of the signifier (name) for the
signified (object or concept) and how this equivalence can be transferred between
different languages
Types of Translation
by Eugene Nida
Dynamic Equivalence shifted the emphasis on the audience in translating the bible
Formal Equivalence or Functional equivalence aims at complete naturalness of
expression (Munday, 2001. p.42)
Systems of Analyzing meaning

1) Hierarchical structures (superordinates and hyponyms), such as the

hyponyms brother or sister and the superordinate sibling. In a cultural
context it may not be possible to translate sister, so sibling may need to
be used.

2) Componential analysis, which identifies characteristics of words that are

somehow connected, such as brother in Afro-American talk does not
necessarily refer to a male relation born of the same parents.

3) Semantic structural differences where the connotative and denotative

meanings of homonyms are identified, for example bat the animal and the
piece of sporting equipment.

Vinay, Darbelnet and Catford , and the Concept of Translation Shift

Translation theories that privilege equivalence must inevitably come to terms with
the existence of shifts between the foreign and translated texts (Venuti, 1958)
2 types
a)Direct

b) Oblique
Strategies of Direct Translation
1) Literal translation or word-for-word
2) Calque, where the SL expression is literally transferred to the TL, such as the
English character Snow White in French becomes Blanche Neige, because the
normal word configuration in English of white snow would be transferred as neige
blanche
3) Borrowing the SL word is transferred directly into the TL, like kamikaze.
Oblique Translation Strategies
1) Transposition interchange of parts of speech that dont effect the meaning, a
noun phrase (aprs son dpart) for a verb phrase (after he left)
2) Modulation reversal of point of view (it isnt expensive / its cheap)
3) Equivalence same meaning conveyed by a different expression, which is most
useful for proverbs and idioms (vous avez une araigne au plafond is recognizable
in English as you have bats in the belfry)
4) Adaptation cultural references may need to be altered to become relevant (ce
nest pas juste for its not cricket) (Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti pp129-135).
Two Types of Shift
According to Catford (1965)

1) Shift of level, where a grammatical concept may be conveyed by a lexeme

(the French future tense endings are represented in English by the auxiliary
verb will).

2) Category shifts, of which there are four types structural shifts (in French
the definite article is almost always used in conjunction with the noun); class
shifts (a shift from one part of speech to another); unit or rank (longer
sentences are broken into smaller sentences for ease of translation);
selection of non-corresponding terms (such as count nouns).

Two Models of Translation Shift

by Kitty van Leuven-Zwart

1) Comparative where a comparison of the shifts within a sense unit or

transeme (phrase, clause, sentence) between ST and TT is made. She then
conducts a very detailed analysis of the architranseme or the core meaning
of the word, and how this meaning can be transferred to the TL. She proposes
a model of shift based on micro-level semantic transfer.

2) Descriptive situated in the linguistic fields of stylistics and pragmatics

deals with what the author is trying to say, and why and how this can be
transferred to the TT. It deals with differences between the source and target

cultures and serves as a model on a macro level for literary works (Berghout,
2005; Munday, 2001).
Translation on the Functional linguistics perspective
Four Main Textual Functions
1) Informative designed for the relaying of fact. The TT of this type should be
totally representative of the ST, avoiding omissions and providing explanations if
required.
2) Expressive a higher level of literary text such as poetry in which the TT should
aim at recreating the effect that the author of the ST was striving to achieve. In this
case Reiss says the poetic function determines the whole text (Reiss in
Venuti,2001).
3) Operative designed to induce a certain behavioral response in the reader, such
as an advertisement that influences the reader to purchase a particular product or
service. The TT should therefore produce the same impact on its reader as the
reader of the ST.
4) Audomedial films, television advertisements, etc supplemented with images
and music of the target culture in the TT (de Pedros, 1996).
Types of Translation
by Christiane Nord
1) Documentary where the reader knows that the text has been translated.
2) Instrumental where the reader believes that the translated text is an original.
House (1977)
1. Covert Translation translated text functions as the original
2. Overt Translation reader is made aware that he/she is reading a translation.
Note: this is based on the earlier view about translation that focuses on the skopos
Functionalist Approach: Skopos Theory
Functionalism a theory of translation that accounts for how translators
select a particular translation process and make translation decisions by
using the intended communicative function of the target as a guideline;
functionalism also allows for systematized decisions about which elements of
the source should be preserved in a unified, principled way.
Tension and Conflicts
Contradictory demands on the shape of the TT.
Functionalists resolution: the function of the target and of the translation process is
the criterion that determines which of the conflicting principles is to be obeyed.

ENGLISH 150
Principles and purposes of language assessment
ASSESSMENT?
MATCHING TYPE
1. Assessment
2. Testing
3. Language Testing
4. Measurement
5. Evaluation
a. Procedures that are based on tests.
b. Practice and study of evaluating the proficiency of an individual in using a
particular language effectively
c. Act of gathering information on a daily basis in order to understand individual
students learning and needs.
d. Culminating act of interpreting the information gathered for the purpose of
making decisions or judgments about students learning and needs.
{Black and William define assessment for learning as all those activities undertaken
by teachers and/or by their students, which provide information to be used as
feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged}
Assessment as learning
Reflecting on the evidence of learning
Assessment of learning
Involves working with the range of available evidence that enables staff and
wider assessment community to check on students progress.
Functions of language tests

In learning language ability, diagnose students strengths and weaknesses,

motivate students in learning

In teaching ensure effective teaching, improve teaching quality, obtain

feedback in student learning

In research role in both basic and applied

TYPES OF LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT

AUDREY KRISTINA V. MAYPA
KINDS OF ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION

DIAGNOSTIC

FORMATIVE

SUMMATIVE

VS
USE DATA TO DECIDE DIRECTION FOR ACTION
Diagnostic assessment and evaluation

A distinct form of measurement. Its purpose is to ascertain, prior to

instruction, each students strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills.

Establishing these permits the instructor is to remediate students and adjust

the curriculum to meet each learners unique needs.

Keeping diagnostic instruments for comparison and further reference enables

teachers and students to determine progress and future directions.

Tools such as the writing strategies questionnaire and the reading interest/
attitude inventor can provide support for instructional decisions.

Adapted from the 'decision-making loop', Saubern,R (2010)

Formative assessment and evaluation

Focus on the processes and products of learning

Evaluation of an individual learner used to help individual improve

performance;

Identification of areas for improvement

Specific suggestions for improvement

Develops thinking skills and helps students to be reflective learners

Summative assessment and evaluation

Evaluation of an individual learner used for judgments or decisions about the

individual

Verification of achievement for individual

Motivation of individual to maintain or improve

Certification of performance

Grades

Promotion

performance

Summative evaluation results provide both formative and summative

information.
Example: summative evaluation can be used formatively to make decisions
about changes to instructional strategies, curriculum topics, or learning
environment.
Similarly, formative evaluation assists teachers in making summative
judgments about student progress and determining where further instruction
is necessary for individuals.
Summative assessment is sometimes referred to as assessment of learning
Formative assessment as assessment for learning.
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT TOOLS
OCCURS DURING THE STUDENTS DAILY PRACTICE OF THE FOUR MACRO SKILLS.
CAN BE RECORDED AS ANECDOTAL NOTES AND ON CHECKLISTS OR RATING
SCALES.
RATING SCALES AND RUBRICS

Rating scales record the extent to which the criteria have been achieved by
the student or are present in the students work.

It records the quality of the students performance at a given time or within a

given process.

Rubrics include criteria that describe each level of the rating scale and are
used to determine student progress in comparison to the expectations.

TYPES OF RUBRIC
PORTFOLIOS

Collections of relevant works that reflect students individual efforts,

development, and progress over a designated period of time

Provide students, teachers, parents, and administrators with a broad picture

of each students growth

 Projects
and presentations

Criteria should be developed and/or discussed with students at the outset of

activities such as written reports, visual representations, oral presentations,
or projects which combine more than one aspect of language use and
understanding

Source: Alderson, J.C, Assessing Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

2001.
McNamara, T. Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.