A pressure relief valve (PRV) is installed for surge relief and pressure protection in a pipeline system.

The valve, which is normally closed, is designed to open rapidly once its pressure setting is

exceeded. A PRVs effectiveness depends on the properties of the system, the characteristics of

the surge experienced, and the way in which the valves attributes and settings are configured.

This article illustrates the challenges inherent in PRV design and shows that an appropriately

designed PRV can protect some systems from excessively high or low pressures and that

inappropriate use can actually worsen a systems transient response. The general principles of

PRV use and selection are presented along with a sensitivity analysis of PRV parameters. Although

this understanding is essential to effective system design, a PRV is selected by evaluating PRV

viability and cost-effectiveness in specific systems using numerical simulation.

Pressure-relief valve selection

and transient pressure control
BY KATHERINE QINFEN ZHANG, ransient events, in particular rapid changes in flow rate, can cause seri-

T
ous problems in water distribution systems. High water hammer pres-
BRYAN W. KARNEY, sure can permanently deform or rupture a pipeline and its components;
AND DAVID L. MCPHERSON low pressures can collapse a pipeline, causing leaks, disrupting service,
and contaminating pipelines.
Numerous transient control strategies have been developed, including changes
within the distribution system (pipeline diameter, thickness, alignment, profile, and
other hydraulic components), wave speed reduction, optimal operational pro-
cedures, and installation of dedicated devices such as automatic control valves,
surge tanks, and air chambers (Karney & Simpson, 2007; Wylie et al, 1993). Auto-
matic control valves, including pressure relief valves (PRVs), flow- or pressure-
regulating valves, air valves, and check valves, are common and often cost-effec-
tive. Depending on the type, a valve is used to control transient conditions either
by reducing the rate of net change in flow velocity in the pipeline or by dis-
charging or admitting air into the pipeline. When triggered by pressure that is val-
ued beyond a preset limit, a PRV opens to allow flow. The resultant outflow
causes a pressure drop and thus has the potential to reduce the maximum pres-
sure; inflow compensates for reduced water flow and can limit low pressures
and even cavitation. A PRV must have a low physical inertia so that it can
respond rapidly to the sensed pressure and open before the set point is greatly
exceeded (Chaudhry, 1987). As the case studies presented in this article show,
delays in valve opening can compromise protection of the distribution system.

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TYPES OF PRVS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS way in which the valve action modifies the wave propa-
Depending on the application and the industry, various gation, and the way in which these conditions interact
types of PRVs are used. A safety valve (also referred to as with the distribution systems inherent strength. In some
an overpressure pop-off valve), usually applied in steam or cases, a PRV may only provide quick, local protection,
gas pipeline systems, is a spring- or weight-loaded valve making other mitigation strategies more cost-effective.
that opens once pressure in the pipeline exceeds its set One misapplication is to use a PRV in the bypass mode to
point and closes immediately when the pressure drops protect a pumped system with a rising main from an un-
below the set point. Thus a safety valve is either fully open controlled shutdown (power failure). Under these con-
or fully closed. If not activated too frequently, a rupture ditions, the available pressure on the suction side of the
disk can be used as an alternative to a safety valve. This pump station may not allow sufficient flow to effectively
type of valve is not a true valve but rather an opening limit the resultant downsurge. The first step in develop-
in the pipe. The opening is covered by a diaphragm that ing a positive transient control system using a PRV is to
ruptures and relieves pressure when the pressure set point understand the valves operation and limitations. A pre-
is exceeded. One disadvantage of a rupture disk is that it liminary numerical evaluation provides a well-informed
continues to discharge until it is replaced. design engineer with insights into the suitability of a PRV
In liquid applications, a PRV is usually mounted on to control surge pressures.
the pressure side of a pump, hydro turbine, or main cut- Once a decision has been made to use a PRV, it must be
off valve. It is typically a pilot-controlled throttling valve, carefully and appropriately designed. There are four design
opened or closed either hydraulically or by a servomotor, considerations for a PRV. The first defines the valves loca-
with opening and closing rates that can be individually tion. In a high-pressure relief mode of operation, the PRV
set. It is distinct from a pressure-regulating valve, although should be positioned so that high pressure and flow can be
both have pilot systems. In fact, a regulating or modulat- diverted around pressure-sensitive areas and excess flow
ing valve typically uses a proportional integral derivative- can be discharged appropriately. The remaining three
type controller to accurately and continuously sustain a design considerations relate to PRV characteristics and
pressure set point in response to the sensed pressure or valve parameters, including the valve and port size (d),
pressure difference. By contrast, a PRV is usually trig- the high- or low-pressure set point (SET1 or SET2), and
gered by an event and, once triggered, follows a predefined the opening and closure time periods (TV1 and TV2).
opening and closing motion. More precisely, a PRV opens Each valve parameter profoundly influences system per-
to release water when pipeline pressure at the valve inlet formance. For instance, an oversized PRV will not be cost-
exceeds a high set point (referred to as SET1) and normal effective, whereas an undersized valve cannot effectively
discharge of the valve is to a zone of lower pressure or to alleviate excessive pressure surges. Using a fully dynamic
an open discharge area such as a pump-station wet well or transient model based on the method of characteristics, a
adjacent storm sewer, pond, or stream. In addition, a PRV simplified distribution system can be used to illustrate
can open to admit water through a short bypass line when both the general principles of PRV design and the sensi-
the valve downstream pressure in the main pipeline falls tivity of the response to control valve parameters.
below a low-pressure set point (referred to as SET2). If the
pressure of the water source linked with the PRV is higher PRV OPERATION IN PUMP SYSTEMS
than that in the pipeline downstream of the control valve, To protect a distribution system from the unaccept-
the PRV opens to supply fluid, thus compensating for the able low pressure or excessive high pressure associated
reduced flow and limiting the magnitude of the down- with a pump power failure, a PRV can sometimes be
surge and the subsequent upsurge reflected from the down- installed on a bypass line around a pump station. When
stream pipeline. A PRV set in this mode is commonly power failure occurs at a pump motor, the reduced flow
referred to as a pump- or valve-station bypass assembly. at the pump causes an imbalance in flow and a rapid
PRVs have been used successfully under a wide range reduction in pressure. The net effect is propagation of a
of hydraulic conditions and operating scenarios to reduce rarefaction wave into the discharge pipeline. When the
adverse transient pressure within a distribution system. low-pressure wave reflects off a downstream boundary
They should not be used without properly assessing their (e.g., water tank), the pressure is normalized to the free
ability to adequately protect the system. Because a PRV water surface level in the tank and thus reflected back
is a reactionary device, many hydraulic systems will not into the system, establishing pressures that are sometimes
benefit from this type of valve. For example, if a PRV is higher than those originally experienced before flow was
used to relieve high pressure, the pressure relief will ini- reduced. After this reflected positive wave has reached
tially be local to the PRV itself, because its operation the pump and the pump check valve has closed, the check
obviously depends on a local discharge of fluid. Protec- valve effectively becomes a dead end, creating another
tion of the pipeline as a whole will depend on a variety of reflection and magnification. In theory, the reflected wave
factors that involve a complex interplay between the doubles when it approaches a closed valve, producing a
strength and source of the original surge condition, the higher transient pressure. In a pumped system, a PRV

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will open at the initial low-pressure set point once power rapidly to admit water into or release water from the pipeline
to the pump motor is cut off. The PRV, now open in back to the suction side of the pump. The PRV is then grad-
anticipation of the returning positive wave, will provide ually closed to eventually shut down the system and bring
a route to release the water from the system and prevent it to rest; as we know a controlled, slow-closing valve has lit-
development of the high transient pressure condition. If tle effect on the transient condition. The pump check valve,
the operating suction pressure is not positive in a pumped which is typically installed at each pump, will close upon flow
system, a partial or full vacuum pressure will develop at reversal. However, when the check valve is closed, the rota-
the PRV once the valve is opened. If a full vacuum pres- tional moment of inertia that controls the rate of pump
sure is developed, the severity of the transient pressure may run-down during a power failure will effectively be eliminated
be exacerbated because of cavity collapse. If a positive suc- (Ruus & Karney, 1997; Chaudhry, 1987). As a result, the
tion pressure is unavailable in a pump system, particular energy dissipation required to slowly bring the system to
care (such as an air valve) might be needed in consider- rest and dampen the adverse transient pressure condition
ing whether a PRV is an appropriate control device. is left to the PRV bypass assembly.
Unlike regular startup and shutdown, power failure is
always sudden and unpredictable. In Figure 1, the main CASE STUDIES
valve closure is equivalent to the reduction of pump flow The design of a PRV to control adverse transient pres-
caused by a power failure. This system, e.g., certain types of sure is system-specific and depends on the physical and
booster pumping stations, assumes a positive-suction oper- hydraulic conditions in the system and the nature of the
ating head. As a result, the PRV in the bypass line opens systems response to PRV operation during a transient
event. Fully dynamic hydraulic transient
modeling can be used to illustrate the
hydraulic systems trends and tenden-
FIGURE 1 Operation of main valve and PRV cies and to estimate the systems tran-
sient performance with selection of var-
ious PRV parameters. To illustrate, a
simple system with a PRV installed at
Main valve movement
both upstream and downstream loca-
tions is discussed here.
Valve Opening

Brief description of the system. Two

PRV movement reservoirs are linked by a uniform pipeline
with length (L) = 500 m, diameter (D) =
1.0 m, friction factor (f) = 0.012, and
wave speed (a) = 1,200 m/s (Figure 2).
The water level is 15 m at the upstream
reservoir and 12 m at the downstream
reservoir. At each end of the pipeline there
TV1 TV2
is a primary valve and a PRV; the PRV is
Times
situated on a short bypass line that con-
PRVpressure-relief valve, TV1opening time period, TV2closing nects either end of the pipeline to its asso-
time period
ciated reservoir. At initial steady state,
FIGURE 2 PRV installations in a simple pipeline system both main valves are fully opened, both
PRVs are fully closed, and flow in the
pipeline is Q0 = 1.73 m3/s.
Case study 1: Upstream control. Main
15 m valve 1 at the upstream end is fully
closed within 5 s, causing an incident
12 m rarefaction pressure wave in the pipe-
line. When the pressure at the outlet of
PRV1 (i.e., the pressure at the outlet of
main valve 1) falls below its set point
Main valve 1 Q0 Main valve 2
Datum (SET2), the PRV opens to admit water
into the pipeline and avoid downsurge
at the outlet of main valve 1. This re-
PRV1 PRV2 duces the subsequent upsurge reflected
PRVpressure-relief valve, Q0initial steady state flow in the pipe from the downstream reservoir during
the transient event.

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 Comparison for different upstream PRV parameters. 240 m of minimum pressure head in the system. The max-
The transient pressures in the pipeline are compared in Fig- imum head of 260 m is extremely high, and this may cause
ure 3 for the following systems: one without PRV protec- pipe rupture. The negative pressure head (240 m) is a
tion, one with an appropriately designed PRV, and four numerical value from the simulation model and does not fac-
with poorly designed PRVs. Without PRV protection (Fig- tor in vaporization and cavitation. However, the modeled
ure 3, part A), rapid closure of the main valve would result 240-m rarefaction wave is completely unacceptable because
in approximately 260 m of maximum pressure head and of the high probability of cavitation and subsequent cavity

FIGURE 3 System transient performance varying with upstream PRV design

Pipeline Maximum pressure head Steady-state pressure head Minimum pressure head

A Simulation without PRV protection B Simulation with an appropriately designed PRV

300 300

190 190

Pressure Headm
Pressure Headm

80 80

30 30

140 140

250 250
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.9 m, TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 80 s
C Simulation with an undersized PRV D Simulation with a too-low-pressure set point PRV
300 300

190 190
Pressure Headm
Pressure Headm

80
80

30 30

140 140

250 250
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.2 m, TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 80 s d = 0.9 m, SET2 = 2 m, TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 80 s
E Simulation with a too-slow-opening PRV F Simulation with a too-fast-closure PRV
300 300

190 190
Pressure Headm

Pressure Headm

80 80

30 30

140 140

250 250
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.9 m, TV1 = 20 s, TV2 = 80 s d = 0.9 m, TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 40 s

dvalve and port size, PRVpressure-relief valve, SET2low-pressure set point, TV1opening time period, TV2closing time period

Default SET2 is equivalent to SET2 15 m, i.e., the PRV is activated instantly when main valve 1 closes.

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 FIGURE 4 Sensitivity analysis of upstream PRV parameters

A B
80 40
Water Hammer Pressurem

Water Hammer Pressurem

60 30
Maximum
40 Maximum 20
20 10
0 0 Minimum
Minimum
20 10
40 20
60 30
80 40
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PRV Diameterm PRV Low-pressure Set Point (SET2)m
TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 80 s d = 0.9 m, TV1 = 5 s, TV2 = 80 s

C D
30 50

Water Hammer Pressurem

Water Hammer Pressurem

20 40

30
10
20
0
10
10
0
20 10

30 20
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

PRV Opening Time Period (TV1)s PRV Closure Time Period (TV2)s
d = 0.9 m, TV2 = 80 s d = 0.9 m, TV1 = 5 s

dvalve and port size, PRVpressure-relief valve, TV1opening time period, TV2closing time period

collapse. Cavitation will lead to vapor cavity formation and how this sensed pressure is itself changed by both
and subsequent cavity collapse (the so-called column rejoin- the ongoing transient in the system and action of the con-
der effect), which can cause extremely high pressures. The trol valve. Sensitivity analyses would reveal how the sys-
large negative pressures indicate that the response is unac- tems transient performance changes with variation of
ceptable when the PRV is not operated, and thus a protec- each PRV parameter, and this could aid in identifying
tion from transient pressure is necessary for this system. rules for PRV design. Therefore, the sensitivities of each
As shown in Figure 3, part B, operation of an appropri- PRV1 parameter (d, SET2, TV1, TV2) were analyzed and
ately designed PRV will limit maximum and minimum tran- are shown in Figure 4.
sient pressure heads along the pipeline to be in the range of Figure 4, part A, illustrates that an increase in valve
3.6 to 22 m. However, inappropriate selection of PRV para- size would improve transient performance but only to a cer-
meters, such as an undersized PRV, a pressure set point for tain limit; an increase in valve size beyond 0.5 m would not
SET2 that is too low, opening of a PRV that is too slow, and efficiently improve transient performance in this case study.
closure of a PRV that is too fast, would result in poor per- The authors design and field experience indicate that PRV
formance and unacceptable transient pressures in the diameters usually range from one twentieth to one third of
pipeline (Figure 3, parts CF). Yet, Figure 3 shows that the main pipe diameter, with most values near the middle
even a poorly designed PRV provides some protection and of this range. The logic for achieving this type of range is
is certainly preferable to avoiding the PRV completely. evident in Figure 4, part A, although not exactly followed.
Sensitivity analysis of upstream PRV parameters. The slight discrepancy that appears can be explained as
Proper selection of a PRVs control parameters is impor- follows: in this case study, only 3 m of pressure head existed
tant to transient control, particularly because these para- along a 500-m length of pipe; thus, the velocity in this sys-
meters are inevitably uncertain. For example, activation tem is very slow. This implies that in order to discharge a
of a PRV depends on the pressure it senses, which in turn certain amount of water, a larger PRV is needed. The ulti-
depends on exactly how and where the pressure is sensed mate choice of a PRV size is usually a compromise between

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cost, which increases rapidly with increase in diameter, down-pressure wave is sensed in association with the
and hydraulic control and protection, which usually pro- motion of the primary valve. Because of the system con-
vide diminishing returns with PRV diameter. figuration presented in this case study, there is no improve-
Figure 4, part B, illustrates that the variation in tran- ment in response when SET2 is beyond 15 m, because
sient pressures diminishes with an increase in the low- the valve stays open once the set point is higher than the
pressure set point (SET2). An issue is how quickly the upstream reservoir pressure. In general, the lower or more
bypass or PRV will open immediately after the transient sensitive the threshold pressure for PRV activation, the bet-

FIGURE 5 System transient performance varying with downstream PRV design

Pipeline Maximum pressure head Steady-state pressure head Minimum pressure head

A Simulation without PRV protection B Simulation with an appropriately designed PRV

250 250
200 200
150 150
Pressure Headm

Pressure Headm
100 100
50 50
0 0
50 50
100 100
150 150
200 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.5 m, TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 70 s

C Simulation with an under-sized PRV D Simulation with a too-high-pressure set point PRV
250 250
200 200
150 150
Pressure Headm

Pressure Headm

100 100
50 50
0 0
50 50
100 100
150 150
200 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.1 m, TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 70 s d = 0.5 m, SET1 = 50 m, TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 70 s

E Simulation with a too-slow-opening PRV F Simulation with a too-fast-closure PRV

250 250
200 200
150 150
Pressure Headm

Pressure Headm

100 100
50 50
0 0
50 50
100 100
150 150
200 200
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Distancem Distancem
d = 0.5 m, TV1 = 60 s, TV2 = 70 s d = 0.5 m, TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 40 s

PRVpressure-relief valve, SET1high-pressure set point, TV1opening time period, TV2closing time period

Default SET1 is equivalent to SET1 15 m, i.e., the PRV is activated instantly when main valve 2 closes.

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ter the transient protection, because the valve will begin PRV to achieve a response and activation. These compo-
its response earlier. However, there is an obvious trade-off, nents can increase cost and/or maintenance requirements
because a valve that activates quickly is much more prone of the valve. However, the timing of PRV operation and
to activate not only for important design events but also the systems transient response are unique to each
for normal or routine transient events that pose no threat hydraulic system and essentially balance the needs and
to the system. A valve that opens prematurely not only costs of the control valve, the configuration of the system,
requires more frequent routine maintenance but, depend- and the nature of the disturbance that actually generates
ing on system configuration, can waste both energy and the transient response.
fluid from the system. As shown in Figure 4, part D, slowing of PRV closure
Figure 4, part C, shows that variation of opening time (i.e., increasing TV2) results in smaller variations in tran-
period (TV1) does not affect the maximum transient pres- sient pressures, which benefits hydraulic control but
sure in this case study; in general, the shorter the opening diverts more water during PRV operation. In addition,
time (TV1), the less severe the resulting negative pres- when TV2 is shorter than 60 s, the range of maximum and
sure. When TV1 is shorter than 5 s, a reduction in TV1 minimum pressures becomes more sensitive to the varia-
no longer changes the minimum transient pressure. When tion of TV2. In this case study, 6080 s is suggested for
TV1 is longer than 10 s, the negative pressure would the PRV closure time period.
occur in the pipeline and rapidly becomes more severe Case study 2: Downstream control. In this case study,
with increasing TV1. In this case study, the appropriate main valve 2 at the downstream end is fully closed in 5 s,
opening time for the PRV should be within 510 s when causing an incident upsurge in the pipeline. When the
both ease of PRV operation and prevention of negative pressure at the inlet of PRV2 (i.e., the pressure at the inlet
pressures in the pipeline are considered. As mentioned of main valve 2) exceeds its set point (SET1), the PRV
here and discussed by Chaudhry (1987), a low valve iner- opens to discharge water into the downstream reservoir
tia or a highly responsive control system is required for a to mediate the pressure rise in the upstream pipeline.

FIGURE 6 Sensitivity analysis of downstream PRV parameters

A B
180 100
Water Hammer Pressurem

Water Hammer Pressurem

140 80
Maximum
100
60
60 Maximum
40
20
20
20 Minimum
Minimum
60 0

100 20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
PRV Diameterm PRV High-Pressure Set Point (SET 1)m
TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 70 s d = 0.5 m, TV1 = 10 s, TV2 = 70 s

C D
80 120

70 100
Water Hammer Pressurem

Water Hammer Pressurem

80
60
Maximum 60
50
40 Maximum
40 20
30 0
Minimum
20
20
Minimum 40
10
60
0 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100
PRV Opening Time Period (TV1)s PRV Closure Time Period (TV2)s

d = 0.5 m, TV2 = 70 s d = 0.5 m, TV1 = 10 s

PRVpressure-relief valve, TV1opening time period, TV2closing time period

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 Comparison for different downstream PRV parameters. If series of interdependent design parameters must be con-
there is no PRV protection, rapid closure of main valve 2 sidered in PRV design. The basic principles in designing
results in 232 m of maximum pressure and 200 m of a PRV and its associated parameters have been described
minimum pressure (see previous text regarding pressure in this article and are summarized as follows:
in excess of full vacuum condition) in the system (Figure An undersized PRV would be insufficient to protect
5). Operation of an appropriately designed PRV will a distribution system from extreme transient pressures.
reduce the envelope of maximum and minimum tran- However, there is no point in oversizing a PRV because,
sient pressure to 4.2 m and 25.8 m, respectively. The beyond a certain point, there is little further improve-
undersized PRV or the inappropriate setting of the PRV ment in its water hammer performance, even though its
set point or valve timing would result in unacceptable cost continues to increase.
hydraulic transient conditions (Figure 5, parts CF). If the pressure set point is too extreme (i.e., too low
Sensitivity analysis of downstream PRV parameters. for the low-pressure set point or too high for the high-pres-
The sensitivities of each PRV2 parameter (d, SET1, TV1, sure set point), the PRV will not adequately provide tran-
TV2) were analyzed and are shown in Figure 6; the results sient pressure control.
are similar to those from the previous case study. Figure If the PRV either opens too slowly or closes too
6, part A, illustrates that the most economically efficient quickly, it could cause dangerous occurrences of water
and hydraulically effective diameter for the PRV is approx- hammer. In general, however, a PRV helps to alleviate
imately 0.20.3 m, which is well within the range of one extreme water hammer pressures.
fifth to one third of the main pipe diameter. Although the case studies presented in this article
Figure 6, part B, shows that the range of transient showed common principles to follow when selecting a
pressures becomes narrower as the high-pressure set point PRV, the detailed values of each parameter will be dif-
(SET1) is reduced. However, there is little improvement ferent from case to case. For instance, TV1 is required for
in transient control when SET1 is set lower than 15 m, 5 to 10 s in the upstream PRV, while it could be as long
which is the water level in the upstream reservoir. In addi- as 20 s in the downstream PRV. Therefore, to make wise
tion, a negative or partial vacuum pressure resulting from and informative choices for PRV parameters, a fully
the boundary reflection will become more severe if SET1 dynamic hydraulic simulation should be performed for
is set higher than 32 m. In this case study, a proper SET1 each distribution system.
value of 1532 m should be selected.
Figure 6, part C, shows that a reduction in PRV open- ABOUT THE AUTHORS
ing time (TV1) will reduce the maximum transient pres- Katherine Qinfen Zhang (to whom cor-
sure in the system, though only slightly affecting the min- respondence should be addressed) is a
imum transient pressure in the pipeline. A reduction in hydraulic engineer with Canadian
TV1 to < 20 s does not change the transient response Hydro Components Ltd., 16 Main St.,
any further. In this case study, results indicate that the Almonte, Ontario, Canada, K0A1A0; e-
system is rather insensitive to the selection of TV1 as mail kzhang@canadianhydro.com. She
long as TV1 is not extremely long (e.g., longer than 60 s). received her masters and doctorate
Figure 6, part D, shows that a slow PRV2 closure would degrees from Hohai University, Nan-
improve transient pressure performance. In this case study, jing, China, and is currently pursuing a second doctor-
60 s or longer is required for TV2 to prevent the negative ate degree from the University of Toronto, Ontario.
pressure from occurring in the pipeline. The trade-off is that Bryan W. Karney is a professor at the University of
a slower closing time will result in more water being Toronto, Ontario, and David L. McPherson is the
diverted out of the system during PRV operation. hydraulic discipline coordinator for MWH Americas
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
CONCLUSIONS
The objective of PRV design is to transform the exist- Date of submission: 09/03/07
ing hydraulic system into a new hydraulic system with a Date of acceptance: 02/12/08
more acceptable transient response. In evaluating a PRV,
the first step is to qualitatively evaluate the PRVs viabil- REFERENCES
ity as an appropriate protection device. The ability to Chaudhry, M.H., 1987. Applied Hydraulic Transients. Van Nostrand Rein-
qualitatively assess a PRVs viability requires a compre- hold, New York.
hensive understanding of how a PRV contributes to tran- Karney, B.W. & Simpson, A.R., 2007. In-line Check Valves for Water
sient mitigation. A PRV is a reactionary device that estab- Hammer Control. Jour. Hydr. Res., IAHR, 45:4:547.
lishes a pathway to either introduce or relieve energy Ruus, E. & Karney, B.W., 1997. Applied Hydraulic Transients. Ruus Con-
from the hydraulic system. Many designs have failed sulting Ltd., Ken Fench, British Columbia, Canada.
because a PRV was not applied correctly. However, if a Wylie, E.B.; Streeter V.L.; & Suo, L., 1993. Fluid Transients in Systems.
PRV is found to be a viable surge-control alternative, a Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

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2008 American Water Works Association