Tek 14-07C11 PDF
Tek 14-07C11 PDF
Tek 14-07C11 PDF
information
series
from
the
national
authority
on
concrete
masonry
technology
TEK 14-7C
Structural (2013)
INTRODUCTION
Concrete masonry elements can be designed by using one of
several methods in accordance with the International Building
Code (IBC, ref. 2) and, by reference, Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (MSJC Code, ref. 1): allowable
stress design, strength design, direct design, empirical design,
or prestressed masonry. This TEK provides a basic overview
of design criteria and requirements for concrete masonry assemblies designed using allowable stress design provisions.
For masonry design in accordance with the strength design,
prestressed or empirical provisions, the reader is referred to
TEK 14-4B, Strength Design Provisions for Concrete Masonry
(ref. 5), TEK 14-20A, Post-Tensioned Concrete Masonry
Wall Design (ref. 10), and TEK 14-8B, Empirical Design of
Concrete Masonry Walls (ref. 4), respectively.
The content presented in this edition of TEK 14-7C is
based on the requirements of the 2012 International Building
Code (ref. 2a), which in turn references the 2011 edition of the
MSJC Code (ref. 1a). For designs based on the 2006 or 2009
IBC (refs. 2b, 2c), which reference the 2005 and 2008 MSJC
(refs. 1b, 1c), respectively, the reader is referred to TEK 14-7B
(ref. 11).
Significant changes were made to the allowable stress
design (ASD) method between the 2009 and 2012 editions of
the IBC. In previous codes, the IBC included alternative load
combinations for ASD, and the MSJC ASD criteria allowed a
one-third increase in allowable stresses for load combinations
that include wind or seismic. The one-third stress increase is not
included in the 2011 MSJC. In addition, previous code versions
allowed the use of strength-level load combinations in ASD to
compensate for the lack of service-level load combinations in
previously referenced versions of ASCE 7, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ref. 3). Currently,
however, ASCE 7-10 includes both service level and strength
level load combinations, so this "pseudo-strength" procedure
is no longer included in the current ASD method.
Related TEK:
This TEK provides a general review of the pertinent allowable stress design criteria contained within the 2011 MSJC.
Allowable stress design is based on the following design
principles and assumptions:
Within the range of allowable stresses, masonry elements
satisfy applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains.
Stresses remain in the elastic range.
Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.
Therefore, strains in masonry and reinforcement are directly
proportional to the distances from the neutral axis.
Stress is linearly proportional to strain within the allowable
stress range.
For unreinforced masonry, the resistance of the reinforcement, if present, is neglected.
For reinforced masonry design, all tensile stresses are resisted by the steel reinforcement. Masonry in tension does
not contribute to axial or flexural strength.
The units, mortar, grout, and reinforcement, if present, act
compositely to resist applied loads.
Based on these assumptions, the internal distribution of
stresses and resulting equilibrium is illustrated in Figure 1 for
unreinforced masonry and Figure 2 for reinforced masonry.
Using allowable stress design, the calculated design stresses
on a masonry member (indicated by lowercase f) are compared
to code-prescribed maximum allowable stresses (indicated by a
capital F). The design is acceptable when the calculated applied
stresses are less than or equal to the allowable stresses (f < F).
DESIGN LOADS
Utilizing ASD, masonry elements are sized and proportioned such that the anticipated service level loads can
be safely and economically resisted using the specified
material strengths. The specified strength of masonry and
strength, building code provisions, flexural strength, reinforced concrete masonry, shear strength, structural design, unreinforced concrete masonry
reinforcement are in turn reduced by appropriate safety factors. Minimum design loads for allowable stress design are
included in ASCE 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures, or obtained from the IBC.
Eqn. 1
2 I n An
UNREINFORCED MASONRY
For unreinforced masonry, the masonry assembly (units,
mortar, and grout if used) is designed to carry all applied stresses
(see Figure 1). The additional capacity from the inclusion of
reinforcing steel, such as reinforcement added for the control
of shrinkage cracking or prescriptively required by the code,
is neglected. Because the masonry is intended to resist both
tension and compression stresses resulting from applied loads,
the masonry must be designed to remain uncracked.
TEK 14-1B, Section Properties of Concrete Masonry Walls
(ref. 6) provides typical values for the net moment of inertia,
In, and cross-sectional area, An, for various wall sections. If the
value of the bending stress, fb, given by Equation 1 is positive,
the masonry section is controlled by tension and the limiting
values of Table 1 must be satisfied. Conversely, if fb as given
by Equation 1 is negative, the masonry section is in compression and the compressive stress limitation of Equation 2 must
be met.
fb < Fb = 1/3 f'm
Eqn. 2
d
jd
fb
kd
3 kd
d
jd
T
1
fb
kd
kd
fb
Masonry cover
Bar diameter
Wall width
Wall width
Figure 1Unreinforced
Masonry Stress
Distribution
2
Masonry cover
Bar diameter
Wall width
3Baxis within
2B: Neutral
the core area
h
4
Normal to bed
joints:
Solid units
Hollow unitsA
Ungrouted
Fully grouted
Parallel to bed joints
in running bond:
Solid units
Hollow units
Ungrouted &
partially grouted
Fully grouted
Parallel to bed joints
in masonry not laid
in running bond:
Continuous grout
section parallel
to bed joints
Other
Eqn. 4
A further check for stability against an
eccentrically applied axial load is included
with Equation 5, whereby the axial compressive load, P, is limited to one-fourth the
buckling load, Pe. With Equation 5, the actual
eccentricity of the applied load, e, is used to
determine Pe. Moments on the assembly due
to loads other than the eccentric load are not
considered in Equation 5.
3
e
1
1 2 Em I n
Pe =
Eqn. 5
1 0.577
r
4
4 h 2
Masonry cement or
air-entrained portland
cement/lime
M or S
N
M or S
53 (366)
40 (276)
32 (221)
20 (138)
33 (228)
86 (593)
25 (172)
84 (579)
20 (138)
81 (559)
12 (83)
77 (531)
106 (731)
80 (552)
64 (441)
40 (276)
66 (455)
50 (345)
40 (276)
25 (172)
106 (731)
80 (552)
64 (441)
40 (276)
133 (917)
133 (917)
133 (917)
133 (917)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
For partially grouted masonry, allowable stresses are determined on the basis of
linear interpolation between fully grouted hollow units and ungrouted hollow units
based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
Equation 7 is applicable to determining both in-plane and
out-of-plane shear stresses. Because unreinforced masonry is
designed to remain uncracked, it is not necessary to perform a
cracked section analysis to determine the net cross-sectional
area of the masonry.
The theoretical distribution of shear stress, fv, along the
length of the shear wall (Figure 3) for in-plane loads, or perpendicular to any wall for out-of-plane loads, is parabolic in
shape for a rectangular cross-section. The calculated shear
stress due to applied loads, fv, as given by Equation 7 cannot
exceed any of the code-prescribed allowable shear stresses,
Fv, as follows:
Unreinforced Shear
Shear stresses on unreinforced masonry elements are calculated using the net cross-sectional properties of the masonry
in the direction of the applied shear force using the following
relation:
VQ
fv =
Eqn. 7
I nb
Mortar types
P
M
V
Compressive
stress, fb
Shear
stress, f v
As
bd
Eqn. 10
NCMA TEK 14-7C
k = 2 n + ( n ) n
Eqn. 11
j = 1 - k/3
Eqn. 12
Mm = 1/2 Fb k j b d2
Eqn. 13
Ms = As Fs j d
Eqn. 14
Where the resisting flexural capacity, Mr, is taken as the lesser
of Mm and Ms.
2
t fs ( b bw ) As n
dbw
(t (b b ) + A n )
fs
+ bw t 2fs ( b bw ) + 2As nd
dbw
Eqn. 15
(A) For cases where the masonry strength controls the design
capacity:
1 k
fs = nFb
Eqn. 16
k
If fs as determined using Equation 16 is greater than the
allowable steel stress, Fs, then the steel controls the strength and
the design is carried out using procedure (B) below. Otherwise,
the internal compression force, C, and moment capacity are
computed as follows:
C = 1/2 Fb b k d
Eqn. 17
Mr = Cjd
Eqn. 18
(B) For cases where the steel strength controls:
T = As Fs
Mr = Tjd
Eqn. 19
Eqn. 20
Eqn. 21
140 r
For elements having h/r > 99, the allowable compressive force,
Pa, is determined as follows:
70 r 2
Pa = ( 0.25 f 'm An + 0.65 As Fs )
Eqn. 22
h
Eqn. 25
Eqn. 26
5
When the ratio M/Vd falls between 0.25 and 1.0, the maximum
value of Fv may be linearly interpolated using Equations 25
and 26. The values of Fvm and Fvs are determined using Equations 27 and 28. When calculating Fvm, M/Vd must be taken
as a positive number and need not exceed 1.
1
P
M
Fvm = 4.0 1.75 f 'm + 0.25
Eqn. 27
Vd
2
A
n
Av Fs d
Fvs = 0.5
Eqn. 28
An s
NOTATION
An = net cross-sectional area of a member, in.2 (mm2)
Anv = net shear area, in.2 (mm2)
As = area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement, in.2
(mm2)
Av = cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement, in.2 (mm2)
b = width of section, in. (mm)
bw = for partially grouted walls, width of grouted cell plus
each web thickness within the compression zone, in.
(mm)
C = resultant compressive force, lb (N)
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement, in. (mm)
Em = modulus of elasticity of masonry in compression, psi
(MPa)
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel, psi (MPa)
e = eccentricity of axial load, lb (N)
Fa = allowable compressive stress available to resist axial
load only, psi (MPa)
Fb = allowable compressive stress available to resist flexure
only, psi (MPa)
Fs = allowable tensile or compressive stress in reinforcement,
psi (MPa)
Fv = allowable shear stress, psi (MPa)
Fvm = allowable shear stress resisted by the masonry, psi (MPa)
Fvs = allowable shear stress resisted by the shear reinforcement, psi (MPa)
fa = calculated compressive stress in masonry due to axial
load only, psi (MPa)
fb = calculated flexural bending stress in masonry, psi (MPa)
fm = specified compressive strength of masonry, psi (MPa)
fs = calculated tensile or compressive stress in reinforcement,
psi (MPa)
REFERENCES
1. Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures, Reported by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee.
a. 2011 Edition: TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
b. 2008 Edition: TMS 402-08/ACI 530-08/ASCE 5-08
c. 2005 Edition: ACI 530-05/ASCE 5-05/TMS 402-05
2. International Building Code. International Code Council.
a. 2012 Edition
b. 2009 Edition
c. 2006 Edition
3. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-10. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
4. Empirical Design of Concrete Masonry Walls, TEK 14-8B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2008.
5. Strength Design Provisions for Concrete Masonry, TEK 14-4B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2008.
6. Section Properties of Concrete Masonry Walls, TEK 14-1B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2007.
7. Steel Reinforcement for Concrete Masonry, TEK 12-4D. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2007.
8. Concrete Masonry Design Tables, TR121. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2000.
9. Structural Masonry Design System Software, CMS10V5. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2010.
10. Post-Tensioned Concrete Masonry Wall Design, TEK 14-20A. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2002.
11. Allowable Stress Design of Concrete Masonry, TEK 14-7B. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2009.
12. Software for the Structural Design of Concrete Masonry, TEK 14-17A. National Concrete Masonry Association, 2010.
NCMA and the companies disseminating this technical information disclaim any and all responsibility and liability for the accuracy
and the application of the information contained in this publication.
NATIONAL CONCRETE MASONRY ASSOCIATION
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