HTML Tutorials1
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Shanmuka SreenivasHTML Tutorials1
Uploaded by
Shanmuka SreenivasHTML Formatting
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold,
italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how text
can appear in HTML and XHTML.
Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a bold typeface.
Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a italicized typeface.
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a underlined typeface.
Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough,
which is a thin line through the text as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are
known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example,
the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has the
same width.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a monospaced typeface.
Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is the
same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height above the
other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a superscript typeface.
Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the
same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the
other characters.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a subscript typeface.
Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I want to drink cola wine
Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I want to drink cola wine
Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest of
the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a big typeface.
Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the
rest of the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a small typeface.
Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create
sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might
then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="menu" align="middle" >
<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HOME | CONTACT | ABOUT
CONTENT ARTICLES
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the
<span> element as follows
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span
style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the example of span tag and the div tag alongwith CSS
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.
HTML Phrase Tags
The phrase tags have been designed for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a similar way as
other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in previous chapter. This chapter will take
you through all the important phrase tags, so let's start seeing them one by one.
Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a emphasized typeface.
Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with yellow ink.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word has been marked with yellow.
Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word uses a strong typeface.
Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing</abbr> tags. If present, the title
attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
My best friend's name is Abhy.
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and </acronym> tags is
an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the <acronym> element.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.
Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override the current text
direction.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This text will go left to right.
This text will go right to left.
Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you are introducing a
special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a paragraph.
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most recent browsers
render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following word is a special term.
Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between <blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the surrounding
text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work
on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from earlier work on HTML 4.01,
HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.
Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite> tag and
closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in italicized text
by default.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.
Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...</code> tags. Usually
the content of the <code> element is presented in a monospaced font, just like the code in most
programming books.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Regular text. This is code. Regular text.
Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you can use
the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this example.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.
Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code>elements to indicate that the
content of that element is a variable.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
document.write("user-name")
Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc. Again, it is
mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Result produced by the program is Hello World!
Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad
HTML Meta Tags
HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a variety
of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing properties of
the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty element
and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you want
to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance of the
document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the
document which is represented by <head> and</head> tags. A meta tag can have following
attributes in addition to core attributes:
Attribute Description
Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include,
keywords, description, author, revised, generator etc.
content Specifies the property's value.
scheme Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in
the content attribute).
http- Used for http response message headers. For example http-equiv
equiv can be used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include
content-type, expires, refresh and set-cookie.
Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later these
keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
Following is an example where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello HTML5!
Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be used
by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Revision Date
You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was updated.
This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
automatically.
Example
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a
duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want
to redirect page immediately then do not specifycontent attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Setting Cookies
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between web
browser and web server to keep track of various infromation based on your web application
need.
You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be used by
the Web Server to track a site visitor.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you want
to redirect page immediately then do not specifycontent attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="cookie" content="userid=xyz; expires=Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59 GMT;"
/>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session cookie and
will be deleted when the user exits the browser.
Note: You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.
Setting Author Name
You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Specify Character Set
You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.
Example
By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process Web
pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a
<meta> tag to set Big5 encoding:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="author" content="Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Big5" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML Comments
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to add
comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate sections of a
document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments help you and others
understand your code and increases code readability.
HTML comments are placed in between <!-- ... --> tags. So any content placed with-in <!-- ... -->
tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the browser.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head> <!-- Document Header Starts -->
<title>This is document title</title>
</head> <!-- Document Header Ends -->
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result without displaying the content given as a part of comments:
Document content goes here.....
Valid vs Invalid Comments
Comments do not nest which means a comment can not be put inside another comment.
Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the
closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of-comment
string.
Example
Here given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- This is valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
But following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is because
there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>
<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
Document content goes here.....
Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as well.
You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag <!-- and ending tag --> placed
before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--
This is a multiline comment and it can
span through as many as lines you like.
-->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Document content goes here.....
Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are ignored by
other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can use them to give
conditional instructions to different versions of IE.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>
<!--[if IE 6]>
Special instructions for IE 6 here
<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet based on
different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments will be helpful.
Using Comment Tag
There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>
</html>
If you are using IE then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.
But if you are not using IE, then it will produce following result:
This is Internet Explorer.
Commenting Script Code
Though you will learn Javascript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must make a
note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is recommended to
put that script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>
<script>
<!--
document.write("Hello World!")
//-->
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello World!
Hello , World!
Commenting Style Sheets
Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you must
make a note that if you are using Casecading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code then it is
recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers
can work properly.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html><html>
<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>
<style>
<!--
.example {
border:1px solid #4a7d49;
//-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello , World!
HTML Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in simple
way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use images in your
web pages.
Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple syntax
to use this tag.
<img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/>
The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that it can contain only list of attributes and it has
no closing tag.
Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the same
directory:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="/html/images/test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Simple Image Insert
You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you specify
correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.
The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image, if the
image cannot be displayed.
Set Image Location
Usually we keep our all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in
our home directory and create a subdirectoryimages inside the home directory where we will
keep our image test.png.
Example
Assuming our image location is "/html/image/test.png", try the following example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src="/html/images/test.png" alt="Test Image" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Simple Image Insert
Set Image Width/Height
You can set image width and height based on your requirement
usingwidth and height attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of
either pixels or percentage of its actual size.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src="/html/images/test.png" alt="Test Image" width="150" height="100"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Setting image width and height
Set Image Border
By default image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms of
pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src="/html/images/test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3"/>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Setting image Border
Set Image Alignment
By default image will align at the left side of the page, but you can usealign attribute to set it in
the center or right.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src="/html/images/test.png" alt="Test Image" border="3" align="right"/>
</body>
</html>
HTML Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables, etc.
into rows and columns of cells.
The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to create table
rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Here border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all the cells. If
you do not need a border then you can use border="0".
Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag, which is
used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table heading as shown
below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes
There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust the
white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines the width of the border, while
cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content within a cell.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes
You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single column.
Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways:
bgcolor attribute - You can set background color for whole table or just for one cell.
background attribute - You can set background image for whole table or just for one
cell.
You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 1 Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available in
/images directory.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" bordercolor="green" background="/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td><td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result. Here background image did not apply to table's header.
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Row 1 Cell 2 Row 1 Cell 3
Row 1 Cell 1
Row 2 Cell 2 Row 2 Cell 3
Row 3 Cell 1
Table Height and Width
You can set a table width and height using width and height attrubutes. You can specify table
width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen area.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="400" height="150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Row 1, Column 1 Row 1, Column 2
Row 2, Column 1 Row 2, Column 2
Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the top of the
table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>
<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the caption
row 1, column 1 row 1, columnn 2
row 2, column 1 row 2, columnn 2
Table Header, Body, and Footer
Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a foot. The head and foot are
rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain the same for
every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.
The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are:
<thead> - to create a separate table header.
<tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
<tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.
A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pagesor groups of data. But
it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Cell 1</td>
<td>Cell 2</td>
<td>Cell 3</td>
<td>Cell 4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the head of the table
This is the foot of the table
Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4
Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the tags
inside table data tag <td>.
Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<table border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Name Salary
Ramesh Raman 5000
Shabbir Hussein 7000
HTML Lists
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must contain one
or more list elements. Lists may contain:
<ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
<ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.
<dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are arranged in
a dictionary.
HTML Unordered Lists
An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence. This list
is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
The type Attribute
You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default it is a
disc. Following are the possible options:
<ul type="square">
<ul type="disc">
<ul type="circle">
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="disc"> :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type="circle"> :
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul type="circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
o Beetroot
o Ginger
o Potato
o Radish
HTML Ordered Lists
If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted then HTML ordered
list will be used. This list is created by using<ol> tag. The numbering starts at one and is
incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with <li>.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish
The type Attribute
You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By default it is
a number. Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.
<ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.
<ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
1. Beetroot
2. Ginger
3. Potato
4. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="I">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
I. Beetroot
II. Ginger
III. Potato
IV. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
i. Beetroot
ii. Ginger
iii. Potato
iv. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="A">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
A. Beetroot
B. Ginger
C. Potato
D. Radish
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="a">
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
a. Beetroot
b. Ginger
c. Potato
d. Radish
The start Attribute
You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you need.
Following are the possible options:
<ol type="1" start="4"> - Numerals starts with 4.
<ol type="I" start="4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type="i" start="4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type="a" start="4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type="A" start="4"> - Letters starts with D.
Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type="i" start="4" >
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
<body>
<ol type="i" start="4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
iv. Beetroot
v. Ginger
vi. Potato
vii. Radish
HTML Definition Lists
HTML and XHTML support a list style which is called definition listswhere entries are listed like
in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a glossary, list of
terms, or other name/value list.
Definition List makes use of following three tags.
<dl> - Defines the start of the list
<dt> - A term
<dd> - Term definition
</dl> - Defines the end of the list
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>
<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>
</html>
HTML
This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP
This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTML Text Links
A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even specific
parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases, and
images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a webpage.
Note: I recommend to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL
Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything between
the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a user can click
that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to use <a> tag.
<a href="Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>
Example
Let's try following example which links http://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the link generated Tutorials
Point to reach to the home page of Tutorials Point.
Click following link
Tutorials Point
The target Attribute
We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify the
location where linked document is opened. Following are possible options:
Option Description
_blank Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.
_self Opens the linked document in the same frame.
_parent Opens the linked document in the parent frame.
_top Opens the linked document in the full body of the
window.
targetfram Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.
e
Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target
attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_parent">Opens in Parent</a> |
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on different links to understand the
difference between various options given for target attribute.
Click any of the following links
Opens in New | Opens in Self | Opens in Parent | Opens in Body
Use of Base Path
When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a
complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML
document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser will
concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.
Example
Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use
relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the link generated HTML
Tutorial to reach to the HTML tutorial.
Now given URL <a href="/html/index.htm" is being considered as <a
href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm".
Click following link
HTML Tutorial
Linking to a Page Section
You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by usingname attribute. This
is a two step process.
First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it using
<a...> tag as follows:
<h1>HTML Text Links <a name="top"></a></h1>
Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to reach:
<a href="/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>
This will produce following link, where you can click on the link generatedGo to the Top to
reach to the top of the HTML Text Link tutorial.
Go to the Top
Setting Link Colors
You can set colors of your links, active links and visited links
using link,alink and vlink attributes of <body> tag.
Example
Save the following in test.htm and open it in any web browser to see
howlink, alink and vlink attributes work.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>
<body alink="#54A250" link="#040404" vlink="#F40633">
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/html/index.htm" target="_blank" >HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result. Just check color of the link before clicking on it, next
check its color when you activate it and when the link has been visited.
Click following link
HTML Tutorial
Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple, you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF File</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following link and will be used to download a file.
Download PDF File
File Download Dialog Box
Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and it
will pop up a "File Download" box to the user in stead of displaying actual content. This is
very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.
For example, if you want make a FileName file downloadable from a given link then its
syntax will be as follows.
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Addtional HTTP Header
print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name=\"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"FileName\"\r\n\n";
# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );
while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){
print("$buffer");
HTML Image Links
We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use images in
our webpages. Now we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.
Example
It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink at the
place of text as shown below:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com" target="_self">
<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can click on the images to reach to the home page
of Tutorials Point.
Click following link
This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we can
create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.
Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provide a feature that lets you embed many different links
inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on different
coordinates available on the image. Once different are links attached to different coordinates,
we can click different parts of the image to open target documents. Such mouse-sensitive
images are known as image maps.
There are two ways to create image maps:
Sserver-side image maps - This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the <img> tag and
requires access to a server and related image-map processing applications.
Client-side image maps - This is created with the usemapattribute of the <img> tag,
along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.
Server-Side Image Maps
Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismapattribute which makes it
special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the browser passes the
coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the <a> tag to the web server.
The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine which document to deliver back to
the browser.
When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL of a
server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based on the
passed coordinates.
The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left corner of
the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question mark, are added to
the end of the URL.
For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner of the
following image:
Click following link
Which has been generated by the following code snippet:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href="/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target="_self">
<img ismap src="/images/logo.png" alt="Tutorials Point" border="0"/>
</a>
</body>
</html>
Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be
processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you like to
these coordinates:
/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30
This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when those
coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn more
about ismap attribute, you can check How to use Image ismap?
Note: You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl programming. You can write your
script to process these passed coordinates using PHP or any other script as well. For now let's
concentrate on learning HTML and later you can revisit this section.
Client-Side Image Maps
Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and defined by
special <map> and <area> extension tags.
The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag as a
normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the usemap
attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image tags. The <map>
along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and corresponding links.
The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the
boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the image
map:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src=/images/html.gif alt="HTML Map" border="0" usemap="#html"/>
<!-- Create Mappings -->
<map name="html">
<area shape="circle"
coords="80,80,20" href="/css/index.htm" alt="CSS Link" target="_self" />
<area shape="rect"
coords="5,5,40,40" alt="jQuery Link" href="/jquery/index.htm" target="_self" />
</map>
</body>
</html>
Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a summary, to
be followed by detailed examples:
rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x 2 and y2 are the
coordinates of the lower right corner.
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's radius.
A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the
attribute coords="200,50,25"
poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being drawn
from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top point at 20,20
and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the
attributecoords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".
All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a related
URL.You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different positions.
HTML Frames
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each section
can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser window is known as
a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the tables are organized: into
rows and columns.
Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in your
webpages:
Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not big
enough to be divided up.
Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to different
screen resolution.
The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.
There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.
Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag
defines how to divide the window into frames. Therows attribute of <frameset> tag defines
horizontal frames and colsattribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame>
tag and it defines which HTML document shall open into the frame.
Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset rows="10%,80%,10%">
<frame name="top" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="main" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="bottom" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Example
Let's put above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and changed their
width. This will create all the three frames vertically:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="25%,50%,25%">
<frame name="left" src="/html/top_frame.htm" />
<frame name="center" src="/html/main_frame.htm" />
<frame name="right" src="/html/bottom_frame.htm" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
This will produce following result:
The <frameset> Tag Attributes
Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag:
Attribute Description
cols specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and
the size of each column. You can specify the width of each
column in one of four ways:
Absolute values in pixels. For example to create three
vertical frames, use cols="100, 500,100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example to
create three vertical frames, usecols="10%, 80%,10%".
Using a wildcard symbol. For example to create three
vertical frames, use cols="10%, *,10%". In this case
wildcard takes remainder of the window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example
to create three vertical frames, usecols="3*,2*,1*". This
is an alternative to percentages. You can use relative
widths of the browser window. Here the window is
divided into sixths: the first column takes up half of the
window, the second takes one third, and the third takes
one sixth.
rows This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the
same values, but it is used to specify the rows in the frameset.
For example to create two horizontal frames, use rows="10%,
90%". You can specify the height of each row in the same way
as explained above for columns.
border This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in
pixels. For example border="5". A value of zero means no
border.
frameborder This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border
should be displayed between frames. This attrubute takes
value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no). For example frameborder="0"
specifies no border.
framespacin This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in
g a frameset. This can take any integer value. For example
framespacing="10" means there should be 10 pixels spacing
between each frames.
The <frame> Tag Attributes
Following are important attributes of <frame> tag:
Attribute Description
src This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded
in the frame. Its value can be any URL. For example,
src="/html/top_frame.htm" will load an HTML file available in
html directory.
name This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to
indicate which frame a document should be loaded into. This is
especially important when you want to create links in one frame
that load pages into an another frame, in which case the second
frame needs a name to identify itself as the target of the link.
frameborder This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame
are shown; it overrides the value given in the frameborder
attribute on the <frameset> tag if one is given, and this can take
values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
marginwidth This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space
between the left and right of the frame's borders and the frame's
content. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginwidth="10".
marginheigh This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space
t between the top and bottom of the frame's borders and its
contents. The value is given in pixels. For example
marginheight="10".
noresize By default you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on
the borders of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user
from being able to resize the frame. For example
noresize="noresize".
scrolling This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that
appear on the frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or
"auto". For example scrolling="no" means it should not have
scroll bars.
longdesc This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page
containing a long description of the contents of the frame. For
example longdesc="framedescription.htm"
Browser Support for Frames
If a user is using any old browser or any browser which does not support frames then
<noframes> element should be displayed to the user.
So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the <frameset>
element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does not understand
<frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the <body> element which is
contained in a <noframes> element.
You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example Sorry!! your
browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.
Frame's name and target attributes
One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then load
main pages into a separate frame.
Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
<frameset cols="200, *">
<frame src="/html/menu.htm" name="menu_page" />
<frame src="/html/main.htm" name="main_page" />
<noframes>
<body>
Your browser does not support frames.
</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>
</html>
Here we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels wide and
will contain the navigation menubar implemented by menu.htm file. The second column fills in
remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it is implemented
by main.htmfile. For all the three links available in menubar, we have mentioned target frame
as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menubar, available link will open in
main_page.
Following is the content of menu.htm file
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#4a7d49">
<a href="http://www.google.com" target="main_page">Google</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="http://www.microsoft.com" target="main_page">Microsoft</a>
<br /><br />
<a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk" target="main_page">BBC News</a>
</body>
</html>
Following is the content of main.htm file:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>
</html>
When we load test.htm file, it produces following result:
Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The target attribute
can also take one of the following values:
Option Description
_self Loads the page into the current frame.
_blank Loads a page into a new browser window.opening a new window.
_parent Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a
single frameset is the main browser window.
_top Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current
frames.
targetfram Loads the page into a named targetframe.
e
HTML Blocks
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level
Elements (b) Inline Elements
Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them. For
example the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>, <pre>, <hr />,
<blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements. They all start on their own
new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own new line.
Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to appear on
a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>, <sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>,
<ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and <var> elements are all inline elements.
Grouping HTML Elements
There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML tags (i)
<div> tag and (ii) <span> tag
The <div> tag
This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other HTML
tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create
webpage layout where we define different parts ( Left, Right, Top etc) of the page using <div>
tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when
it is used with CSS.
Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a
separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- First group of tags -->
<div style="color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- Second group of tags -->
<div style="color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
THIS IS FIRST GROUP
Following is a list of vegetables
Beetroot
Ginger
Potato
Radish
THIS IS SECOND GROUP
Following is a list of fruits
Apple
Banana
Mango
Strawberry
The <span> tag
The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML
document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning
when it is used with CSS.
The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with
inline elements where as the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.
Example
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in a
separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span
style="color:green">green</span></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red, and this is green
HTML Backgrounds
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no worries.
HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage background.
Html Background with Colors
Html Background with Images
Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.
Html Background with Colors
The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically page
body and table backgrounds. Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
<tagname bgcolor="color_value"...>
This color_value can be given in any of the following formats:
<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
<table bgcolor="lime" >
<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
<table bgcolor="#f1f1f1" >
<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,120)" >
Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Format 1 - Use color name -->
<table bgcolor="yellow" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is yellow
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Format 2 - Use hex value -->
<table bgcolor="#6666FF" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is sky blue
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Format 3 - Use color value in RGB terms -->
<table bgcolor="rgb(255,0,255)" width="100%">
<tr><td>
This background is green
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is yellow
This background is sky blue
This background is green
Html Background with Images
The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML elmement,
specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set background of
your HTML page or table. Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML
tag.
Note: The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use Style Sheet for
background setting.
<tagname background="Image URL"...>
The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.
Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Set table background -->
<table background="/images/html.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is filled up with HTML image.
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds
You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This
simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the background.
It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the smallest
dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.
Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- Set a table background using pattrern -->
<table background="/images/pattern1.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- Another example on table background using pattrern -->
<table background="/images/pattern2.gif" width="100%" height="100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
HTML Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors
on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute.
The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:
bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.
text - sets a color for the body text.
alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.
link - sets a color for linked text.
vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already clicked
on.
HTML Color Coding Methods
There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:
Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes
up the color.
Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.
HTML Colors - Color Names
You can sepecify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic
color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color
names supported by major browsers.
Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.
W3C Standard 16 Colors
Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
Black Gray Silver White
Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia
Red Green Blue Purple
Maroon Olive Navy Teal
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>
<body text="blue" bgcolor="green">
<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="black">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="white">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - Hex Codes
A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red
value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop
Pro or MS Paint.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few
colors using hexadecimal notation.
Color Color HEX
#000000
#FF0000
#00FF00
#0000FF
#FFFF00
#00FFFF
#FF00FF
#C0C0C0
#FFFFFF
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>
<body text="#0000FF" bgcolor="#00FF00">
<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="#000000">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Colors - RGB Values
This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one
each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use
it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.
Color Color RGB
rgb(0,0,0)
rgb(255,0,0)
rgb(0,255,0)
rgb(0,0,255)
rgb(255,255,0)
rgb(0,255,255)
rgb(255,0,255)
rgb(192,192,192)
rgb(255,255,255)
EXAMPLE
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
<body text="rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor="rgb(0,255,0)">
<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.</p>
<table bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<tr>
<td>
<font color="rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Browser Safe Colors
Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors.
These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the
computers having 256 color palette.
000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF
003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF
006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF
009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF
00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF
00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF
330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF
333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF
336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF
339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF
33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF
33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF
660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF
663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF
666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF
669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF
66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF
66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF
990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF
993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF
996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF
999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF
99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF
99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF
CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF
CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF
CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF
CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF
CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF
CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF
FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF
FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF
FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF
FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF
FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF
FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF
HTML Fonts
Fonts play very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing content
readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser that is being
used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style, size, and color to the
text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of your text to the same size,
face, and color.
The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your fonts. To
change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use the <font> tag.
The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the </font> tag. You can change
one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.
Note: The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future
version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS styles to
manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont
tags in detail.
Set Font Size
You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="1">Font size="1"</font><br />
<font size="2">Font size="2"</font><br />
<font size="3">Font size="3"</font><br />
<font size="4">Font size="4"</font><br />
<font size="5">Font size="5"</font><br />
<font size="6">Font size="6"</font><br />
<font size="7">Font size="7"</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Font size="1"
Font size="2"
Font size="3"
Font size="4"
Font size="5"
Font size="6"
Font size="7"
Relative Font Size
You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font size
should be. You can specify it like <font size="+n"> or <font size="-n">
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font><br />
<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font><br />
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font><br />
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font><br />
<font size="+4">Font size="+4"</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Font size="-1"
Font size="+1"
Font size="+2"
Font size="+3"
Font size="+4"
Setting Font Face
You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't
have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the default font face
applicable to the user's computer.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Font Face</title>
</head>
<body>
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5">Times New Roman</font><br />
<font face="Verdana" size="5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5">Comic Sans MS</font><br />
<font face="WildWest" size="5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face="Bedrock" size="5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Times New Roman
Verdana
Comic Sans MS
WildWest
Bedrock
Specify alternate font faces
A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their computer. So, it
is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the font face names, separated
by a comma.
<font face="arial,helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy,Comic Sans MS,Lucida Console">
When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none of the
given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New Roman.
Note: Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.
Setting Font Color
You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that you want
by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
Note: You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<font color="#FF00FF">This text is in pink</font><br />
<font color="red">This text is red</font>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This text is in pink
This text is red
The <basefont> Element:
The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for any parts
of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can use the <font>
elements to override the <basefont> settings.
The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative font
setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>
<body>
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2" color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>
<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">
This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font></p>
<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">
It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font></p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is the page's default font.
HTML Forms
HTML Forms are required when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For example
during user registration you would like to collect information such as name, email address,
credit card, etc.
A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application such as
CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required processing on
the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.
There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down menus,
radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.
The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax:
<form action="Script URL" method="GET|POST">
form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>
Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form attributes:
Attribut Description
e
action Backend script ready to process your passed data.
method Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are
GET and POST methods.
target Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will
be displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.
enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser
encodes the data before it sends it to the server. Possible values
are:
application/x-www-form-urlencoded - This is the
standard method most forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data - This is used when you want to
upload binary data in the form of files like image, word file
etc.
Note: You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.
HTML Form Controls
There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML form:
Text Input Controls
Checkboxes Controls
Radio Box Controls
Select Box Controls
File Select boxes
Hidden Controls
Clickable Buttons
Submit and Reset Button
Text Input Controls
There are three types of text input used on forms:
Single-line text input controls - This control is used for items that require only one line
of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created using
HTML <input> tag.
Password input controls - This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character
as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input> tag.
Multi-line text input controls - This is used when the user is required to give details
that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using
HTML<textarea> tag.
Single-line text input controls
This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search boxes or
names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
First name: <input type="text" name="first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="last_name" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
First name:
Last name:
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be
set to text.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of
characters.
maxlengt Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can
h enter into the text box.
Password input controls
This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it. They
are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to password.
Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type="text" name="user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type="password" name="password" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
User ID :
Password:
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.
Attribute Description
type Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it
will be set to password.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
value This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.
size Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of
characters.
maxlengt Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can
h enter into the text box.
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls
This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single sentence.
Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.
Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Description :
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.
Attribut Description
e
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
rows Indicates the number of rows of text area box.
cols Indicates the number of columns of text area box
Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are also
created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox.
Example
Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="maths" value="on"> Maths
<input type="checkbox" name="physics" value="on"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths Physics
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.
Attribut Description
e
type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it
will be set to checkbox.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
value The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.
checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Radio Button Control
Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be selected.
They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to radio.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="maths"> Maths
<input type="radio" name="subject" value="physics"> Physics
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths Physics
Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.
Attribut Description
e
type Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it
will be set to radio.
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
value The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.
checked Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Select Box Control
A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various options in the
form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<select name="dropdown">
<option value="Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value="Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Maths
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag:
Attribut Description
e
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
size This can be used to present a scrolling list box.
multiple If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from
the menu.
Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag:
Attribut Description
e
value The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is
selected.
selected Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when
the page loads.
label An alternative way of labeling options
File Upload Box
If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file upload
box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input> element but type
attribute is set to file.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="file" name="fileupload" accept="image/*" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box:
Attribut Description
e
name Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.
accept Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.
Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a clickable
button using <input> tag by setting its type attribute tobutton. The type attribute can take the
following values:
Type Description
submi This creates a button that automatically submits a form.
t
reset This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their
initial values.
button This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when
the user clicks that button.
image This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as
background of the button.
Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="button" name="ok" value="OK" />
<input type="image" name="imagebutton" src="/html/images/logo.png" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Submit Reset
Hidden Form Controls
Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed to the
server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page. For example,
following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a user will click next
page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server and there it will decide
which page has be displayed next based on the passed current page.
Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<p>This is page 10</p>
<input type="hidden" name="pagename" value="10" />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" />
<input type="reset" name="reset" value="Reset" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is page 10
Submit Reset
HTML Marquees
An HTML marquee is a scrolling piece of text displayed either horizontally across or vertically
down your webpage depending on the settings. This is created by using HTML <marquees>
tag.
Note: The HTML <marquee> tag may not be supported by various browsers so its not
recommended to rely on this tag, instead you can use Javascript and CSS to create such effects.
Syntax
A simple syntax to use HTML <marquee> tag is as follows:
<marquee attribute_name="attribute_value"....more attributes>
One or more lines or text message or image
</marquee>
The <marquee> Tag Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <marquee> tag.
Attribute Description
width This specifies the width of the marquee. This can be a
value like 10 or 20% etc.
height This specifies the height of the marquee. This can be
a value like 10 or 20% etc.
direction This specifies the direction in which marquee should
scroll. This can be a value like up, down, left or right.
behavior This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee.
This can have a value like scroll, slide and alternate.
scrolldela This specifies how long to delay between each jump.
y This will have a value like 10 etc.
scrollamo This specifies the speed of marquee text. This can
unt have a value like 10 etc.
loop This specifies how many times to loop. The default
value is INFINITE, which means that the marquee
loops endlessly.
bgcolor This specifies background color in terms of color
name or color hex value.
hspace This specifies horizontal space around the marquee.
This can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.
vspace This specifies vertical space around the marquee. This
can be a value like 10 or 20% etc.
Below are few examples to demonstrate the usage of marquee tag.
Examples - 1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee>This is basic example of marquee</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee width="50%">This example will take only 50% width</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 3
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="right">This text will scroll from left to right</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Examples - 4
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee direction="up">This text will scroll from bottom to up</marquee>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HTML Header
e have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure:
Document declaration tag
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML
<head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>, <meta>, <link>,
<base>, <style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags.
The HTML <title> Tag
The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is an
example to give a title to an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <meta> Tag
The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which includes
information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description etc.
Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>
<!-- Provide list of keywords -->
<meta name="keywords" content="C, C++, Java, PHP, Perl, Python">
<!-- Provide description of the page -->
<meta name="description" content="Simply Easy Learning by Tutorials Point">
<!-- Author information -->
<meta name="author" content="Tutorials Point">
<!-- Page content type -->
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<!-- Page refreshing delay -->
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">
<!-- Page expiry -->
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="Wed, 21 June 2006 14:25:27 GMT">
<!-- Tag to tell robots not to index the content of a page -->
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <base> Tag
The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page, which
means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the given item.
For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given URLs
with base URL http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>
<body>
<img src="/images/logo.png" alt="Logo Image"/>
<a href="/html/index.htm" title="HTML Tutorial"/>HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
HTML Tutorial
But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/html/index.htm
The HTML <link> Tag
The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and
external resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available
in css sub-directory within web root:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
The HTML <style> Tag
The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document. Following
is an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<style type="text/css">
.myclass{
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
Note: To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial
available at http://www.tutorialspoint.com/css
The HTML <script> Tag
The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal script for
the HTML document. Following is an example where we are using Javascript to define a simple
Javascript function:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="OK" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
HTML Style Sheet
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in print, or
perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style sheets on the
Web since the Consortium was founded in 1994.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various
attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for a
given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:). Each
property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).
Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and
associated attributes to specify text color and font size:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p><font color="green" size="5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>
</html>
We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:green;font-size:24px;">Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Hello, World!
You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document:
External Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include
that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.
Internal Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document
using <style> tag.
Inline Style Sheet - Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements
using style attribute.
Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.
External Style Sheet
If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to define a
common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have extension
as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.
Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules:
.red{
color: red;
.thick{
font-size:20px;
.green{
color:green;
Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes defined for
the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are being defined
because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the above external CSS
file in our following HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/html/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
<p class="thick">This is thick</p>
<p class="green">This is green</p>
<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
Internal Style Sheet
If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only then you can include those
rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.
Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.
Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the same
HTML document using <style> tag:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<style type="text/css">
.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
.green{
color:green;
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
<p class="thick">This is thick</p>
<p class="green">This is green</p>
<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
Inline Style Sheet
You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using styleattribute of the relevant
tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular change in any
HTML element only.
Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file as well
as the rules defined in <style> element.
Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along with the
HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style="color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is red
This is thick
This is green
This is thick and green
HTML Javascript
A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For example, a
script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown menu. This script
could be written using Javascript or VBScript.
You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting language
and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes.
Now a days only Javascript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the web
developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.
You can keep Javascript code in a separate file and then include it whereever it's needed, or
you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one by one
with suitable examples.
External Javascript
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents then it's
better to keep that functionality in a separate Javascript file and then include that file in your
HTML documents. A Javascript file will have extension as .js and it will be included in HTML
files using <script> tag.
Example
Consider we define a small function using Javascript in script.js which has following code:
function Hello()
alert("Hello, World");
Now let's make use of the above external Javascript file in our following HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript External Script</title>
<script src="/html/script.js" type="text/javascript"/></script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script code in
header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and you can put
your source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript Internal Script</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
function Hello(){
alert("Hello, World");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="Hello();" name="ok" value="Click Me" />
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result, where you can try to click on the given button:
Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any mouse
or keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler which can vary
from a single to 1000s of line code.
Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple
function EventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when any user
brings mouse over a paragraph.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
function EventHandler(){
alert("I'm event handler!!");
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p onmouseover="EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see an alert</p>
</body>
</html>
Now this will produce following result. Bring your mouse over this line and see the result:
Bring your mouse here to see an alert
Hide Scripts from Older Browsers
Although most (if not all) browsers these days support Javascript, but still some older browsers
don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it would display the
code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML comments around the script as
shown below.
JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello Javascript!");
//-->
</script>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
The <noscript> Element
You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts and for
those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using
the <noscript> tag.
JavaScript Example:
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write("Hello Javascript!");
//-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support Javascript!</noscript>
VBScript Example:
<script type="text/vbscript">
<!--
document.write("Hello VBScript!")
'-->
</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>
Default Scripting Language
There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using multiple
<script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script tags. This saves
you from specifying the language everytime you use a script tag within the page. Below is the
example:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/JavaScript" />
Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.
HTML Layouts
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable
time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now a days, all modern websites are using CSS and Javascript based framework to come up
with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML
tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few
examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage using pure HTML and
its attributes.
HTML Layout - Using Tables
The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables
are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way
you like.
Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2
columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is Web Page Main title
Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials
HTML
PHP
PERL...
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
Multiuple Columns Layout - Using Tables
You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your
content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be
used to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at
our website tutorialspoint.com.
Example
Here is an example to create three column layout:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200" width="60%">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
Main Menu Technical and Managerial Tutorials Right Menu
HTML HTML
PHP PHP
PERL... PERL...
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN
The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div>
tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an
inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really
designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.
Note: This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before understanding this
example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.
Example
Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you have
achieved using <table> tag in previous example.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;">
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result:
This is Web Page Main title
Main Menu
HTML
PHP
PERL...
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
Right Menu
HTML
PHP
P
HTML Tag Reference
Following tags have been introduced in older versions of HTML but all the tags marked with are part of
HTML-5.
Tag Description Version
<!--...--> Specifies a comment
<!DOCTYPE> Specifies the document type
<a> Specifies an anchor
<abbr> Specifies an abbreviation
<acronym> Specifies an acronym
<address> Specifies an address element
<applet> Deprecated. Specifies an applet
<area> Specifies an area inside an image map
<article> Specifies an article
<aside> Specifies some content loosely related to
the page content. If it is removed, the
remaining content still makes sense
<audio> Specifies a sound content
<b> Specifies bold text
<base> Specifies a base URL for all the links in a
page
<basefont> Deprecated. Specifies a base font
<bdo> Specifies the direction of text display
<bdi> Represents text that must be isolated from
its surrounding for bidirectional text
formatting. It allows embedding a span of
text with a different, or unknown,
directionality
<bgsound> Specifies background music
<big> Specifies big text
<blink> Specifies a text which blinks
<blockquote> Specifies a long quotation
<body> Specifies the body element
<br> Inserts a single line break
<button> Specifies a push button
<canvas> For making graphics with a script
<caption> Specifies a table caption
<center> Deprecated. Specifies centered text
<cite> Specifies a citation
<code> Specifies computer code text
<col> Specifies attributes for table columns
<colgroup> Specifies groups of table columns
<comment> Puts a comment in the document
<datalist> A list of options for input values
<dd> Specifies a definition description
<del> Specifies deleted text
<dfn> Specifies a definition term
<dialog> Specifies a dialog box or window
<dir> Deprecated. Specifies a directory list
<div> Specifies a section in a document
<dl> Specifies a definition list
<dt> Specifies a definition term
<em> Specifies emphasized text
<embed> Specifies a container for an external (non-
HTML) application
<fieldset> Specifies a fieldset
<figcaption> Specifies a caption for a <figure> element
<figure> Specifies self-contained content
<font> Deprecated. Specifies text font, size, and
color
<footer> Specifies a footer for a document or section
<form> Specifies a form
<frame> Specifies a sub window (a frame)
<frameset> Specifies a set of frames
<h1> to <h6> Specifies header 1 to header 6
<head> Specifies information about the document
<header> Specifies a header for a document or
section
<hr> Specifies a horizontal rule
<html> Specifies an html document
<i> Specifies italic text
<iframe> Specifies an inline sub window (frame)
<ilayer> Specifies an inline layer
<img> Specifies an image
<input> Specifies an input field
<ins> Specifies inserted text
<isindex> Deprecated. Specifies a single-line input
field
<kbd> Specifies keyboard text
<keygen> Generate key information in a form
<label> Specifies a label for a form control
<layer> Specifies a layer
<legend> Specifies a title in a fieldset
<li> Specifies a list item
<link> Specifies a resource reference
<main> Specifies the main or important content in
the document. There is only oneelement in
the document
<map> Specifies an image map
<mark> Specifies a text highlighted for reference
purposes, that is for its relevance in another
context
<marquee> Creates a scrolling-text marquee
<menu> Deprecated. Specifies a menu list
<menuitem> Specifies a command/menu item that the
user can invoke from a popup menu
<meta> Specifies meta data of an html document
which is not displayed on the page
<meter> Specifies a scalar measurement within a
known range (a gauge)
<multicol> Specifies a multicolumn text flow
<nav> Specifies a section that contains only
navigation links
<nobr> No breaks allowed in the enclosed text
<noembed> Specifies content to be presented by
browsers that do not support the <embed>
tag
<noframes> Specifies a noframe section
<noscript> Specifies a noscript section
<object> Specifies an embedded object
<ol> Specifies an ordered list
<optgroup> Specifies an option group
<option> Specifies an option in a drop-down list
<output> Specifies the result of a calculation
<p> Specifies a paragraph
<param> Specifies a parameter for an object
<plaintext> Deprecated. Render the remainder of the
document as preformatted plain text
<pre> Specifies preformatted text
<progress> Specifies a completion progress of a task
<q> Specifies a short quotation
<rp> Specifies to show browsers that do not
support the ruby element
<rt> Specifies an text ruby annotation
<ruby> Specifies an ruby annotation
<s> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text
<samp> Specifies sample computer code
<script> Specifies a script
<section> Specifies a section in a document
<select> Specifies a selectable list
<spacer> Specifies a white space
<small> Specifies small text
<source> Specifies a media resources for media
elements, defined inside video or audio
elements
<span> Specifies a section in a document
<strike> Deprecated. Specifies strikethrough text
<strong> Specifies strong text
<style> Specifies a style definition
<sub> Specifies subscripted text
<summary> Specifies a summary, caption, or legend for
a given <details>
<sup> Specifies superscripted text
<table> Specifies a table
<tbody> Specifies a table body
<td> Specifies a table cell
<textarea> Specifies a text area
<tfoot> Specifies a table footer
<th> Specifies a table heading
<thead> Specifies a table header
<time> Specifies a date and time <details>
<title> Specifies the document title
<tr> Specifies a table row
<track> Specifies a text tracks used in mediaplayers
<tt> Specifies teletype text
<u> Deprecated. Specifies underlined text
<ul> Specifies an unordered list
<var> Specifies a variable
<video> Specifies a text tracks used in mediaplayers
<wbr> Indicates a potential word break point
within a <nobr> section
<xmp> Deprecated. Specifies preformatted text
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