Q# 01 Introduction To Network Devices
Q# 01 Introduction To Network Devices
Q# 01 Introduction To Network Devices
Hub
A hub is a common connection point for devices in a network. Hubs are
commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple
ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so
that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
Every computer connected to the hub sees everything that every other
computer on the hub sees. The computers themselves decide if they are the
targeted recipient of the message and when a message should be paid
attention to or not.
The hub itself is blissfully ignorant of the data being transmitted. For years,
simple hubs have been quick and easy ways to connect computers in small
networks
Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that
connects network segments.
Populates MAC address table on the basis of source MAC
address of a Frame.
Network switches are capable of inspecting data frames
as they are received, determining the source and
destination device of that frame, and forwarding it
appropriately
Data Link Layer or Layer 3 Device.
Multiple collision Domain but single Broadcast Domain.
A vital difference between a hub and a switch is that all
the nodes connected to a hub share the bandwidth among
themselves, while a device connected to a switch port has
the full bandwidth all to itself.
Router
Routers are highly intelligent devices that connect multiple
network types and determine the best path for sending data.
Routers are normally used to connect one LAN to another.
First invented in the 1880s, "coax" was best known as the kind of cable that
connected television sets to home antennas. Coaxial cable is also a standard
for 10 Mbps Ethernet cables.
When 10 Mbps Ethernet was most popular, during the 1980s and early
1990s, networks typically utilized one of two kinds of coax cable
- thinnet (10BASE2 standard) or thicknet (10BASE5). These cables consist of
an inner copper wire of varying thickness surrounded by insulation and other
shielding. Their stiffness caused network administrators difficulty in installing
and maintaining thinnet and thicket.
Twisted pair eventually emerged during the 1990s as the leading cabling
standard for Ethernet, starting with 10 Mbps (10BASE-T, also known as
Category 3 or Cat3), later followed by improved versions for 100 Mbps
(100BASE-TX, Cat5 and Cat5e) and successively higher speeds up to 10 Gbps
(10GBASE-T). Ethernet twisted pair cables contain up to 8 wires wound
together in pairs to minimize electromagnetic interference.
Two primary types of twisted pair cable industry standards are defined
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded Twisted Pair (STP).
Crossover Cables
Null modem cables are one example of the category of crossover cables. A
crossover cable joins two network devices of the same type, such as two PCs
or two network switches.
The use of Ethernet crossover cables was especially common on older home
networks years ago when connecting two PCs directly together. Externally,
Ethernet crossover cables appear nearly identical to ordinary (sometimes
also called straight-through), the only visible difference being the order of
color-coded wires appearing on the cable's end connector. Manufacturers
typically applied special distinguishing marks to their crossover cables for
this reason. Nowadays, though, most home networks utilize routers that
have built-in crossover capability, eliminating the need for these special
cables.
All of the logical topologies are easily implemented with a physical star
cabling scheme as recommended by the TIA/EIA-568A standard.
Implementing logical point-to-point and star topologies on a physical star is
straightforward.
While data networks that use bus or ring topology dominate the market--for
example, Ethernet, Token Ring, and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)--
the benefits of physical star cabling have led electronics vendors and
standards bodies to develop electronic solutions designed to interface with a
star network. These applications are typically implemented with an
"intelligent hub" or concentrator. This device establishes the bus or ring in
the backplane of the device, and the connections are made from one or more
central locations. Therefore, from the standpoint of a physical connection,
these networks appear to be a star topology and are best supported by a
physical star cabling system.
Switch>enable
Switch>Config t
Setting hostname
S-1# login
Setting banner
S-1(config)#no hostname
router>enable
router#configure terminal
router(config)#hostname R1
R1(config)#banner motd #No unauthorized access allowed!"#
R1(config)#enable secret class
R1(config)#service password-encryption
R1(config)#line console 0
R1(config-line)#password cisco
R1(config-line)#login
R1(config-line)#line vty 0 4
R1(config-line)#password cisco
R1(config-line)#login
R1(config-line)#exit
Q #05 Basic configuration of Hub and switch
Hub:
Hub always broad cast the information .It has a central point through this
point all the hosts are connected .if there become fault in central point than
whole network will destroy.
Switch:
Switch also broadcast the information only at first time when its switching
table is completed than it cannot broadcast information.
Q #06 Setting gateway of network enabling the interfaces of router
Router#conf t
Router(Config) #line vty 0 4
Router(Config-if) #password password
Router(Config-if) #login
R1(config)# interface fa0/0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config)#exit
In Router 1
R1(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
Router 2
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
R2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
R2(config-if)#no shutdown
R2(config-if)#exit
Q #08 Configration of static routing
Router>enable
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#int fa0/0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#int Se2/0
Router(config-if)#no shut
Router>enable
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2
Commands:
Router>
Router #conf t
For rip
Router1#conf t
Router1(config)#cdp run
Router1(config)#exit
Router1#show cdp neighbor
R1#conf t
Q #14 VLANS
INTRODECTION OF VLANS
In a layer 2 switched networks, each network segment has its own collision
domain and all segments are in same broadcast domain. Every broadcast is
seen by every device on the network. A layer 3 device (typically a Router) is
used to segment (divide) a broadcast domain to multiple broadcast domains.
ADVANTAGES OF VLANS:
Broadcast Control:
Broadcasts are required for the normal function of a network. Many protocols
and applications depend on broadcast communication to function properly. A
layer 2 switched network is in a single broadcast domain and
the broadcasts can reach the network segments which are so far where a
particular broadcast has no scope and consume available network bandwidth
Security: