Unisza Thesis Writing Guidelines

THESIS WRITING GUIDELINES
This guideline contains the rules and regulations of postgraduate studies

at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
All postgraduate students should comply with these rules and regulations.
UniSZA reserves the right to amend the rules and regulations
from time to time.
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
Gong Badak Campus
Kuala Terengganu
Malaysia
Thesis Writing Guidelines
CONTENTS
Message from the Vice Chancellor v

Message from the Deputy Vice Chancellor vi
Message from the Dean vii
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Language 1
1.3 Submission of Thesis 1
1.4 Thesis Format Specification 2
1.4.1 Font Type and Size 2
1.4.2 Margins 2
1.4.3 Spacing 3
1.4.4 Pagination 3
1.4.5 Paper 4
1.4.6 Binding, Colour of Cover and Lettering 4
1.4.7 Page Layout 5
1.4.8 Length of Thesis and Dissertation 5
CHAPTER 2: THESIS FORMAT 6

2.1 Title Page 7
2.2 Abstract 7
2.3 Acknowledgements 8
2.4 Approval 8
2.5 Declaration 8
2.6 Table of Contents 8
2.7 List of Tables 8
2.8 List of Figures 8
2.9 List of Cases 9
2.10 List of Statutes 9
2.11 List of Abbreviations / Notations / Symbols / Glossary of Terms 9
2.12 Text of Thesis 9
2.12.1 Body of Thesis 9
2.12.2 Tables 11
2.12.3 Figures 11
2.12.4 Chapter Layout 12
2.12.5 Equations 12
2.12.6 Footnotes 12
2.12.7 Citations 12
2.12.8 Use of Copyright Materials 13
2.12.9 Header and Footer 13
2.12.10 Translation 13
2.13 References 13
2.14 Appendices 13
2.15 List of Publications 14
2.16 Candidate Biodata 14
CHAPTER 3: WRITING CONVENTIONS 15

3.1 Unit of Measure 15
3.2 Numbers 16
iii
3.3 Use of Elliptical Mark 16

3.4 Use of Square Brackets [ ] 17
3.5 Use of Symbol for Percentage 17
3.6 Policy on Direct Quotations 17
3.7 Format for Quotations 18
CHAPTER 4: PLAGIARISM 21
4.1 Form of Plagiarism 21
4.2 Avoiding Plagiarism 22
CHAPTER 5: USE OF EDITORIAL / PROOFREADING SERVICE 23
APPENDICES 25
Appendix A1: Spine and Cover of the Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy) 27
Appendix A2: Spine and Cover of the Thesis (Master) 28
Appendix B1: Title Page (Doctor of Philosophy) 29
Appendix B2: Title Page (Master) 30
Appendix C1: Format of Abstract (Bahasa Melayu Version) 31
Appendix C2: Format of Abstract (English Version) 32
Appendix C3: Format of Abstract (Arabic Version) 33
Appendix D: Approval 34
Appendix E: Declaration 35
Appendix F: Table of Contents 37
Appendix G: Example of List of Tables 39
Appendix H: Example of List of Figures 40
Appendix I: Example of List of Cases 41
Appendix J: Example of List of Statutes 45
Appendix K: Example of List of Abbreviations 43
Appendix L: Example of Tables 44
Appendix M: Examples of Figures 45
Appendix N: Layout of Chapter 46
Appendix O1: Examples of Reference Format 47
Appendix O2: Sample of Commonly Used Reference Formats (APA, Chicago,
CBE, MLA, ACS, Arabic and Arabic Transliteration) 49
Appendix O3: Arabic Transliteration 58
iv
Message from the Vice Chancellor
Assalamualaikum and greetings to all
Thesis Writing Guidelines is an important publication for all graduate

students at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). It is designed to
assist our young researchers in producing a thesis of high quality and
internationally recognised standard. Graduate students will benefit
from the five main sections of focus in the book, offering guidance on
general requirements of thesis, thesis format, writing conventions,
plagiarism and the use of editing and proofreading services.
By following the guidelines in this book, students should find their

journey in preparing an academic thesis more systematic, resulting in
academic work of superior standing. This process also serves to produce a thesis that
follows internationally recognised standards, allowing for examiners from any part of the
world to assess the research with ease. I trust that all our graduate students will benefit
from this publication, and make full use of the valuable information it has to offer.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to the Graduate
School, UniSZA for publishing this valuable guidebook. In line with our university motto,
Knowledge for the Benefit of Humanity I believe it will serve to benefit all postgraduate
students in their thesis writing process.
Thank you.
Prof. Datuk Dr. Yahaya bin Ibrahim

Vice Chancellor
v
Message from the Deputy Vice Chancellor
First and foremost, I am thankful to Allah the Almighty that the Graduate
School of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) has successfully
issued the UniSZA Thesis Writing Guidelines as a point of reference for
graduate students in preparing their thesis. This accomplishment is in line
with the universitys vision to become a world-class institution of higher
learning.
This guidebook is intended to facilitate all UniSZA graduates to produce a

thesis that meets the international standards as required by UniSZA.
Therefore, all graduates must ensure that their thesis complies with the
guidelines presented in this manual. This book comprises five sections: The General
Requirements of Thesis, Thesis Format, Writing Conventions, Plagiarism and Use of Editing
and Proofreading Service. A thesis that involves research will greatly benefit from the
requirements prescribed in this manual, not only in producing work of the highest quality, but
also in the planning and editing process. In turn, this would help the examiners and readers to
understand their thesis better.
Lastly, I hope that this guidebook can help the students in organising the content of their thesis
and facilitate its journey to completion.
With that, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation and my
congratulations to the Graduate School of UniSZA for publishing this guidebook. I believe
this book will be beneficial to all postgraduate students in their thesis writing process.
Thank you.
Professor Dr Mahadzirah binti Mohamad

Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic and International)
vi
Message from the Dean
I would like to congratulate all students for making the right choice in
choosing the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin for their postgraduate
studies. Since its inception in 2007, the Graduate School has grown
tremendously with an increasing number of graduate students each year.
There has also been a steady increase in international student enrolment,
a sign that UniSZA is becoming recognised and established abroad.
Such a development is very encouraging for a newly established
university.
With the increasing number of graduate students, it is therefore

important that a thesis writing guidebook be prepared of the highest
quality. This latest version has incorporated new elements to help make it easier for
supervisors and students to use. It is thus important that all graduate students comply with
the prescribed style of writing in order to avoid problems during the preparation, delivery
of oral thesis and the final preparation of the hard bound copy.
Writing a thesis is a very important process for every graduate student. A students
intelligence and level of thinking are portrayed through a lucid writing style, whilst the
quality of the thesis reveals the quality of graduate students produced by the university. On
this note, it is important that every student takes this matter seriously.
Lastly, I would like to thank all Faculty Deans and Deputy Deans and many others for the
help rendered to the Graduate School in writing this book.
Thank you.
Professor Dr. Mustafa bin Mamat

Dean,
Graduate School
vii
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS
1.1 Introduction
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA) Thesis Guidelines is prepared as a manual for
graduate students of UniSZA, Malaysia. This manual establishes the technical parameters
required for all graduate students to observe in writing their thesis. This includes the
technical and formatting specifications, writing conventions and other component
requirements for the final submission of the thesis. Because UniSZA is responsible for
awarding the degrees, the university takes its academic reputation seriously. Hence, it is
the role of the examiners to evaluate the technical quality and content of a thesis, and for
the Graduate School to stipulate specific format requirements needed to ensure that proper
academic appearance of a thesis is met.
1.2 Language
The thesis should be written either in standard American or British English,

standard Bahasa Melayu or Arabic. The language use should be consistent throughout
the thesis. The Roman alphabet should be used unless otherwise required by the
relevant faculty, or unless when using Arabic. All units of measurement must be in the
metric system.
1.3 Submission of Thesis
1.3.1 Candidates intending to submit a thesis should do the following:

i. Submit the prescribed Notification to Submit Thesis / Dissertation (PPS-16)
form to the Graduate School at least THREE (3) months before submission;
ii. Submit THREE (3) soft bound copies of the thesis with the completed
Submission of Thesis / Dissertation for Examination (PPS-17) form.
iii. After a successful defence of the thesis, submit one loose copy of the corrected
thesis to the Graduate School along with the list of corrections made using the
Endorsement of Thesis Correction (PPS-19) form within the period endorsed
by the viva voce examination committee.
1
1.3.2 Upon approval by the Graduate School Committee, a candidate must submit
FOUR (4) hard bound copies, TWO ( 2) CDs of the approved thesis and the
Submission of the Final Thesis (PPS-22) form. Candidates are required to
compile one file in the PDF format. The candidate is advised to also submit one
(1) bound copy to each member of the Thesis Supervisory Committee.
1.4 Thesis Format Specifications
1.4.1 Font Type and Size
The entire text of the thesis, headings and page numbers must be prepared
using Times New Roman in font size 12-point for Roman script and font size
16-point for Traditional Arabic. The font should not be scripted or italicised
except for scientific names and terms differently used in the writing
language of the thesis. The bold print should be used for headings. Footnotes
and texts in the tables and figures are 10-point for Roman script and font size
12-point for Traditional Arabic.
1.4.2 Margins
Margin specifications are meant to facilitate binding and trimming. All

materials included in the document including the text, tables and figures must
fit within these margins.
Top : 2.50 cm
Bottom : 2.50 cm
Left : 3.80 cm
Right : 2.50 cm
For Arabic
Right : 3.80 cm
Left : 2.50 cm
(Otherwise as above)
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1.4.3 Spacing
The thesis should be typed and double-spaced with four spaces between
paragraphs and sections. The following, however, should be single-spaced:
i. explanatory footnotes (if absolutely necessary);

ii. quotations longer than three lines set in a block;
iii. references or bibliography (except between entries);
iv. multi-line captions (tables, figures);
v. appendices, such as questionnaires, letters; and
vi. headings or subheadings.
1.4.4 Pagination
All pages should be numbered, centralised or aligned to the right of the bottom
margin, with font size and type as per the main text. Page numbers should be
on the right-hand corner and in the same font as the rest of the text. The page
numbers should not be in brackets, hyphenated or decorated in any way.
The thesis should be written on one side of each page only. Only original
word-processed copies or high-quality photocopies of a thesis are
accepted.
Two types of pagination may be used. Choose one from the following types:
Type 1
The pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis,

including the appendices. Each appendix should be identified separately using
an uppercase letter beginning with A. The pages of the appendices should
also be numbered accordingly. Preliminary pages preceding Chapter 1 should
be numbered in Roman numerals (i ii, iii) or Arabic letters ( ). The Title
Page should not be numbered although it should be counted as page i. Page 1
is therefore the first page of Chapter 1 (or the Introduction) whilst the
subsequent pages should be numbered beginning with page 2.
3
Type 2
Page 1 begins with the Title Page and should not be numbered. Subsequent
pages should be numbered consistently beginning with page 2.
1.4.5 Paper
Printing should be on A4 sized paper (210 mm x 297 mm, 80g), white in colour
and of good quality. Photographic illustrations should be laser printed in colour
on good quality high-resolution paper.
1.4.6 Binding, Colour of Cover and Lettering
a. A thesis must be temporarily bound for examination purposes and may

only be hard bound after obtaining the approval of the Graduate School
Committee. All copies should be checked in accordance with the Graduate
School Checklist to ensure that all the university requirements are met.
b. The thesis should be professionally bound with a MAROON (Master) or

BLUE BLACK (PhD) hard cover.
c. The thesis spine must be entirely lettered in GOLD using a 18-point (or
size 26-point for Arabic) and must contain the following:
i. candidates name;
ii. degree for which the thesis is submitted; and
iii. year of submission
d. The thesis cover must be entirely lettered in GOLD using 18-point (or size
26-point for Arabic) and must contain the following:
i. title of the thesis;

ii. candidates name;
iii. name of the degree;
4
iv. name of the university; and

v. year of submission.
(see Appendix A1 and Appendix A2)
1.4.7 Page Layout
The layout of the text should be in portrait. However, the landscape layout
may be used for figures and tables.
1.4.8 Length of Thesis and Dissertation
The number of words stated below is words in-text only and does not include
tables, figures, footnotes and appendices. This number is only a guide as
some theses may require more or less words than the number stated. The
candidate must obtain written permission from the Graduate School before
submitting a thesis shorter or longer than the prescribed length.
By Research
PhD Thesis : From 50,000 - 80,000 words

Masters Thesis : From 30,000 - 50,000 words
By Mixed Mode
PhD Thesis : Not more than 50,000 words

Masters Thesis : Not more than 20,000 words
5
CHAPTER 2
THESIS FORMAT
A thesis typically consists of three main sections: the preliminary section, the main body
(chapters) and the final section. The preliminary section includes the title page, the
declaration form, the acknowledgements, the approval sheets, the abstract (in both
English / Arabic and Bahasa Melayu), the table of contents, and the lists of tables, figures
and abbreviations. The final section consists of references / bibliography, appendices,
biodata of the candidate and the list of publication(s). The thesis should be organised in
the following order:
Table 1. A Typical Layout of a Thesis
No. Items Remarks

1 Blank Page
2 Title Page Not to be paginated but counted as 1 or i.
Subsequent pages are paginated and are
numbered consecutively (Types 1 and 2)
and listed in the Table of Contents. See
Section 2.1
3 Abstrak See Section 2.2

Abstract / See Section 2.2
4 Acknowledgements See Section 2.3

5 Approval See Section 2.4
6 Declaration See Section 2.5
7 Table of Contents See Section 2.6
8 List of Tables See Section 2.7
9 List of Figures See Section 2.8
10 List of Abbreviations / Notations /
Symbols / Glossary of Terms See Section 2.11
11 Main Body (Chapters) See Section 2.12
12 References / Bibliography See Section 2.13
13 Appendices See Section 2.14
14 List of Publication(s) See Section 2.15
15 Candidate Biodata See Section 2.16
16 Blank Page
6
2.1 Title Page
The title page should be printed in font size 14-point (or size 24-point for Arabic) and
must include the following items (see Appendix B1 and Appendix B2):
i. UniSZA Logo;
ii. full title of the thesis (in uppercase letters);
iii. full name of the candidate (in uppercase letters);
iv. degree for which the thesis is submitted;
v. name of the institution where the thesis is submitted;
vi. faculty / institute / centre in which the candidate is registered; and
vii. year of submission.
The title should capture the content of the thesis accurately and concisely. The title
should be in single-spacing.
2.2 Abstract
An abstract is the executive summary of the thesis that contains a succinct description
of the entire research. References to literature should not be included in the abstract.
Abbreviations or acronyms must be preceded by the full name / term in its first
mention.
The abstract should not be less than 300 words and not exceed 500 words (single-
spacing). The content of the abstract includes a brief statement of the problem; the
significance of the research; objectives; a concise description of the research
methodology; significant findings; and the conclusion.
The abstract should be bilingual (Bahasa Melayu - English or Bahasa Melayu -

Arabic). The version that appears first will be the Bahasa Melayu version. The format
for the abstracts heading is shown in Appendix C1, Appendix C2, and Appendix
C3.
Although a thesis may be in English or Arabic, the corresponding abstract in Bahasa

Melayu must also be of an acceptable scholarly standard. In addition, scientific terms
must be used consistently.
7
2.3 Acknowledgements
must beWriting
Thesis used consistently.
Guidelines
2.3 Acknowledgements
The acknowledgement page is a written expression of appreciation towards the

supervisor(s), source of scholarship, and assistance provided by individuals and
institutions.
2.4 Approval
The approval sheet (see Appendix D) shall contain the signature of the Dean of the
Graduate School certifying the approval of the thesis by the Thesis Examination
Committee once the Senate has awarded the Degree.
2.5 Declaration
The Declaration should be written as per Appendix E.
2.6 Table of Contents
The Table of Contents contains a list of all the relevant subdivisions of the thesis in
sequence (see Appendix F).
2.7 List of Tables
The List of Tables contains the titles or captions for all tables in the text and
appendices, together with the page number where the tables appear (see Appendix
G).
2.8 List of Figures
The List of Figures includes graphs, maps, charts, drawings, photographs, sketches
and images. The title or caption and its corresponding page number are included in the
list. Figures should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis, including in the
appendices (see Appendix H).
8
2.9 List of Cases (if any)
This list shows all cases which are referred to in the thesis. The cases should be
arranged in alphabetical order (see Appendix I).
2.10 List of Statutes (if any)
This list shows all statutes which are referred to in the thesis. The statutes should be
arranged in alphabetical order (see Appendix J).
2.11 List of Abbreviations / Notations / Symbols / Glossary of Terms
All abbreviations and acronyms (e.g., IFI, OIC, OECD, ASEAN) used in the thesis
should be listed and spelled out in full under the Abbreviations / Notations / Glossary
of Terms along with their meanings. This list serves as a ready reference for readers
who may not be familiar with the abbreviations. The list of symbols should be listed
unless they are universally recognised scientific symbols (such as oz, cm, mm, kg, ha)
(see Appendix K).
2.12 Text of Thesis
2.12.1 Body of Thesis
The body of a thesis normally consists of the sections listed below; however, the
exact configuration may depend on the area of research concerned. These can
either be organised as separate chapters or be included as subheadings in a
chapter or in various chapters. Each chapter should have its own conclusion
(except for Chapter 1).
Introduction: This chapter introduces the problem of the study, its importance
and relevance. It sets forth the context, the hypothesis to be tested and the
research objectives.
Literature Review: This chapter involves a critical review of literature related to

the topic of the thesis. It should be regarded as a base for the experimental or
9
analytical section of the thesis. The reviewed literature should be current, and
analysed and synthesised logically. It is important to note that a review is not
merely a descriptive summary of works written by different authors.
Materials and Methods / Methodology: This chapter describes the methods,

techniques and any validation of methods used in the study. This may include
section(s) that describe the methodology in detail, the theoretical development,
the hypothesis description, the fundamental philosophical foundation, the
experimental design and the standard procedure description. For studies in the
social sciences, a theoretical or conceptual framework should also be included.
Published protocols or methods must be cited with references.
Results: This chapter presents a complete account of the results and analyses of
the study in the form of figures, tables or texts, highlighting key information.
Results and Discussion may be written in more than one chapter depending on the
number of experimental works and / or parametric studies conducted. In such
cases, each chapter on results should contain a discussion.
Discussion: This chapter discusses the results of the study in relation to the
hypothesis / conceptual theory / research questions of the study. It highlights the
main findings, their significance and implications. The discussion should fit into
the existing or current body of knowledge.
Conclusion: This chapter highlights the summary of the studys findings upon
which a conclusion is drawn, reiterating and discussing the objectives set at the
beginning of the study. It also consists of the implications, limitations and
recommendations for future research.
Note 1:
Should the faculty decide to use a different format, written approval from the
Graduate School must be obtained.
Note 2:
There is an alternative format to arrange the body of thesis. It should be
considered only when each research chapter, although related, represents a study
10
that may stand on its own, and where the materials and methods sections are
significantly different from the other research chapters.
Note 3:
In certain cases, the abstract may exceed 500 words subject to written approval
from the Graduate School.
2.12.2 Tables
Tables are numbered in Arabic numerals consecutively throughout the thesis

(including text and appendices). Tables should be numbered according to the
chapter, e.g., Table 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, and so on. Generally, all tables are to be
listed under the LIST OF TABLES in the preliminary pages (including the tables
that appear in the appendices). The tables should be placed after their first
mention in the text. The table number and title are typed in single-spacing and
placed above the table. The caption, on the other hand, is typed in single-spacing
and placed below the table (see Appendix L). Table sources and notes should be
placed directly below the caption. There should be consistency in the style used.
2.12.3 Figures
Figures include maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, engineering

drawings and printed images. Each of these categories is numbered according to
the chapter throughout the thesis, including those that appear in appendices.
The figure number, title and caption should be typed in single-spacing and placed
below the figure in the Arabic numeral and in lowercase, except for proper nouns
and the first letters of principle words. Source should be placed after the title of
the figure (see Appendix M). Figures should be inserted after their first mention
in the text.
A right-hand page in the landscape format should have the top of the figure on the
binding edge. The figure number should be typed parallel to the way the figure
reads. The page number is typed in the standard text position. Figures should
conform to the standard margin requirements. Engineering drawings should
11
follow the appropriate standards whilst large-size drawings should be placed in

the appendix.
2.12.4 Chapter Layout
A chapter may be divided into the Main Headings and the Subheadings. The
Main Headings and the Subheadings of a chapter may be identified by numbers.
The Main Headings are numbered according to the primary level numbering (e.g.,
1.1, 1.2, 1.3) whilst the Subheadings are numbered according to the secondary
level numbering (e.g., 1.1.1, 1.1.2., 1.1.3). These should be consistent throughout
the thesis and should be limited, if possible, to only four levels. Tables and
figures are inserted in the text following their immediate mention (see Appendix
N).
2.12.5 Equations
All equations, mathematical and / or chemical, are considered as texts and should
be numbered according to the chapter. Detailed derivation if relevant should be
placed in an appendix.
2.12.6 Footnotes
Depending on the field of study, footnotes should generally be used sparingly in a

thesis because extensive footnoting tends to distract the reader from the main
argument of the text. They should be used only to clarify a certain term, to state
conversion factors or exchange rates and should not be used in citing authorities
for specific statements or research findings. Citations of authorities should be
done in the text (see the following section). If footnotes are necessary, the
1, 2
indicators (the reference numbers in the text) are usually superscripted (e.g., ,
and 3). The numbering of footnotes should begin with 1 and must be continuous
within a chapter or appendix only and not throughout the whole text.
2.12.7 Citations
The candidate is responsible for choosing a style of citation that is appropriate to
12
the field. This selected style should be used correctly and consistently. Candidate
may consult his / her supervisor(s) for guidelines.
2.12.8 Use of Copyright Materials
Any copyright materials used in the thesis should give full credit to the publisher.
If the material is borrowed from any copyrighted publication, permission must be
secured beforehand. The complete source must be stated below the caption.
2.12.9 Header and Footer
The use of header and footer is not allowed.
2.12.10 Translation
If translations to Bahasa Melayu are required, it is recommended to refer to the

latest edition of Gaya Dewan and Pedoman Terjemahan published by Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.
2.13 References
References is a term commonly used to mean a list of works cited. The Graduate
School does not specify which reference style to use. It is, however, to the
students advantage to follow a style used by an authoritative journal in his / her
field of study. Samples of reference format, commonly used reference styles and
Arabic Transliteration are given in Appendix O1, Appendix O2 and Appendix
O3 (students should check for the latest versions of the different styles).
2.14 Appendices
An appendix or appendices, if any, are placed after the reference list. The
appendix materials should be grouped according to their type, e.g., Appendix A:
Questionnaire; Appendix B: Original Data; Appendix C: Result Tables. Details of
the appendices are listed according to their type in the Table of Contents.
Appendices include original data, summary, side-line or preliminary tests,
13
tabulations, tables that contain data of lesser importance, lengthy quotations,

supporting decisions, forms and documents, computer printouts, detailed
engineering drawings and other pertinent documents.
2.15 List of Publications
This section includes all accepted publications (including conference articles)

from the thesis. Any manuscript that has been accepted but not published must
be printed as in press. The list of publications should be prepared using the
same style as the references.
2.16 Candidate Biodata
This section is compulsory. It is biographical information of the candidate that

should include the name and passport sized photo of the candidate, his / her
educational background, degree, professional work experience (if any) and other
information that may interest the readers. It is preferable that the biodata be
written in an essay form rather than a mere resume. The biodata of the candidate
should not exceed 300 words.
14
CHAPTER 3
WRITING CONVENTIONS
3.1 Units of Measure
To indicate units of measure, the internationally recognised units of measure must

be used, preferably the Standard International units (SI). Units should be written
numerically and not in words, for example, 2 L instead of two litres, unless they
are the first word of a sentence. Use abbreviated form of units, for example, 7 kg
instead of 7 kilograms. The unit of measurement should be clearly separated from
the corresponding numerical value by a standard single space, for example, 2 L
instead of 2L, 7 kg instead of 7kg. The abbreviation for litre is L not l and
centimetre is cm not c.
Table 2: Units of Measures Using the Standard International Units (IS)

SI Measurements Abbreviated Form
2 litres 2L
30 millilitres 30 mL
7 kilograms 7 kg
50 kilometre 50 km
3.5 hectare 3.5 ha
7.3 metric tonnes 7.3 t
35 parts per million 35 ppm
19 gram 19 g
300 U.S. Dollars USD300
2.4 metric tonnes/hectare 2.4 t/ha
Units that are named after a person should be written as follows:
5 Newton should be 5 N
5 Joule should be 5 J
15
Do not place a full stop after a unit except when it is at the end of a sentence.
There are no plural forms for abbreviations of units, for example, 5 cm and not 5
cms.
3.2 Numbers
All numbers less than ten should be written in words (e.g., four , nine) unless
they are attached to units of measure (e.g., 3 kg, 9 mL). If a sentence begins
with a number, write the numbers in words, e.g., "Two hundred and fifty
students were sampled from the study area."
Use numerals for a series of figures, for example:
i. In a lecture hall, there are 200 chairs, 200 tables, 3 whiteboards, 2 loud
speakers, and 1 microphone.
ii. The number of student intake for UniSZA during the past six years was
1100, 1500, 1650, 2050, 2200, and 2500.
The zero should be included in numbers written as decimals, for example, 0.4 m
instead of .4 m. Decimal numbers should be clearly distinguished. Dates should be
written without a comma, for example, 31 August 2014. A range is most frequently
signalled with the assistance of a dash, for example, the period of time should be
written as 1993-2020, 2003-2007.
Numbers with more than four digits should be written without a comma or space
between them. Numbers larger than four digits should be written with a space
before each set of three digits, for example, 213 000, 21 000 000, 252 000 000.
Numbers written as decimals contain spacing like these: 0.001, 0.00005, 35
321.06242.
3.3 Use of the Elliptical Mark
Writers often use the elliptical mark to i ndi c a te omission from a quoted
material. The ellipsis consists of three-spaced full stops (...). When an ellipsis
follows a sentence, it appears as four full stops (....). One full stop marks the
16
end of the sentence and the other three signals the omission. For example:
The plaintiff must show that its past record in the transaction is clean
because he who has committed Inequity shall not have Equity.
Indeed, Muslims in this country are governed by Islamic personal and
family laws, which have been in existence since the coming of Islam to
this country. Such laws have been administered not only by the syariah
courts but also by the civil courts.
3.4 Use of Square Brackets [ ]
Within a direct quotation, brackets are used to enclose any explanatory note
inserted. An example is shown below:
This year [2014] alone, we had two hundred applicants wanting to join
our data analysis course (Mustafa, 2014).
Candidates should use "sic" within a square bracket [sic ] to indicate a

certain doubt as to its meaning or the factual error that was made. It is inserted
within the quotation to show that the original version is being faithfully
reproduced even though it appears to have errors. However, errors that appear to
be obviously typographical should be corrected as a matter of professional
courtesy.
3.5 Use of Symbol for Percentage
The symbol % may be used in place of the word per cent, e.g., 33.7% and
typed without any spacing. If the student prefers to write 33.7 per cent in full,
consistency should be maintained throughout. In tables, the symbol % should be
used at the head of a table column to mean per cent.
3.6 Policy on Direct Quotations
Direct quotations must be minimised except in some fields of study such as

in Arabic literature where precision is required involving quotations from al-Quran,
17
scholars of al-Hadith (such as Imam Bukhari) and various scholars whose works
were published in a number of volumes (for example, Ibn Khaldun and Ibn
Taymiyyah). In-text citations may be required to differentiate scholars who had
published a number of works in Arabic, of which some have been translated into
English (or Malay). Examples of in-text citations following a quotation are as
follows:
(Al-Quran, 2:100) - Al-Quran, surah: verses

(Bukhari, 6:10) scholar, volume: hadith number
(Ibn Khaldun, 1958, 2:100) scholar, year of translation, volume: page number
(Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu, 23:130) scholar, name of work in Arabic, volume,
page number
3.7 Format for Quotations
All quotes used in the thesis must be properly acknowledged in the text and in the
reference list / bibliography. Take note that plagiarism is a serious academic
offence which carries severe consequences (see Chapter 4).
When quoting or paraphrasing from a source, the authors surnames must be

mentioned first in the text (e.g. Gates, Obama, Jobs and not Bill, Barack or Steve).
However, there are exceptions to Chinese and Malay names. In Chinese names, the
family name is already mentioned first. For example, Zang Wei would be Zang in
the text, and remains Zang or Zang, W. in the reference list or bibliography. For
Malay names like Adibah Zahazan, it would either be Adibah Zahazan, Adibah Z.,
or Zahazan, A. in both the text and the reference list.
3.7.1 Direct Quotations
Direct quotations are original wordings that are used in the text. Direct
quotations that contain less than three lines should be indicated with the
inverted commas ( .) at the beginning and end of the quote. Below is
an example of a direct quotation of a word that is seamlessly integrated
into the text:
18
As Schneider and Caplan (2013, p.115) assert, foreign policy of a

country is an extension of their domestic policy feedback.
An example of a direct quotation that is a full sentence is shown below:
According to Palladino and Wade (2010), a flexible mind is a

healthy mind (p. 147).
If the name of the author or authors quoted does not open the sentence,
the name needs to be given at the end along with the publication date and
page number.
Many authors stress the importance of feedback with statements

such as this: Giving and receiving feedback are essential
managerial skills (Hattersley and McJannet, 2005, p. 121.)
For longer quotes (more than three full lines), present the quote in a
separate single-spaced block, indented and without the inverted commas.
An example is shown below:
Students need to develop an understanding of the academic

literacy requirements of their chosen field, including
discourse organisation, language expectation, and the
appropriate acknowledgement of references. Such
expectations may not be obvious to many students unless
explicitly pointed out to them (Laidley, 2010, p.76).
The source of the quotes must be cited in the text and reference list
(according to the citation style chosen).
3.7.2. Indirect Quotations
When rephrasing or summarising other writers words, ideas and

information, etc., cite the original source (name, year of publication in
parentheses) in the text (in-text citation) and write the full citation in the
19
reference or bibliography list. For example:
Dahl and Kiyosaki (2010) explain the link between mindset and
wealth.
Or
Positive thinking is important in creating financial wealth (Dahl

and Kiyosaki, 2010).
When there are multiple sources to cite, write the source in the
chronological order, separating each source with a semicolon. Or put the
most recent source first.
Example:
Intercultural understanding is an important component in any
international transaction (McLaren, 2014; Varner and Beamer, 2013;
Hofstede, 2012)
20
CHAPTER 4
PLAGIARISM
4.1 Form of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is an act of theft where the writer takes other peoples work presenting the
work as if it is his own. This is a serious academic offence which may lead to an
automatic fail of the thesis or the candidatures termination. As such, it is important to
understand the many types of plagiarism that inadvertently occur in the process of
writing, and learn ways of avoiding it.
Acts of plagiarism, whether intentional or not, can come in three forms:
i. Copying or lifting sentences, paragraphs or ideas from another source

without acknowledging the source.
ii. Failing to acknowledge the original source even though the work has been
paraphrased or summarised.
iii. Using original quotes without the inverted commas () or indentation
(for long quotes) even though the source is cited.
Common sources of plagiarism can be (but are not restricted to):
i. Writings from the internet, books, journal papers, magazine articles, theses,
newspapers, etc.;
ii. Visuals like figures, tables, diagrams, illustrations, charts, maps, pictures;
iii. Other sources of information like interviews, reports, letters, and unpublished
works, etc.
A supervisor or an examiner can easily detect plagiarism when the style of writing in the
thesis is inconsistent throughout. There are also a myriad of plagiarism software, such as
Turnitin, that universities also use to detect plagiarism. This type of software program
runs a plagiarism check on the thesis by checking the content against all published
works.
21
4.2 Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism can be avoided by acknowledging and crediting the original source(s) in the
text, each time it appears. Credits must also appear in the reference list / bibliography.
Care must be taken to avoid plagiarism by all means, whether it is intentional or
otherwise. This means that even paraphrases or summaries of other peoples ideas, words
or phrases must be credited to the original author. When quoting the source (indicated
with the inverted commas and the page number of the source), identical wordings must
be faithfully reproduced and credited.
22
CHAPTER 5
USE OF EDITORIAL / PROOFREADING SERVICE
The use of professional editors to polish a thesis before submitting for examination is
strongly advised. The Graduate School does not require the candidates to send their work
for professional services. However, students should be aware that the Graduate School
accepts only theses that are reasonably free of errors. The supervisors cannot be held
responsible for errors in the candidates thesis and are not expected to be their editors.
Upon submission of the final draft prior to binding, the Graduate School will browse
through the thesis to ensure that the thesis conforms to this manual and complies with
the rule against plagiarism. The Graduate School stresses consistency and accuracy.
23
APPENDICES
APPENDICES
Appendix A1
Spine and Cover of the Thesis (Doctor of Philosophy)
Spine and Cover of the Thesis (font size 18-point, Times New Roman)
2.5 cm
5 cm
FARIDAH
ZAHRAH
THE EFFECT OF CELLULASE-HYDROLYSED

IBRAHIM
CHITOSAN ON THE GROWTH OF

ADAM
BEFIDOBACTERIUM SPECIES
(Bold, 18 point gold-coloured font, centred)
DOCTOR
MASTER
2.5 cm FARIDAH IBRAHIM 2.5 cm

2013 OFOF
PHILOSOPHY
SCIENCE
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2015
2015
5 cm
2.5 cm
27
Appendix A2
Spine and Cover of the Thesis (Master)
Spine and Cover of the Thesis (font size 18-point, Times New Roman)
2.5 cm
5 cm
FARIDAH
ZAHRAH

IBRAHIM

ADAM
(Bold, 18 point gold-coloured font, centred)
MASTER
MASTER
2.5 cm FARIDAH IBRAHIM 2.5 cm

2013 OFOF
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2015
2015
5 cm
2.5 cm
28
Appendix B2
Title Page (Master)
Appendix B1
Appendix
Title Page (DoctorB1ofB1
Appendix Philosophy)
Title Page
Title (font
Page size 14-point,
(Doctor see Section 2.1)
of Philosophy)
Title Page (Doctor of Philosophy)
Title Page (font size 14-point, see Section 2.1)
TitleTitle
Page (font
Page sizesize
(font 14-point, see see
14-point, Section 2.1)2.1)
Section
6.5 cm
6.5 cm 2.5 cm
6.5 6.5
cm cm
2.5 printing
Colour cm
2.5 cm cm
for logo
2.5
Colour printing
Colour
for printing
logoprinting
Colour
for logo
for logo
THE
THE BEFIDOBACTERIUM
EFFECT OF OF
EFFECT SPECIES
CELLULASE-HYDROLYSED
CELLULASE-HYDROLYSED
CHITOSAN
CHITOSANONON
THE GROWTH
THE GROWTHOF OF
FARIDAH IBRAHIM
FARIDAH IBRAHIM
FARIDAH IBRAHIM
FARIDAH IBRAHIM
Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the

Thesis Submitted
Degree
Thesis Submittedin Fulfilment
of Doctor of the
of Philosophy
in Fulfilment Requirement
in the
of the Facultyfor
Requirement of the
the
for
Degree ofDegree
Master
Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of of
of
of (Insert
Doctor of the name
Philosophy
(Insert the nameof
indegree)
of the in
Faculty
faculty) the
ofFaculty

(Insert the the
Universiti
(Insert name ofZainal
Sultan
name faculty)Abidin
of faculty)
Universiti Sultan Zainal
Universiti Sultan ZainalAbidin
Abidin
2015
2015
2015
Note: For Malay / English, the left margin should be at least 3.8 cm and the right, top and
Note: Note:
Note:
bottom For
For For
MalayMalay
Malay
margins at //least
English,
/ English, thecm.
English,
2.5 the
the left
leftFor
left margin
margin
margin
Arabic, should
should
should
the right be
be at
be at least
at
margin least
least 3.8 3.8
3.8
should cm
cm cm and
andatand
be the the
least right,
right,
the top top
right,
3.8 cm, andand
top
and and
the
bottombottom
bottom
left, margins
margins
top margins
and atatleast
at least
bottom least 2.5cm.
2.5 2.5
cm.
margins cm.
For
at ForArabic,
Arabic,
For
least Arabic,
2.5 the the
cm the
right right
margin
right margin
should
margin should be
be atbeleast
should at3.8
at leastleast
cm,3.8
3.8 andcm,
cm, theand
and the
the
topleft,
left,left, top top
andand and
bottom bottom
margins
bottom margins
at least
margins at least
2.5
at least cm cm
2.5 2.5 cm
29
Appendix B2
Title Page (Master)
Title Page (font size 14-point, see Section 2.1)
6.5 cm
2.5 cm
Colour printing
for logo

FARIDAH IBRAHIM
Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the

Degree of Master of (Insert the name of degree) in the Faculty of
(Insert the name of faculty)
2015
Note: For Malay / English, the left margin should be at least 3.8 cm and the right, top and
bottom margins at least 2.5 cm. For Arabic, the right margin should be at least 3.8 cm, and
the left, top and bottom margins at least 2.5 cm
30
Appendix C1
Format of Abstract (Bahasa Melayu Version)
HUBUNGAN STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA DENGAN PENCAPAIAN

BAHASA ARAB DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR INSTITUSI PENGAJIAN TINGGI
KELANTAN
ABSTRAK
Pelbagai kajian yang dijalankan mendapati bahawa tahap penguasaan bahasa Arab dalam
kalangan pelajar Malaysia masih belum memuaskan berbanding pembelajaran bahasa
asing/kedua yang lain di Malaysia. Antara faktor yang menyumbang kepada senario tersebut
adalah kelemahan dalam menggunakan strategi pembelajaran bahasa (SPB) serta kekurangan
pengetahuan mengenainya. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menerokai penggunaan SPB
yang digunakan oleh pelajar ketika mempelajari bahasa Arab dan melihat hubungan di antara
penggunaan SPB dengan pencapaian bahasa Arab selain mengkaji faktor-faktor yang
menyumbang kepada penggunaan SPB tersebut. Kajian ini melibatkan 200 orang responden
daripada dua buah IPT di Kelantan iaitu Kolej Islam Antarabangsa Sultan Ismail Petra (KIAS)
dan Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya, Nilam Puri (APIUM). Kajian tinjauan yang
bersifat kuantitatif ini menggunakan soal selidik strategi pembelajaran bahasa SILL versi 7.0
dan ujian pencapaian bahasa Arab sebagai alat kajian utama untuk mengumpul data. Data
kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis statistik
inferensi. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan para pelajar menggunakan keseluruhan strategi pada
tahap sederhana. Strategi metafizik merupakan strategi yang paling kerap digunakan oleh para
pelajar, manakala strategi memori adalah strategi yang paling kurang digunakan oleh pelajar.
Ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan tidak terdapat korelasi signifikan antara SPB dengan
pencapaian bahasa Arab. Hasil ujian ANOVA Sehala juga menunjukkan tidak terdapat
perbezaan signifikan pada tahap penggunaan SPB berdasarkan pencapaian pelajar. Ia juga
menunjukkan tiada perbezaan signifikan pada tahap pencapaian bahasa Arab berdasarkan
tahap penggunaan SPB. Ia turut memperlihatkan tiada perbezaan signifikan pada tahap
penggunaan SPB berdasarkan tahap pendidikan ibu dan bapa. Ujian-T pula mendapati terdapat
perbezaan signifikan pada tahap penggunaan SPB berdasarkan jantina dan terdapat perbezaan
signifikan pada tahap penggunaan SPB berdasarkan jumlah jam belajar bahasa Arab di luar
kelas dalam seminggu. Sebaliknya tiada perbezaan signifikan pada tahap penggunaan SPB
berdasarkan jenis IPT. ANOVA pula. Ujian Regresi Berganda menunjukkan pemboleh ubah
jumlah jam belajar bahasa Arab di luar kelas dalam seminggu menyumbang secara signifikan
kepada penggunaan SPB. Hasil kajian ini sedikit sebanyak memberi sumbangan terhadap
implikasi teori dan pedagogi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Malaysia
khasnya. Kajian ini juga turut mencadangkan beberapa kajian lanjutan dalam bidang SPB
demi kelangsungan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa ilmu dan ibadah.
31
Appendix C2
Format of Abstract (English Version)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES AND

ARABIC LANGUAGE ACHIEVEMENT AMONG THE STUDENTS OF HIGHER
LEARNING INSTITUTIONS IN KELANTAN
ABSTRACT
Many studies show the weaknesses of Arabic language proficiency among students in
Malaysia. The lack of knowledge on language learning strategies (LLS) and the weaknesses in
using them are among the factors that contribute to this scenario. Thus, this study aims to
examine the LLS employed by students of higher learning institutions in Malaysia in learning
Arabic. It also aims to investigate the relationship between LLS and their Arabic language
achievement and the factors that have contributed to the LLS usage. This study involved 200
students from KIAS and APIUM. This quantitative survey utilised questionnaires from LLS
SILL version 7.0 and the Arabic language achievement test as the instruments. Data gathered
were analysed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. Result showed that the usage of
LLS by the students is at the average level. The metaphysics strategy is frequently used by the
students, whereas the memory strategy is used least. The Pearson correlation indicated no
significant relationship between the LLS and Arabic language achievement. The one way
ANOVA indicated that there are no significant differences in using LLS based on Arabic
language achievement, whilst there are no significant differences in using LLS based on the
parents educational background. Furthermore, the t-test showed that there are significant
differences in using LLS based on gender and the period of learning Arabic language outside
of class per week. Nevertheless, findings also revealed no significant differences in using LLS
based on the type of higher learning institutions. The multiple regression indicated there is a
significant contribution of one variable, which is the period of learning Arabic language
outside of class per week, to the LLS usage. The results from this study aim to contribute
towards further improvement of the theoretical and pedagogical learning and teaching of
Arabic in Malaysia. This study also suggests that further studies in the field of LLS be
conducted on the Arabic language.
32
Appendix C3
)Format of Abstract (Arabic Version

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
33
Appendix D
Approval
The wording on this page shall read as follows:
APPROVAL
I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 10th May 2015 to conduct the final
examination of (candidates name), on his / her thesis entitled title of thesis in
accordance with the regulations approved by the Senate of Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree,
and it has been accepted by the Senate of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin as fulfilment of
the requirements for the (insert the name of relevant degree). The members of the
Examination Committee are as follows:
Name of Chairperson, PhD

Title (e.g., Professor / Associate Professor / Ir.; omit if irrelevant)
Name of Faculty
(Chairperson)
Name of Internal Examiner, PhD

Name of Faculty
(Internal Examiner)
Name of External Examiner, PhD

Name of Faculty
Name of University
(External Examiner)
NAME OF DEAN, PhD

Dean of Graduate School
Date:
34
Appendix E
Declaration
The declaration shall read as follows:
DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations, which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously
or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin or other
institutions.
(signed)
Name of Candidate
Date:
35
DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR / SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE
This is to confirm that:

The research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under my / our supervison.
Signature:______________________
Name of Main Supervisor:_______________________________________
Faculty:______________________________________________________
Signature:______________________
Name of Co-Supervisor 1:________________________________________
Faculty:_______________________________________________________
Signature:______________________
Faculty:_______________________________________________________
Signature:______________________
Faculty:_______________________________________________________
36
Appendix
Appendix FF
Table
Table of
of Contents
Contents
TABLE
TABLE OF
OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
Page
ABSTRAK
ABSTRAK iii
iii
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT iv
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vv
APPROVAL
APPROVAL vi
vi
DECLARATION
DECLARATION vii
vii
LIST
LIST OF
OF TABLES
TABLES ix
ix
LIST
LIST OF
OF FIGURES
FIGURES xx
LIST
LIST OF
OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS xi
xi
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.1 Background
Background ofof the
the Study
Study 11
1.2
1.2 Problem
ProblemStatement
Statement 44
1.3
1.3 Significance
Significance of
ofthe
the Study
Study 66
1.4
1.4 Research
Research Objectives
Objectives 66
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 22 LITERATURE
LITERATURE REVIEW
REVIEW 77
2.1Introduction
2.1Introduction to
to Literature
Literature Review
Review 77
2.2Sustainability
2.2Sustainability and
and the
the Scientific
Scientific Environment
Environment 88
2.3Sustainable
2.3Sustainable Development
Development 99
2.4Limiting
2.4Limiting Environmental
Environmental Factors
Factors 10
10
2.5Summary
2.5Summary of of Literature
Literature Review
Review 12
12
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 33 METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY 50
50
3.1
3.1 Background
Background ofof the
the Study
Study Area
Area 50
50
3.2
3.2 Sampling
Sampling Area
Area 55
55
3.3
3.3 Research
Research Framework
Framework and and Parameters
Parameters 56
56
3.3.1
3.3.1 Depth,
Depth, Salinity
Salinity and
and Temperature
Temperature 56
56
3.3.2
3.3.2 Analysis
Analysis ofof Temperature
Temperature 57
57
3.3.3
3.3.3 Analysis
Analysis ofof Salinity
Salinity and
and Turbidity
Turbidity 58
58
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 44 RESULTS
RESULTS AND
AND DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION 72
72
4.1
4.1 The
The Environment
Environment 72
72
4.1.1
4.1.1 The
The Scientific
Scientific Background
Background to to the
the Research
Research Area
Area 72
72
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.1 Depth
Depth ofof Sampling
Sampling AreaArea 72
72
4.1.1.2
4.1.1.2 Temperature
Temperature of of the
the Waters
Waters 73
73
4.1.1.3
4.1.1.3 Salinity
Salinity of
of the
the Waters
Waters 75
75
4.1.1.4
4.1.1.4 Turbidity
Turbidity of
of the
the Waters
Waters 76
76
4.1.2
4.1.2 Other
Other Related
Related Factors
Factors 79
79
37
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary 251

5.2 Future Research 258
REFERENCES 260
APPENDICES 270
LIST OF PUBLICATION(S) 275
CANDIDATE BIODATA 276
38
Appendix G
Example of List of Tables
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
2.1 Typical free piston engine configurations 17
5.1 List of components of the free piston engine 96
6.1 Mechanical properties of three materials 119
6.2 List of the components and their material properties 120
6.3 Components Maximum Principal and equivalent von 121

mises stresses
6.4 Monotonic and cyclic properties of the MANTEN and 130

RQC100 materials
6.5 Experimental actual life and predicted fatigue life using 135
the stress-life approach
6.6 Experimental actual life and predicted fatigue life using 136
the crack initiation approach
6.7 Summary of the mechanical properties and their 140

comparative ratios
6.8 Predicted fatigue life at critical location with mean stress 160
effect
6.9 Comparisons between the Material S-N and Component S- 161

N approaches for the SAETRN loading conditions
6.10 Predicted fatigue life at critical location using the crack 172
initiation approach for the various loading conditions
6.11 The results of the model analysis 177
6.12 Predicted fatigue life in seconds between two approaches 182

at critical location
39
Appendix H
Example of List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1.1 A two-stroke free piston linear generator engine 2
2.1 An illustration of a conventional crankshaft driven IC 10

engine
2.2 Ideal Otto cycle 11
2.3 A comparison of piston motion and energy storage 19

device between the free piston and crank engine
3.1 The fatigue process: a thin plate under cyclic tensile 35

loading
3.2 Typical S-N curve 36
3.3 Principle parameters of a variable amplitude load 38
3.4 Sequences which cause problems for the peak-valley and 46

range counting methods
3.5 Sequences having the same average value taken as the 47

reference level
5.1 Schematic diagram of the fatigue life estimation 88
5.2 The developed finite element based integrated durability 89

analysis
6.1 Finite element meshing for (a) TET4 and (b) TET10 114
using the same global mesh length
6.2 Von Mises stresses contours (a) TET4 and (b) TET10 115
meshes at a high load level
40
Appendix I
Example of List of Cases
LIST OF CASES
Affin Bank Bhd v Zulkifli bin Abdullah [2006] 3 MLJ 67

Ainan Mahamud v Syed Abu Bakar & Ors [1938] 1 LNS 10
Albilt Resources Sdn Bhd v Casaria Construction Sdn Bhd [2010] 3 MLJ 656
Bank Islam Malaysia Bhd v Adnan bin Omar [1994] CLJ 735
Bank Kerjasama Rakyat v Emcee Corporation Sdn Bhd [2003] 2 MLJ 408
CMS Energy Sdn Bhd v Poscon Corp [2008] 6 MLJ 561
Danchevsky v Danshevsky [1975] 3 All ER 934
Goh Eng Hwa Construction v Macinta Sdn Bhd [1991] 1 CLJ 535
Jainah binti Semah v Mansor bin Iman Mat and Another [1951] 1 MLJ 62
Latifah Mat Zin v Rosmawati Sharibun & Anor [2007] 5 MLJ 101
Malayan Banking Bhd v Marilyn Ho Siok Lin [2006] 3 CLJ 796
Nafsiah v Abdul Majid [1969] 2 MLJ 174
Ramah v Laton (1927) 6 FMSLR 128
Re Timah binti Abdullah (decd) [1941] MLJ 51
Tyrrell v Painton [1895] 1 QB 202
Wee Chow Yong v Public Finance Bhd [1989] 3 MLJ 508
Yeoh Tat Beng v Keong Chiew [1957] MLJ 161
Zublin Muhibbah Joint Venture v Government of Malaysia [1990] 3 MLJ 125
41
Appendix J
Example of List of Statutes
LIST OF STATUTES
Administration of Islamic Enactment 2003 of Selangor
Administration of Islamic Religious Affairs Enactment 1993 of Penang
Administration of Muslim Law Enactment 1959 of Malacca
Arbitration Act 2005

Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989
Bankruptcy Act 1967
Bills of Exchange Act 1949

Central Bank Act 2009
Civil Law Act 1956
Companies Act 1965
Contracts Act 1950
Courts of Judicature Act 1964
42
Appendix K
Example of List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AA Aluminium alloy
A-A ASTM air to air typical fighter loading
Al Aluminium
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CAD Computer-aided drafting
CAE Computer-aided engineering
DOF Degree-of-freedom
DTP Discretized turning point
FE Finite element
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FRF Frequency response function
IC Internal combustion
LG Linear generator
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
43
Appendix L
Example of Table
Table 2.7: Sugar Composition in both Flesh and Peel of Red Pitaya,
White Pitaya and Papaya (mg/100 g e.p.)
Characteristic Red Pitaya White Pitaya Papaya

Flesh Glucose 19.96 0.10 12.67 0.30 10.02 0.09
Fructose 15.09 0.05 10.89 0.07 5.05 0.02
Sucrose 13.97 0.01 12.62 0.10 3.01 0.06
Peel Glucose 3.60 0.02 2.07 0.13 1.02 0.05
Fructose 2.09 0.07 1.89 0.01 1.05 0.01
Sucrose 1.97 0.03 1.62 0.10 1.01 0.06
44
Appendix M
Example of Figures
Good Very good Excellent
31.10% 24.10%
44.80%
Figure 2.8: Evaluation of Acupuncture Services among MMT+AA

Respondents at Post-Intervention (n = 29) (Nor Samira, 2013)
%
70 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.5
58.6 58.6
60
51.7
48.3
50
37.9
40
30
20
10
0
Dizziness Tingling Nauseous Slight fever Light Pain Dry mouth Slight Drowsiness
sensation headache bleeding
Figure 2.8: The Percentage of Auricular Acupuncture Side-Effects Among

MMT+AA Respondents at Post-Intervention (n = 29)
45
Appendix N
Layout of Chapter
CHAPTER 2
TITLE OF THE CHAPTER
There may be a preamble at the beginning of a chapter. The purpose may be to introduce
the themes of the main headings.
2.1 Main Heading No. 1 (Primary Level Numbering)
2.1.1 Sub-heading No. 1 (Secondary Level Numbering)
There should be a minimum of two-subheadings to justify having sub-headings
2.1.2 Sub-heading No. 2 (Third Level Numbering)
All first letters of principal words are capitalised and the sub-headings are left justified.
46
Appendix O1
Examples of Reference Format
Journal
Salant, Y.W. and Henderson, A. 2013. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on growth
of Ganoderma boninense from oil palm. Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics, 8:37-
43.
Or
Sargent, T.K., Sauerbeck, S. and Schiller, B. (2014). Cloning of promoter sequences from
Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology, 45:567-575.
Or
Mitchell, F., Dean, R., Sykes, O.A. and Williams, L.M. Responses of the heart to
simulation of aortic body chemoreceptors in dogs. Circulation Research, 2012, 46:77-83.
Monographs
Palgrave, H.N. and Williams, T.T. 2014. Quantitative Genetics in Sheep Breeding.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Or
Shiller, S. and Siegel, F.H. 2010. Molecular aspects of typhoid fever. Kuala Lumpur: Protea
Press.
Book Chapter
Friedman, T.K. 2012. Plasmids of enterobacteria. In Pathogenesis of bacterial

infections, ed. Ramirez, A. and Aquino, S. pp 235-243. Kuala Lumpur: Protea Press.
Or
Schwartz, D.W. 2010. Toxins of entomopathogenic fungi. In Microbial Control of Pests

and Plant Diseases, ed. Burgess, H.D. pp 441-463, New York: Academic Press.
Personal Communications
These should be mentioned in the text as follows: (Greenspan, A.B. pers. Comm.)
47
Webpages
Donald, M. T. 2013. World Gold Council. http://www.gold.org/ Accessed on 20

December 2014.
Thesis
Mustafa, M., 2014. Trapezoidal Broyden's Method for Solving Systems of Nonlinear
Equations, PhD Thesis, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
Or
Rohaizan, B., 2014. Nearest Neighbor for Histogram-based Feature Extraction,

Dissertation, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.
Reports
Malaysian Psychiatric Association, 2011. Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients
with eating disorders. Malaysia: Ministry of Education.
48
Appendix O2
Sample of Commonly Used Reference Formats (APA, Chicago, CBE, MLA, ACS,
Arabic)
UniSZA does not impose any restriction on citation styles for candidates thesis. However,
the candidate is required to follow strictly the style that he / she has chosen. Several
citation styles that are commonly used are listed below:
I. American Psychological Association (APA)
From the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, (APA) 2010, used in management, the social sciences and education. For
detailed and specific information, refer to the APA Publication Manual or visit
www.apastyle.org.
Book
Moore, W. K. (2004). Malaysia: A Pictorial History 1400-2004. Kuala Lumpur:

Archipelago Press.
Book chapter
Pratt, D. (1998). The Role of Religion. In M.C. McLaren (Ed.), Interpreting Cultural
Differences (pp. 86-96). Norfolk: Peter Francis Publishers.
Journal article
Jones, B. C. (1998). Suggestions for better referencing. Journal of Business

Communication, 289(3): 42-45.
Conference paper presented but not published in proceedings
Wilkins F. G. Structure of Compounds. Paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian

Chemical Association, Ontario. June 2005.
Conference paper published in proceedings
Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL 95: The First
International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning.
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Newspaper and non-scientific magazines article
Vick, Karl (2012, December 24). Big Brothers. Time, 180, 20-24.
Report with no named author
Air Quality Aspects of the Development of Offshore Oil and Gas Resources
(1994).California Air Resources Board: Sacramento, CA.
Unpublished Thesis / dissertation 49

Wong, T. L. (2005). Changes in Chinese Negotiation Skills. (Unpublished doctoral
(1994).California Air Resources Board: Sacramento, CA.
Unpublished Thesis / dissertation
Wong, T. L. (2005). Changes in Chinese Negotiation Skills. (Unpublished doctoral

dissertation). University of Nottingham, Malaysia.
Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned
Yiannis Kouropalatis, Paul Hughes, Robert E. Morgan, (2012) Pursuing flexible

commitment as strategic ambidexterity: An empirical justification in high
technology firms, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 46 Iss: 10, pp.1389 1417.
Doi: 10.1108/03090561211248099
Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post
S Postaer. (2013, July 1). Clothes to die for: violence against women in fashion
advertising. [Web log comment]. Retrieved from http://godsof
advertising.wordpress.com/
Sociology Video Blog #5 [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqM90eQi5-N
II. The Chicago Style
Sometimes called the Turabian system after an earlier editor, this comes from The
Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 2003. It is used in
the arts and humanities and other social science disciplines. The list of sources is called a
Bibliography and not References. Initials or given names are used, according to the
title page of the source. See The Chicago Manual of Style Online at
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html for more information.
Book
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
Book chapter
Pratt, Douglas. The Role of Religion in Interpreting Cultural Differences, ed. Margaret
McLaren. Norfolk, U.K.: Peter Francis Publishers.
Journal article
Knight, Hazel. 2004. Plain Language Research in Sri Lanka, Rapport: News about Plain
Language. 13: 4-5.
Nass, Clifford. Why Researchers Treat On-line Journals like Real People. Keynote
address, annual meeting of the Council of Science Editors, San Antonio, TX, May 6-
9, 2000.
Naharajah, S. Common Carcinogens, In Proceedings of the International Congress on

Carcinogenic Compounds, Perth, Australia, Sept. 3-5, 2005, ed. Johnson, B. The
50 Scientific Press: Sydney. 2005.
9, 2000.
Naharajah, S. Common Carcinogens, In Proceedings of the International Congress on

Carcinogenic Compounds, Perth, Australia, Sept. 3-5, 2005, ed. Johnson, B. The
Scientific Press: Sydney. 2005.
Newspaper and non-scientific magazines article without named author
Reuters, Coping with Bomb Blasts. Times (London) June 12, 2005, pp. 3-4. (Note: The
article The is dropped if part of the newspapers name is in English, but the
article is retained if part of the newspapers name is in another language)
California Air Resources Board. Air Quality Aspects of the Development of Offshore Oil
and Gas Resources, Sacramento, CA: CARB, 2004.
PhD dissertation
Yoon Chung Sin. Corporate Spin-offs and the Determinants of Stock Price Changes in
Malaysia. PhD Thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (Note: The thesis title is not
italicised).
Internet citation
Stolberg, S.G, Bid to Absolve Saccharin is rebuffed by US Panel, 2004,

http://www.junkscience.com/news/sac2.html (accessed 2 Aug. 2005).
Blog post
Postaer, Steffan. Clothes to die for: violence against women in fashion advertising (blog).
http://godsofadvertising. wordpress.com/.
III. Council of Biology Editors (CBE)
From Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Style Manual for Authors, Editors, and
Publishers, 7th ed., 2006. CBE is used primarily in the biological sciences. Note that for
in-text citation, this format does not have a comma (e.g., Voet and Voet 1990). In the
reference list, surnames with either full given names or with initials can be used. Since
some sources give initials only, and a thesis writer needs to be consistent, it is safest to use
initials in the thesis reference list. No comma is inserted between the surname and the
initials. Also, in contrast to other styles, the book or journal title is not italicised.
Book
Voet D.; Voet JG. Biochemistry. New York: J. Wiley; 1990. 1223p.
Book chapter
51
Book
Voet D.; Voet JG. Biochemistry. New York: J. Wiley; 1990. 1223p.
Book chapter
Kuret JA, Murad F. Adenohypophyseal hormones and related substances. In: Gilman AG,
Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 8th ed.
New York: Pergamon; 1990. p. 1334-60. (Note: no indentation)
Journal article
Elial EL. Stereochemistry since LeBel and van Hoff: Part II. Chemistry 49 (3):8-13
(2005).
Nass, Clifford. Why researchers Treat On-line Journals like Real People. Keynote address,
annual meeting of the Council of Science Editors, San Antonio, TX, May 6-9, 2000.
Kalter RJ. Macro and micro economic implications of bovine somatotropin on the dairy
industry. In BIO EXPO 86: proceedings: 1986 Apr 29-May 1; Stoneham. MA (Ed.):
Butterworth. p.203-15. (Note: Small p for proceedings)
Newspaper and non-scientific magazines article without named author
[Anonymous] Gene data may help fight colon cancer. Los Angeles Times 1990 Aug 24;
Sect A:4. Reuters, Coping with Bomb Blasts. Times (London) June 12, 2005, pp. 3-4.
California Air Resources Board. Air Quality Aspects of the Development of Offshore Oil
and Gas Resources, Sacramento, CA: CARB. 2004.
Thesis / Dissertation
Ritzmann RE. The snapping mechanism of Alpheid shrimp [dissertation]. Charlottesville

(VA): University of Virginia; 1974. 59 p. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann
Arbor, MI; AAD74-23.
Internet citation
Stolberg SG. Bid to Absolve Saccharin is rebuffed by US Panel, 2004,

http://www.junkscience.com/news/sac2.html Accessed 2005 August 2.
IV. Modern Language Association (MLA)
This information comes from the 7th edition of the MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers, 2009; used primarily by students in languages and literature. The title of
the list of references is Works Cited. Notice that authors given names are included. The
first authors name is listed with the surname first, followed by the given name, but
second and subsequent authors have their given names listed before their surnames. If
there is no first author, as with some documents such as reports, the title of the report
(excluding A, An and The) is used. Publishers names are abbreviated to the first
52
word. The date comes at the end. For further useful information on MLA referencing, see
http://www.mla.org/style.
Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future.
New York: Pocket, 1993. Print.
Book chapter
Belson, Thomas. Coping with verb groups in learning English. Language Learning
Developments. Ed. M. A. Cook. Hong Kong: Prentice-Hall, 2003. Print.
Journal article
Le Boulicaut, Yannick. Shores in Joseph Conrad's Works. Conradiana 37.3 (2005):

233-44. Print.
Conference paper given but not published in proceedings
Langley, Dawn. Global Warming or Global Meltdown? Global Environmental Summit,

May 2008, Zurich, Switzerland. Unpublished conference paper, 2008. Northwestern
University Library, Evanston, 2008. Print.
Harrison, Jacqueline and Judith Cartwright. From Ripple to Typhoon: The Next Wave.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the New Zealand Communication
Association, Tauranga, N.Z. 2000. Print.
Newspaper and non-scientific magazines article
Brown, John Brian. When idiom is meaningless. Time 22 Aug. 2005: 3-4. Print.
Problems for Learners of English as a Second Language, The Palo Alto Board of
Education Los Angeles, CA, 2005. Print.
Unpublished Thesis/Dissertation
Marvell, Andrew. Seventeenth Century Lyrics. Diss. Nottingham University, Kuala

Lumpur, 2005. Print.
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal
Maura Jane Farrelly, Catholicism in the Early South. Journal of Southern Religion 14
(2012): n. pag. Web. 16 Aug. 2013
Blog post
53
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal
Maura JaneWriting
Thesis Catholicism in the Early South. Journal of Southern Religion 14
Farrelly,Guidelines
(2012): n. pag. Web. 16 Aug. 2013
Blog post
Wemple, Eric Rolling Stone Stands By Controversial Cover. Eric Wemple: A Reported
Opinion Blog on News Media. The Washington Post, 17 July 2013. Web. 18 July
2013
V. American Chemical Society (ACS)
The ACS Style Guide, 3rd ed., 2006, offers three different types of referencing. The
following examples show the format the ACS Style Guide prefers for theses in the
chemical sciences. The list of references is arranged alphabetically by the first given word,
name or report title, as the case may be. An author writing alone comes before that author
jointly writing with others. If an author has produced two pieces of research in one year,
the one that comes first alphabetically is labelled a (e.g., 2005a), the following b and
so on. The journal title is abbreviated. If the abbreviation is not obvious, refer to The ACS
Style Guide, pp. 215-229. For an online version of The ACS Style Guide, see
http://pubs.acs.org/isbn/9780841239999.
Book
Shore J.B. Technical Terms in Biotechnology; 3rd ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York. 2004.
Book chapter
Thatroff, P.K. Carcinogenic Compounds. In Chemical Carcinogens; 2000. 2nd ed.;

American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, pp 49-78. (Note: There is no full stop
after ppor, for that matterafter p in the ACS style)
Journal article
Betteridge, P.W., Carruthers, J.R., Cooper, R.I., Prout K., D.J Watkin J. Appl. Cryst.,
2003. 36: 1487-1489.
Conference paper given but not published in proceedings
Wilkins F.G. Structure of Compounds. Paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian
Chemical Association, Ontario. June 2005.
Naharajah, S. Common Carcinogens, In Structures of Carcinogens, Proceedings of the

International Congress on Carcinogenic Compounds, Perth, Australia, September 3-
5, 2005. Johnson B. Ed.; McGraw-Hill: Sydney. 2005.
Newspaper and non-scientific magazine articles
Smith, J.B. Pollution Problems. Time, August 22, 2005, pp 3-4.
Air Quality Aspects of the Development of Offshore Oil and Gas Resources; California
Air Resources Board: Sacramento, CA, 1994.
54
PhD dissertation
Kamaliah Binti Sirat. PhD Thesis. The Reactions of -Carotene with Cobalt(II) Ions:
Product Isolation and Characterization, and Kinetic Studies. Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 2004. (Note that the thesis title is not in italics.)
Internet citation
Stolberg, S.G, 1997, Bid to Absolve Saccharin is rebuffed by US Panel, http://www.

junkscience.com/news/sac2.html (accessed 5 August 2004).
55
VI. Arabic

Abd. Rahman Abd. Ghani. (2011). Rasm Uthmani: Pelengkap Pembacaan al-Quran.
Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Dakwah Islamiah Malaysia.
Jeffery, A.M. (2011). The Quran as Scripture. New York: Academic Press.

.(2014) . . : .

.(2011) . . :
.

.(2012) . . : .

.(2010) . . : .
_________________1431) .( . . : . .4

" .(2012) . " .
. .12 .36 .36-27

.(2010) . . :
.
56

" .(2013) . " .
.

) . ( . ) . : ( . :
.

" .(2010) . "
. :.

.(2011) . . 2011/4/17.
. .13

.http://www.moe.gov.my/v/bpi . 2014/4/25.
57
Appendix O3
ARABIC TRANSLITERATION
ARABIC TRANSLITERATION SCHEME
Transliteration refers to the representation of Arabic writing by using the Roman alphabet.
Some Arabic letters have no direct equivalents in the normal Roman alphabet. Therefore, a
number of special characters have been created for the purposes of transliterating Arabic
words.
Arabic Letter Roman Letter Arabic Romanised Version
miah
b kataba

t tanzilu
th thawrah
j jaml
qabua
kh khlid
d dimashq
dh dhahab
r raman
z zamzam

s srah
sh shajara
abr

amr

58
awwara
uhr

abd
gh ghayyara
f faria

q qabua
k khatara
l laka

m makkah
n nabiyy
h habaa
w waada
y yasr
Short Vowels
kataba
a
qawisa
i

u wulida
59
Long Vowels
+
qin, qa
+ qla

+
muminn

Diphthong
aw
yawm
ay
khayr

iyy/i raj iyy / raj i

uww/u Marjuww / marju
60
Thesis Writing Guidelines Committee
Advisor
Prof. Dr. Mahadzirah binti Mohamad

Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic and International)
Chairman
Prof. Dr. Mustafa bin Mamat

(Dean of Graduate School)
Committee Members
Dr. Fatma Susilawati binti Mohamad

(Deputy Dean of Graduate School)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rohaizan bin Baru

(Coordinator for PhD Programme, Graduate School)
Dr. Nadhirah binti Nordin

(Coordinator for Master Programme, Graduate School)
Prof. Dr. Nashriyah binti Mat

(Faculty of Bioresource and Food Industry)
Prof. Dr. Harmy bin Mohamed Yusoff

(Faculty of Medicine)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Normah binti Yusof

(Faculty of Languages and Communication)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nanthakumar A/L Loganathan

(Faculty of Business, Management and Accountancy)
Dr. Mohd Hisham bin Omar

(Faculty of Innovative Design and Technology)
Dr. Abdul Majid Tahir bin Mohamed

(Faculty of Law and International Relations)
Dr. Sharifah Norshah Bani binti Syed Bidin

(Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies)
Dr. Muhamad Fazil bin Ahmad

(Faculty of Applied Social Sciences)
Dr. Mohd Razif bin Shahril

(Faculty of Health Sciences)
61
Mr. Ahmad Nazari bin Mohd Rose

(Faculty of Informatics and Computing)
Secretariat
Mr. Cairul Anwar bin Mohamed

Mrs. Zauriah binti Embong
Miss Nur Naimah binti Zolkifli
62
Standard Forms
Standard forms available at Graduate School as follows:
Reference Forms
PPS-01 Semester Registration

PPS-02 Report of Medical Examination for Local Candidate
PPS-03 Health Examination Report for International Student and Accompanying
Person
PPS-04 Akuan Sumpah
PPS-05 Letter of Oath
PPS-06 Personal Particular Form for Local Candidate
PPS-07 Personal Particular Form for International Candidate
PPS-08 Change of Application
PPS-09 Nomination/ Withdrawal of Co-Supervisor
PPS-10 Deferment of Study
PPS-11 Appeal Against Termination
PPS-12 Deferment/ Withdrawal Of Study
PPS-13 Extension of Study Period
PPS-14 Research Progress Report
PPS-15 Conversion of Master Program to Doctor of Philosophy
PPS-16 Notice of Thesis Submission/ Dissertation
PPS-17 Submission of Thesis/ Dissertation for Examination
PPS-18 Viva Results
PPS-19 Verification of Thesis Correction By Examiner
PPS-20A Perakuan Status Tesis
PPS-20B Declaration of Thesis Status
PPS-21 Declaration of Thesis/ Dissertation for Binding
PPS-22 Submission of the Final Thesis/ Dissertation
PPS-23 Application for Graduate Research Assistant Scheme
PPS-24 Data Update Form - MYMOHES
PPS-25 Verification of Turnitin Screening
PPS-26 Application for Deferment of Admission (New Student)
PPS-27 Penilaian Program Sarjana di Naik Taraf ke Program Doktor Falsafah
PPS-28 Correction of Thesis
63

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THESIS WRITING GUIDELINES

This guideline contains the rules and regulations of postgraduate studies

Thesis Writing Guidelines

Message from the Vice Chancellor v

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS 1

CHAPTER 2: THESIS FORMAT 6

CHAPTER 3: WRITING CONVENTIONS 15

3.3 Use of Elliptical Mark 16

CHAPTER 5: USE OF EDITORIAL / PROOFREADING SERVICE 23

Message from the Vice Chancellor

Assalamualaikum and greetings to all

Thesis Writing Guidelines is an important publication for all graduate

By following the guidelines in this book, students should find their

Prof. Datuk Dr. Yahaya bin Ibrahim

Message from the Deputy Vice Chancellor

Assalamualaikum and greetings to all

This guidebook is intended to facilitate all UniSZA graduates to produce a

Professor Dr Mahadzirah binti Mohamad

Message from the Dean

Assalamualaikum and greetings to all

With the increasing number of graduate students, it is therefore

Professor Dr. Mustafa bin Mamat

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF THESIS

The thesis should be written either in standard American or British English,

1.3 Submission of Thesis

1.3.1 Candidates intending to submit a thesis should do the following:

1.4 Thesis Format Specifications

1.4.1 Font Type and Size

Margin specifications are meant to facilitate binding and trimming. All

i. explanatory footnotes (if absolutely necessary);

The pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the thesis,

1.4.6 Binding, Colour of Cover and Lettering

a. A thesis must be temporarily bound for examination purposes and may

b. The thesis should be professionally bound with a MAROON (Master) or

i. title of the thesis;

iv. name of the university; and

1.4.7 Page Layout

1.4.8 Length of Thesis and Dissertation

PhD Thesis : From 50,000 - 80,000 words

PhD Thesis : Not more than 50,000 words

No. Items Remarks

3 Abstrak See Section 2.2

4 Acknowledgements See Section 2.3

2.1 Title Page

The abstract should be bilingual (Bahasa Melayu - English or Bahasa Melayu -

Although a thesis may be in English or Arabic, the corresponding abstract in Bahasa

The acknowledgement page is a written expression of appreciation towards the

The Declaration should be written as per Appendix E.

2.6 Table of Contents

2.7 List of Tables

2.8 List of Figures

2.9 List of Cases (if any)

2.10 List of Statutes (if any)

2.11 List of Abbreviations / Notations / Symbols / Glossary of Terms

2.12 Text of Thesis

2.12.1 Body of Thesis

Literature Review: This chapter involves a critical review of literature related to

Materials and Methods / Methodology: This chapter describes the methods,

Tables are numbered in Arabic numerals consecutively throughout the thesis

Figures include maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, photographs, engineering