Masonry

CE-200
Details of Construction
Lecture-4
Brick Masonry
Masonry
Masonry is the building of
structures from individual
units laid in and bound
together by mortar.
The common materials of
masonry construction are
brick, stone such as marble,
granite, limestone, concrete
block, glass block, and tile.
Masonry is generally a highly
durable form of construction.
However, the materials used,
the quality of the mortar and
workmanship, and the pattern
the units are put in, can
strongly affect the durability
of the overall masonry
construction.
Masonry work
Strength of brick masonry depends on
1. Quality and strength of bricks
2. Type of mortar used
3. The method of bonding adopted
Strength of brick wall depends on

1. Slenderness ratio of the wall
2. Lateral pressure due to wind
3. Degree of soundness in construction
Mortar
Mortar is a material used
in masonry to bind
construction blocks
together and fill the gaps
between them. The
blocks may be stone,
brick etc. Mortar is a
mixture of sand, a binder
such as cement or lime,
and water and is applied
as a paste which then
sets hard. Mortar can
also be used to fix, or
point masonry when the
original mortar has
washed away.
Masonry mortar is composed of one or
more cementitious materials, clean
well-graded masonry sand, and
sufficient water to produce a plastic,
workable mixture.
Types of mortar used in masonry work
1. Cement mortar
2. Lime mortar
3. Cement-lime mortar
4. Lime-surkhi mortar
5. Mud mortar
Types of bricks used in masonry work
1. Traditional bricks
Length 20 to 25 cm, Width 10 to 13
cm, Height 5 to 7.5 cm
common size 23cm 11.4cm 7.6cm
2. Modular bricks
normal size 20 10 10 cm
actual size 19 9 9 cm
Bangladesh 9.5 4.5 2.75 in
with mortar 10 5 3 in
Bonds in brick-work:
- on account of their uniform size and shape,
the bricks can be rise to different types of
bonds.
Bonding is essential because it
- eliminates continuous vertical joints both in
the body as well as in the face of the wall
- imparts strength to the masonry
Defective arrangement of bricks reduces the
strength and durability of the structure
A wall having continuous vertical joints does
not act as a homogeneous mass to distribute
the superimposed load.
Technical terms used in masonry
1. Header 10. Perpends
2. Stretcher 11. Bat
3. Bond 12. Closer
4. Course 13. King closer
5. Face 14. Queen closer
6. Back 15. Quoin
7. Racking back 16. Frog
8. Toothing 17. Beveled closer
9. Lap 18. Mitered closer
King closer Queen closer
Types of Bonds
Commonly adopted types are:
1. English bond
2. Flemish bond
i) single flemish bond
ii) double flemish bond
Other types of bonds are:
1. Heading bond
2. Stretching bond
3. Garden wall bond
i) english garden wall bond
ii) flemish garden wall bond
4. Raking bond
i) herring-bone bond
ii) diagonal bond
iii) zig-zag bond
6. Dutch bond
7. English cross bond
8. Silver lock's bond
English bond
Heading course should never start with a queen closer

In stretcher course, the stretchers should have a
minimum lap of their length over the header
1, 2 or 3 brick thick walls (i.e., even number of half
brick) present the same appearance on the both sides
For odd number of half brick, same course will show
stretcher on one face and header on the other
In thick walls, the middle portion is entirely filled with
header
English Bonds
Flemish bond
1. Single flemish bond:
Combination of english and flemish bond
In a course, facing is flemish and backing is
english
Cannot be adopted in walls having thickness
less than one and half brick
Provided for the attractive appearance of the
flemish bond
1. Double flemish bond:
Each course presents the same
appearance both in the face and back of
the wall
Every course consists of headers and
stretchers alternately
Best suited for consideration of economy
and appearance
This type of bonding is comparatively
weaker than english bond
Flemish Bonds
Flemish bond
Comparative merits and demerits of English
and Flemish bonds
1. For walls thicker than 1.5 brick, English bond

is stronger than Flemish bond.
2. Flemish bond renders the appearance of the
face work more attractive.
3. Flemish bond is slightly economical as a
number of bats can be used.
4. The adoption of Flemish bond requires good
workmanship and careful supervision.
Other types of bonds
Stretching (running) bond:

- all bricks are laid as stretchers
- bond is used for half brick wall only
- commonly adopted in the construction of half
brick of partition wall.
Heading bond:
- bricks are laid as headers on the faces.
- overlap is done by a three-quarter bat in each
alternate course.
- mainly used for footings because of better
transverse distribution of loads.
Heading and Stretching bonds
Heading bond Stretching bond
Garden-wall bond:
- suitable for one brick thick wall
- bond is not so strong, therefore, restricted
to walls which are not subjected to large
stresses.
1. English garden walls:
- brick arrangement similar to English bond
- usually one course of header and three
course of stretchers
- QC is placed next to quoin header of the
heading course to give the necessary lap.
English and Flemish garden-wall bonds
English garden wall Flemish garden wall
2. Flemish garden wall:
- composed of one header and 3/5 stretchers
in series throughout the length.
- each alternate course contains a 3/4th bat
placed next to quoin header and a header is
laid over the middle of each central
stretcher.
Raking bond:
- bricks are laid at any angle other than
0 or 90 degrees
- arrangement helps to increase
longitudinal stability of thick walls.
1. Herring bone bond:
- suited for very thick walls not less
than 4 brick thick
- bricks are laid at 45 degree in two
directions from centre
- commonly used for brick paving
Raking and Herring bone bonds
2. Diagonal bonds:
- bricks are inclined in one direction only
- angle of inclination is so selected that there
is a minimum cutting of the bricks
- best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 brick
thick
3. Zig-zag bonds:
- similar to herringbone bond
- bricks are laid in a zig-zag fashion
- commonly adopted in brick paved flooring
English cross bond:
- similar to English bond
- QC are introduced next to quoin header
- each alternate stretching course has header
next to quoin stretcher
- sufficiently strong and bears good elevation
Dutch bond:
- modification of English cross bond
- each stretching course starts at the quoin
with a bat and every alternate stretching
course has header placed next to the bat
provided at the quoin
Dutch and English cross bonds
Dutch bond English cross bond
Silverlocks bond:
- headers and stretchers are laid in
alternate courses
- economical but weak in strength
recommended for garden or partition
wall
Tools for brick-layer
Hammer
Line and pin
Brick axe
Plumb rule
Spirit level
Masons square
Trowel
Two feet four fold rule
Retaining wall and Breast wall
Retaining wall:
1. Wall built to resist the pressure of
liquid, earth filling, sand or other
granular material filled behind it after
it is built
2. It is commonly required in the
construction of hill roads, masonry
dams, abutments, and wing walls of
bridges and so on
Breast wall:
1. It is constructed to protect the slippage
of naturally slopping ground
2. Stone walls are provided to protect the
slopes of cutting in natural ground from
the action of weather
3. Section of wall depends upon the height
of wall, nature of backing and slope of
cutting
Conditions of stability of retaining walls
A satisfactory retaining wall must meet

the following requirements:
1. The wall should be structurally capable
of resisting the pressure applied to it
2. The section of the wall should be so
proportioned that it will not overturn by
the lateral pressure
3. The wall should be safe from
consideration of sliding
4. The weight of wall together with the force
resulting from the earth pressure action on it
should not stress its foundation to a value
greater than safe bearing capacity of the soil
on which it is found.
5. It is important to prevent accumulation of
water behind a retaining wall. The backing
material should be suitably drained by
providing weep holes
6. As far as possible long masonry walls should
be provided

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CE-200

Strength of brick wall depends on

Heading course should never start with a queen closer

1. For walls thicker than 1.5 brick, English bond

Stretching (running) bond:

A satisfactory retaining wall must meet

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